大戟属二萜类化学成分和生物活性研究进展

大戟属(Euphorbia)植物化学成分主要包括萜类、黄酮类、酚酸类等成分。该属植物具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗HIV等活性。本文主要综述了近十年来大戟属植物中发现的新的二萜类化合物及生物活性研究进展。     

大戟属药用植物的研究进展

从大戟属(Euphorbia L.)药用植物的形态解剖特征、化学成分、药理作用、临床应用及rDNA的ITS序列分析等方面,对该属植物近年来的研究报告进行了归纳综述,并指出,今后应该加强大戟属的植物结构与其主要化学成分的关系以及综合利用的研究.     

药用植物内生真菌的多样性及生物功能研究进展

药用植物内生真菌资源丰富,其代谢产物常具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抑菌等作用,能产生药用植物生长调节物质及与宿主相同或类似的次生代谢产物,从而成为近年来的研究热点。本文对药用植物内生真菌的分离鉴定、多样性、生物活性及生物学功能等方面进行综述,以期为今后筛选及利用有效的药用植物内生真菌奠定基础。     

五种大戟属植物nrDNA的ITS序列分析及其叶的比较解剖学研究

运用PCR直接测序法和石蜡切片法,测定5种安徽产大戟属植物的nrDNA的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列包括5.8SrDNA及其叶片的解剖。结果表明(1)5种大戟属植物的ITS的长度范围为641~662bp,运用Maga软件构件ITS树把5种植物归为两大支大戟、月腺大戟与乳浆大戟聚为一支;地锦和斑地锦聚为另一支。结果表明地锦和斑地锦亲缘关系较近,而大戟、月腺大戟和乳浆大戟亲缘关系较近。(2)5种大戟属植物的叶片结构中,除地锦和斑地锦外,其余3种有明显的栅栏组织和海绵组织之分,但二者在叶肉中的厚度比在种间有一定的差别;而地锦和斑地锦叶的栅栏组织与海绵组织分化不明显,且皆有乳汁管,其他3种植物叶片内未见此结构,叶片结构分析表明大戟、月腺大戟和乳浆大戟叶片结构相近,而地锦草和斑地锦叶片结构也相近。(3)分析表明nrDNA的ITS序列及叶的比较解剖特征具有明显的相关性。以上研究结果为大戟属植物的分类和药用开发提供了实验证据。     

鞣花酸类化合物在植物界的分布及其生物活性

本文综述了自然存在的鞣花酸类化合物的种类及其在植物界的分布,并对其生物活性进行了概述,为进一步开发利用鞣花酸类化合物打下基础。目前发现自然界存在的鞣花酸类化合物约有17种,主要分布于大戟科中的大戟属和叶下珠属、蔷薇科中的悬钩子属、委陵菜属和草莓属,在珙桐科、使君子科、石榴科和桃金娘科等科属中均有分布,为自然界分布较为广泛的一类化学成分。鞣花酸类化合物具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗菌及增强免疫作用等多种生物活性。     

关于药用植物多糖提取方法的研究

作为药用植物的重要组成部分,多糖类的化合物在增强人体免疫力、抗氧化、抗疲劳等诸多方面有着非常重要的作用。本文在阐述近些年药用植物的生物活性的多糖提取基础上,论述了药用植物多糖提取方法和发展方向的展望。     

地胆草属药用植物研究进展

菊科地胆草属植物被广泛用于多个国家或地区的传统医药中,该属中的地胆草(Elephantopus scaber)具有清热、凉血、利湿的功效;我国多个民族也用来治疗感冒、肾炎、肝炎以及虫蛇咬伤等多种伤病。该属植物含有多种化学成分,按结构类型主要有倍半萜烯内酯、三萜、甾体、黄酮等化合物。现代药理研究证明该属药用植物粗提物及单体具有抗菌消炎、抗病毒、抗原虫以及抗肿瘤等多种生物活性。本文系统综述了该属药用植物传统知识、化学成分及生物活性的研究进展,可为该属植物的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

大戟属植物腺体的分类学意义

大戟属(Euphorbia)植物在全世界约2 000种,主产亚热带以及温带地区;我国有60多种,各地都有分布。由于该属植物所含成分中,一些常具强烈的生理活性,故药用植物比较多,如传统中药大戟、甘遂、泽漆、(艹闾)茹,其原植物均来自这个属,已有两千多年的药用历史了。还有其它植物药如续随子、地锦草在《本草纲目》中     

苯乙醇苷类成分构效关系研究进展

苯乙醇苷类成分在药用植物中广泛存在,生物活性明显且低毒安全,具有潜在的药用开发价值。本文首次以构效关系为主线,综述了近二十年来该类成分在抗氧化和自由基清除、抗肿瘤、神经元保护、肝脏保护、止痛、抗病毒、抗菌等方面的研究进展。该综述为今后进一步从结构角度较全面地深入探讨苯乙醇苷类成分的生物活性提供了理论依据。     

药用植物甾体生物碱的药理作用及合成途径

甾体生物碱是药用植物中广泛存在的一类代谢产物,是一类具有降压、止咳、平喘、抗肿瘤等生物活性的天然产物。目前,甾体生物碱的合成代谢途径、分离纯化、鉴别及生物学功能研究已成为国内外天然产物研究的热点之一。对药用植物甾体生物碱的药理作用进行了综述,并根据萜类物质合成途径,推测总结了甾体生物碱的合成相关途径和参与该途径的关键酶及其基因克隆的研究进展,以期为药用植物甾体生物碱的代谢途径与基因表达调控及应用研究提供参考。     

Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo.

