Si在燕麦籽粒中的富集及其与其它8种元素的关系

通过环境扫描电镜结合X射线电子探针显微分析技术,对22个基因型的燕麦籽粒皮层、糊粉层、近糊粉层和颖果中部的Si含量进行测定.结果表明,Si元素在燕麦籽粒不同部位的含量有明显差异,皮层和糊粉层Si含量较高,近糊粉层和颖果中部含量较低,在颖果中Si主要富集在糊粉层中;而且不同基因型燕麦籽粒同一部位或不同部位Si的积累量也有较大差异,这可能是由遗传差异引起的.糊粉层中的Si含量影响着近糊粉层和颖果中部的Si含量.另外,籽粒不同部位Si含量与P、Ca、Mg、S、Al、Pb含量之间存在显著或极显著的非线性关系,颖果中部的Si含量与K、Cd含量之间不存在显著的非线性关系.说明Si在燕麦籽粒中富集的同时也影响着P、Ca、Mg、S、Al、Pb等元素的富集.     

水位变化对三峡库区消落带狗牙根种群营养特征的影响

为探讨三峡库区大尺度、反季节水位变化对消落带狗牙根种养元素吸收和分配特征的影响, 分别测定了三个样带的营养元素含量。结果表明: 根、茎、叶中大量元素含量顺序为N>K>P, 中量元素含量顺序为Ca>S>Mg, 微量元素为Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn。根系对K、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Zn 的吸收均被促进, 而对P 和Ca 的吸收被显著抑制, 低水位根系对N、Cu 的吸收也被显著促进。高水位茎和叶中N、P、K、Mg、S、Cu 的含量呈降低趋势, Ca、Fe、Mn 含量呈显著增大趋势, 且茎中Zn 含量也呈增加趋势。随着水位的降低N、P、K、Mg、S、Zn 含量显著增加, 在叶片中的含量显著大于根、茎, 而Fe、Mn、Cu 表现出主要向茎分布的趋势, 且Ca 在叶中的分配显著被抑制, 而在茎中的分配被促进。随着水位降低新叶中N、P、K、Mg、S 的含量明显高于老叶, 而Fe、Ca、Mn、Zn 和Cu 则相反。随着分枝级数增大N、P、K 的含量呈递增趋势, Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn 呈递减趋势, 而Mg、S 含量呈“∨”形变化。因此, 库区水位已导致消落狗牙根种群营养特征发生显著的变化。     

应用电子探针对植物根际和根内营养元素微区分布的探讨

用电子探针可检测出玉米、大豆根际和根内含有Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,K,Ca,Ti,Fe,Cu和Zn 13种元素。这些元素在根际土壤、粘液层和根组织内的含量分布有一定的规律性。除Si,Al,Ca,Fe在根际土壤中峰值较高外,Ti仅在土壤中达到可检测量;S,Fe和Zn富集在粘液层,Mg,P,Cl只在根组织内才有较明显的峰。这些规律可作为区分根—土界面的参考指标。K含量在根内明显高于根际土壤,并由表皮层到中柱径向增加;Ca则与K不同,且受植物种类的影响。     

黑龙江呼中自然保护区高山珊瑚枝假果柄不同部位的元素组成

地衣元素组成是监测大气元素沉降的有效和可靠指标,其受地衣年龄的影响较大,但该影响在土生枝状地衣中的研究并不充分。本研究测定了采自黑龙江大兴安岭呼中自然保护区的枝状地衣高山珊瑚枝(Stereocaulon alpinum)中55种化学元素(Ag、Al、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Ca、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Hg、Ho、K、La、Li、Lu、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、P、Pb、Pr、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Si、Sm、Sn、Sr、Tb、Th、Ti、Tl、Tm、U、V、Y、Yb和Zn)的含量,并比较了其在假果柄不同部位(顶部、中部和基部)的差异,以检测无污染生境中地衣体部位与元素种类对地衣体内元素积累量的影响。结果显示:地衣元素含量与已有研究中地衣元素含量的背景值/基线值范围相符,表明研究区域内大气元素沉降程度极低;绝大多数生理代谢意义甚小的元素在年老部位含量较高,表明这些元素在地衣体内随地衣年龄增长而持续积累,且在地衣体内的转运强度较低;部分营养元素垂直趋势不明显,或在中部最低,反映了地衣体内营养元素向生长旺盛的顶端转运的趋势。因此,在以地衣元素组成为测试指标的大气污染监测中,需针对拟研究的元素,选取地衣的特定部位,并在不同研究的数据比较中使用相同部位,以增加数据的可比性。     

不同竹龄雷竹中硅及其他营养元素吸收和积累特征

在浙江省临安市的雷竹主产区,分别采集不同竹龄(1～4 a)和不同器官(叶、枝、秆)的雷竹样品,分析了Si和其他营养元素含量、吸收和积累特征,以及Si和其他营养元素之间的相互关系.结果表明： 雷竹各器官中C含量的大小顺序为竹秆>竹枝>竹叶,Si、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe和Mn含量的大小顺序为竹叶>竹枝>竹秆.除Mn主要积累在竹叶中外,其他9种营养元素主要积累在1年生雷竹的秆中.3～4年生雷竹竹叶的Si平均含量为13.66 g · kg^-1. 雷竹属于Si积累植物.随竹龄的增加,雷竹叶中的N、P、K和Mg含量减少,C、Al和Mn含量增加.雷竹对Si的吸收主要集中在第2年(57.1%),对N和K的吸收主要集中在前两年(67.7%～93.7%),此后N和K从植株体内流出,其流失量分别占总积累量的19.1%～39.1%.雷竹中Si与Ca、Al、Mn呈显著正相关,与N、P、K、Mg呈显著负相关.     

南京栖霞山地区树木元素富集的初步研究

 本文用树木元素富集系数(T／S)来研究南京栖霞山铅锌多金属矿区树木—土壤系统中元素的富集特性。结果表明,树木对土壤中K、P二个元素的吸收基本与树种和开矿活动关系不大。黑松对Cr、Al,马尾松对Mn、Pb、Co、Ni、枫杨对P,刺槐对Mg、Na,Ti,栎对Zn、Ca、K、Fe、Sr、Ba、V,槐树对Cu均有最大的富集系数。黑松树龄对Co、K、Zn含量和Ca的富集系数有一定的影响。另外,Co—Ni、Sr—Ba的T／S曲线分别呈正相关,表现出这两组元素各自的地球化学共轭性。     

不同竹龄雷竹中硅及其他营养元素吸收和积累特征

在浙江省临安市的雷竹主产区,分别采集不同竹龄(1 ～4 a)和不同器官(叶、枝、秆)的雷竹样品,分析了Si和其他营养元素含量、吸收和积累特征,以及Si和其他营养元素之间的相互关系.结果表明:雷竹各器官中C含量的大小顺序为竹秆＞竹枝＞竹叶,Si、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、AI、Fe和Mn含量的大小顺序为竹叶＞竹枝＞竹秆.除Mn主要积累在竹叶中外,其他9种营养元素主要积累在1年生雷竹的秆中.3～4年生雷竹竹叶的Si平均含量为13.66g·kg-1.雷竹属于Si积累植物.随竹龄的增加,雷竹叶中的N、P、K和Mg含量减少,C、Al和Mn含量增加.雷竹对Si的吸收主要集中在第2年(57.1％),对N和K的吸收主要集中在前两年(67.7％～93.7％),此后N和K从植株体内流出,其流失量分别占总积累量的19.1％～39.1％.雷竹中Si与Ca、Al、Mn呈显著正相关,与N、P、K、Mg呈显著负相关.     

湘西喀斯特地区三种优良乡土树种人工林养分吸收、积累和分配特性

为了解喀斯特地区不同人工林生态系统的养分利用特征,本文对湘西自治州森林生态站31年生的华榛(Corylus chinensis)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、银鹊树(Tapiscia sinensis)人工林的N、P、K、Ca和Mg 5种营养元素含量、积累、分配、养分循环特征开展了研究。结果表明:(1)华榛、南酸枣和银鹊树3个树种林分的不同器官、地被物以及凋落物营养元素含量均以南酸枣最低;3个树种的不同器官、地被物以及凋落物的营养元素含量均以Ca元素含量最高,P元素含量最低,表现出典型的喀斯特地区植被养分特征;3个树种各器官的养分总含量大小均为树叶树皮树枝树根树干。(2)南酸枣乔木层和地被物富集P元素的能力最高;华榛和银鹊树均是乔木层富集P元素能力最高,地被物富集Ca的能力最高。(3)3种林分中营养元素积累量以华榛最低,银鹊树最高,后者约为前者的188%;5种营养元素中,3种林分均以Ca积累最多,P积累最少,与树种体内营养元素含量规律一致。(4)3个树种林分营养元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量大小顺序均为银鹊树华榛南酸枣;3个树种林分营养元素循环速率均以K元素最高、P元素最低;3个树种林分营养元素利用效率均为P元素的利用效率最高。(5)人工银鹊树林是高吸收、高现存、较慢循环、养分高度节约型林分;相比南酸枣和华榛而言,银鹊树更加喜喀斯特钙生环境,更适合喀斯特地区的生长。(6)3个树种林分均有P元素在各器官含量低、对土壤富集能力强、循环速率低、利用效率高的特点。可见,受试喀斯特地区土壤普遍存在低磷现象,需要及时改善,以保证林分正常生长。     

中国南方生长于不同基质的天然林植物叶片元素含量特征比较

对比中国南方两个热带喀斯特森林、一个热带红树林和来自文献的一个亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶片元素含量和计量特点。结果表明,受碳酸盐岩的影响,西双版纳和弄岗喀斯特森林植物叶片普遍富含Ca、Mg元素,因岩性差异,含有一定白云岩的弄岗地区的植物富集更多的Mg。西双版纳喀斯特森林存在K、Fe、Na、Zn元素的缺乏状况;由于白云岩矿物成分的特殊性和缓慢的风化速度,弄岗喀斯特植物有更高的叶片K、Zn、S含量。红树林植物富集P、Ca、Mg、Na、S元素,海水环境中大量的离子进入土壤被植物吸收利用,提高了红树的养分含量,并且在高盐环境下Na在叶片中大量富集。但是,红树植物表现缺乏Fe、Si、Zn。亚热带常绿阔叶林植物受酸性土影响大,Mn元素大量富集,P与Na的含量缺乏,并且相比其他生境,常绿阔叶林的N、P、Ca、Mg含量较低。西双版纳和弄岗的喀斯特森林植物叶片N/P比分别为14.27和18.26,说明前者受到N、P的共同限制,后者主要为P限制;红树植物N/P比为13.12,受N限制;常绿阔叶林植物本身严重缺P,N/P比为26.27,表现出明显的P限制。所研究的不同基质上的植物,叶片N与P元素之间均呈显著正相关,这种稳定的协同关系是植物适应环境的普遍规律。Ca与Mg两个二价阳离子元素在喀斯特森林和常绿阔叶林中为协同关系,而在红树林中则不存在相关性,分析表明Na盐胁迫下增加了Mg的吸收,改变了Ca、Mg的平衡关系。N与K元素在红树林和常绿阔叶林中为协同关系,而由于喀斯特环境中Ca、Mg协同影响了K的吸收,改变了N、K的协同关系。P与Zn在喀斯特森林和红树林中都表现出协同关系,这与两种元素在植物代谢过程中都参与了酶的合成有关。红树植物表现K和Mn的拮抗关系,而在喀斯特森林和常绿阔叶林中均未有相关性。S与P元素在弄岗喀斯特森林中表现出正相关,这种协同性可以帮助喀斯特植物缓解缺P的症状,而在高P的红树植物中没有相关性。研究结果对于森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环模拟和生态系统管理有重要参考意义。     

南极地区苔藓剖面中地球化学元素的营养运移特征

对采自南极的苔藓剖面上各层苔藓的地球化学元素含量进行分析,得到以下的初步结论：地球化学元素在苔藓剖面上的分布具有很强的继承性;不同地球化学元素在苔藓剖面上的分布特征不同,这与元素在苔藓中的营养特征有关,研究发现元素Ca在苔藓体内,异常活跃,它极易被累积在新鲜苔藓体内,Zn也是苔藓易吸收的元素;地球化学元素在老新苔藓中的转移能力不同;底层苔藓的元素转移能力很低,中层苔藓中元素维持在基本平衡的状态,上层苔藓中元素的转移系数较大。     

Effects of pollution on the nutrient return via litterfall for Pinus radiata plantations in the Basque Country

The effects of atmospheric pollution on two 10 year old Pinus radiata D. Don forests (Manzanal and Posadero) was studied in the Basque country, analysing the concentration of different nutrients and nutrient input via litterfall. Litterfall production peaked in autumn, and 97.5% of the litterfall consisted of pine needles at Posadero (the less-polluted area), whereas this figure was found to be 88.6% at Manzanal (the polluted area). Posadero had a higher production of litterfall than Manzanal due to the higher tree density. Nutrient concentration showed a similar seasonal variation over the year at both sites. Pine litterfall in the polluted area, Manzanal, had significantly higher concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, sulphur, calcium, sodium and magnesium than in Posadero, while the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium did not differ between sites. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, sulphur, iron and copper input to the forest via litterfall was significantly higher for the polluted area, but the inputs of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and zinc did not significantly differ between sites. Both sites showed high nutrient use efficiencies for phosphorous and calcium compared with other coniferous forests. The highest efficiency was for phosphorous, possibly due to the low availability of this ion in the soil. Trees at Posadero were consistently more efficient for calcium than at Manzanal due to the effect of pollution on the latter site. Molar ratios between aluminium and the basic cation nutrients calcium and magnesium in soil were higher at the polluted area, as a result of the increased inputs of anions to the forest soil (Al:Ca = 1.9:1 and Al:Mg = 6.9:1 at Posadero and Al:Ca = 5.7:1 and Al:Mg = 14:1 at Manzanal). The current pollution level of Manzanal is leading to a loss of cations that may cause future changes in the functioning of this forest.     

Observations on the Distribution of Mineral Elements in the Leaf of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with Particular Reference to Silicon

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Wheaton) plants were grown inwater culture or in soil. Basal leaves (B) were harvested after3 weeks from the water culture plants, while flag leaves werecollected from soil-grown material at the time of inflorescenceemergence (E0) and 7 d after emergence (E + 7). Mineral distributionin bulk frozen leaves was investigated using SEM and X-ray microanalysis.The elements detected were silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, sulphur,potassium and calcium. Potassium was present in all cell typesat all harvests, chlorine was almost entirely confined to theadaxial and abaxial epidermi, while sulphur was only rarelydetected in the E0 and E + 7 leaves. Phosphorus was presentat higher levels in the E + 7 leaves than in the B or E0 leaves.At the B harvest calcium was confined to the adaxial epidermalcells, but in the E0 and E + 7 leaves it was present in bothepidermi. Silicon was, initially, mainly detected in the abaxialepidermal cells, but in older (E + 7) leaves it was presentin both epidermi and in some internal tissues. Mineral transportwithin the leaf and ionic environment at silica deposition sitesare discussed. Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., leaf, mineral distribution, X-ray microanalysis, silicon, calcium     

Lichens and mosses as biomonitors of trace elements in a geothermal area (Mt. Amiata,central Italy)

The effectiveness of epiphytic lichens (Parmelia sulcata) and epigeic mosses (Hypnum cupressiforme) as passive monitors of trace elements released by geothermal power plants was evaluated in the Mt. Amiata area (central Italy). The results showed that despite concentrations of most elements (Al, As, Fe, Hg, Pb, Sb, Zn) being higher in lichens than in mosses, both organisms can be used as effective biomonitors of elements of geothermal concern (As, Hg, Sb).     

An X-ray Microanalysis Study of the Salt Glands and Intracellular Calcium Crystals of Tamarix

X-ray microprobe analyses of the secreted salts from glandsof 20 Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst trees growing in alluvial soilsin the north western district of Victoria, Australia, show thatthe glands secrete a variety of elements including calcium,magnesium and sulphur. However, sodium, potassium and chloride,common ions reported to be secreted predominantly in other studies,are present in relatively low amounts in the secreted salts.Calcium, the major cationic element in the secretory productof the gland, was not detected in the symplasm of the secretoryand collecting cells or in the vacuoles of the collecting cells.Some evidence indicates that silicon may be secreted by theglands but further corroboratory data are required. Our resultssupport previous suggestions that the glands of Tamarix havea low level of selectivity. Large, spherical aggregates of calcium crystals were observedin the vacuoles of the mesophyll cells and quantitative X-raymicroanalysis suggested that the chemical composition of thecrystalline aggregates was CaSO₄, 2H₂O. The predominant elementsin the vacuolar sap were magnesium and sulphur, probably presentas MgSO₄, whereas the major elements in the cytoplasm were potassium,sulphur and phosphorus. In Tamarix aphylla the calcium contentof the leaf appears to be regulated by both the secretion ofcalcium salts from the leaf and by intracellular calcificationin mesophyll cells.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press X-ray microanalysis, Tamarix, salt gland, secretion, salts, ions, calcium crystals, compartmentation     

Quantitative and localized element analysis in cross-sections of spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] needles with different degrees of damage

Summary Proton-induced X-ray microanalysis (micro-PIXE) permits the simultaneous determination of the content and the distribution of elements with atomic numbers higher than Z = 13 in biological samples. This method was used to investigate element content and localization in cross-sections of 6-month-old spruce needles. It was possible to detect the elements silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron and zinc in semithin (10 m) sections of the needles. The localization of the cationic elements like potassium, calcium and manganese was determined in the one-dimensional line scan mode and in the two-dimensional raster scan mode. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method for forest decline research, element content and localization were compared in needles from two trees, which differed in their degree of damage. We were able to detect differences in the amount of cations and in their distribution inside the needles.     

Differential effects of lichens,mosses and grasses on respiration and nitrogen mineralization in soils of the New Jersey Pinelands

In the New Jersey Pinelands, severely disturbed areas often do not undergo a rapid succession to forest; rather, a patchy cover of lichens, mosses and grasses persists for decades. We hypothesized that these plant covers affect soil microbial processes in different ways, and that these effects may alter the successional dynamics of the patches. We predicted that the moss and grass covers stimulate soil microbial activity, whereas lichens inhibit it, which may in turn inhibit succession. We collected soil cores from beneath each type of cover plus bare soil within two types of highly disturbed areas—sites subjected to hot wildfires, and areas mined for sand. Organic matter (OM) content, soil respiration and potential N mineralization were measured in the cores. Soils under mosses were similar to those under grasses; they accumulated more OM and produced more mineral N, predominantly in the form of ammonium, than either the bare soils or the soils beneath lichens. Mineralization under lichens, like that of the bare soils but unlike the soils beneath mosses or grasses, was dominated by net nitrification. These patterns were reproduced in experimentally transplanted moss and lichen mats. Mosses appear to create high-nutrient microsites via high rates of OM accumulation and production of ammonium, whereas lichens maintain low-nutrient patches similar to bare soil via low OM accumulation rates and production of mineral N predominantly in the mobile nitrate form. These differences in soil properties may explain the lack of vascular plant invasion in lichen mats, in contrast to the moss-dominated areas.     

ELECTRON PROBE ANALYSIS OF SILICON AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN LEAF EPIDERMAL CELLS OF THE RICE PLANT (ORYZA SATIVA L.)

By means of electron probe analysis, the effects of significant amounts of accumulation of silicon on the accumulation of calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, iron, and sodium in the silica cells of rice leaves are described. The silica cells of both the surfaces of the leaf blade and leaf sheath were studied. Silicon accumulation in the silica cells appears to decrease the amount of accumulation of potassium on both the surfaces of the leaf blade and sheath. The effect of significant amounts of silicon accumulation on the accumulation of other elements in a particular cell varies in different organs or on different surfaces of the organ of the same plant. Magnesium, manganese, iron, and phosphorus could not be detected in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf sheath and magnesium and iron in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade. Manganese, magnesium, and phosphorus were not detected in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade nor iron in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf sheath. Sodium was not revealed in either surface of the leaf blade and leaf sheath. Possible mechanisms for the effects of silicon accumulation on the accumulation of these elements in rice leaf epidermal cells are discussed.     

Vegetation and ecology of ice-free areas of Northern Victoria Land,Antarctica

Summary At Birthday Ridge, a small ice free area in northern Victoria Land (70°48S, 167°00E), cryptogamic vegetation is mostly confined to gaps between granitc rocks. The sheltering effect on lichens and mosses was analyzed by continuous measurements of the microclimate at various levels between the rocks. Although warming by solar radiation was favourable for the existence of cryptogams, rocks strongly insolated were mostly devoid of lichens and mosses. Lichens in the soaked active state were heated to above air temperature but did not reach more than 10°C. The presence of lichens was dependent on the moisture conditions of the habitat. It was observed that snow, the only source of moisture, accumulated in summer only in deeper levels between rocks, and that the snow rapidly melted on contact with the lichens. After a snow shower,Usnea sulphurea gained 67% andUmbilicaria decussata 94% of their maximum water capacity. During one quarter of the time period of 7 days the lichens were soaked and therefore capable of carrying out photosynthesis. The lichens in soaked state had always less than optimum temperatures for net photosynthesis. The rock gaps at Birthday Ridge form oases, the only localities where moisture is provided, and temperature is high enough to enable growth of lichens and mosses.Bryum is also able to exist in the upper 3 cm of soil.     

Regulation of the elemental composition of the epididymal fluids in the tammar, Macropus eugenii

Micropuncture, microanalytical and microelectrode techniques were used to study electrochemical aspects of 7 elements and fluid in the ductuli efferents and ductus epididymidis of the tammar. Rete testis fluid was isosmotic with blood and had a lower pH. It also contained lower concentrations of bicarbonate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur and higher concentrations of potassium and chloride than blood. The luminal fluid was acidified further during passage through the sperm ducts and all of the elements which were studied moved in or out of the lumen, usually against an electrochemical gradient. The ductuli efferents reabsorbed 87% of the fluid leaving the testis without changing the intraluminal concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium, but the concentrations of magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur increased. The caput epididymidis reabsorbed about half the fluid entering it: sodium concentrations decreased and those of potassium and phosphorus increased. There was also some fluid reabsorption and an increase in the values of potassium and phosphorus in the corpus epididymidis. There was little net transport of fluid in the cauda epididymidis; sodium, chloride, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations decreased and potassium values increased. Studies involving filtration through a dialysis membrane of blood and fluid from the rete testis and cauda epididymidis showed that, whilst some of the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur was associated with high molecular weight compounds in blood, the association was not significant in the reproductive fluids.