Three major extracts from some traditional preparations, based on medicinal plants, used as antidiarrhoeal agents were investigated for their putative antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities in vitro. Results indicated that both biological activities are concentrated in the polyphenolic fraction, and not in the saponin or alkaloid containing fractions. The most active polyphenolic extracts were those from Euphorbia hirta whole plant, leaves of Alchornea cordifolia, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Nauclea latifolia, Psidium guajava, Tithonia diversifolia, stem bark of Harungana madagascariensis, Mangifera indica, Maprounea africana and Psidium guajava, inhibiting Entamoeba histolytica growth with MAC < 10 micrograms/ml. The same extracts, at a concentration of 80 micrograms/ml in an organ bath, also exhibited more than 70% inhibition of acetylcholine and/or KCl solution-induced contractions on isolated guinea-pig ileum.     

月腺大戟(Euphorbia ebracteolata)根部提取物抑菌作用的测定

以小麦赤霉病病菌（Fusarium graminerum）、油菜菌核病病菌（Sclerotirda scleotiorum）、棉花黄萎病病菌（Verticillium dahliae）、苹果炭疽病病菌（Glomarella cingulata）、甜瓜蔓枯病病菌（Mycosphaerella melonis）为供试病原菌,采用琼胶平板法对月腺大戟根部丙酮提取物进行了离体抑菌活性测定;月腺大戟根部提取物样品供试质量浓度分别设为0．05g／mL,0．1g／mL,0．2g／mL．0．4g／mL四个梯度。测定结果表明：不同浓度月腺大戟根部丙酮提取物对5种供试病原菌均表现为很强的抑菌作用,该研究为月腺大戟根部进一步开发植物性农药提供理论依据。     

安徽产大戟属植物叶表皮微形态

利用光镜和扫描电镜对安徽7种大戟属(Euphorbia)植物叶表皮进行了观察。发现该属7种植物叶表皮细胞为不规则形或多边形,垂周壁一般为平直、浅波状、深波状;气孔器通常为无规则型,有的种类叶表皮具单细胞毛或多细胞毛,表皮毛在电镜下具瘤状突起的纹饰。在扫描电镜下,角质层纹饰多具鳞片或颗粒等特征,种间有细微差别。结果表明该7种植物叶表皮微形态有明显差别,这些表皮特征有助于识别一些在外部形态较相近的种类。     

Biological screening of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasa, Congo.

Forty six aqueous extracts from 38 medicinal plant species belonging to different families were selected on the basis of their traditional medicinal use as antidiarrhoeic agents. They were submitted in a broad biological screening including antibacterial, antiamoebic and antispasmodic activities. The results of the testing have indicated that 37 extracts (80.43%), 33 (71.74%) and 32 (69.54%) exhibited some level of antibacterial, antiamoebic and antispasmodic activity respectively. Only 8 plant extracts (17.39%) would act as antidiarrhoeic agents by a triple pronounced antibacterial, antiamoebic and antispasmodic action. They include aqueous extracts from Euphorbia hirta whole plant, leaves of Psidium guajava and Tithonia diversifolia, root bark of Alchornea cordifolia, Heinsia pulchella, Paropsia brazzeana, Rauwolfia obscura and Voacanga africana.     

Jatrophane diterpenoids from Euphorbia peplus.

From the pro-inflammatory active extract of Euphorbia peplus, a new diterpene polyester (1) based on the jatrophane skeleton was isolated together with the known compounds 2-5. The irritant activities of some jatrophane diterpenes (2, 3 and 6-9) were also investigated: only compound 2 was found to exert a weak pro-inflammatory activity on mouse ear.     

不同花卉抗氧化能力及其多酚、黄酮含量比较

对多种花卉花瓣水提液的抗氧化能力及其多酚、黄酮相对含量进行了测定,结果表明:蔷薇属植物Rosa L.和大花紫薇(Lagerstioemia indica L.)花瓣水提液的抗氧化活性最强,铁海棠(Euphorbia anttquorum L.)、杜鹃花(Rhododendron mucronatum G.Don)和桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)次之.各种花瓣水提液抗氧化活性与多酚含量密切相关.讨论了玫瑰、杜鹃花、桂花和大花紫薇在天然抗氧化剂、抗氧化功能食品和医药保健相关领域的广阔开发前景.     

Bioactive components in the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. against the inflammatory irritant action of Euphorbia plants

Chinese jujube (also known as Chinese date) is the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae). As a famous folk medicine, it is used as antidote in traditional Chinese formula, Shi Zao Decoction, to relieve the drastic inflammatory irritant nature of Euphorbia species. The irritant activities may cause serious adverse effects in clinical practices. This study aimed to investigate the active components of Z. jujuba through the inhibitory effects on the inflammatory cells activated by Euphorbia kansui and prostratin, a phorbol ester isolated from Euphorbia fischeriana. Peritoneal macrophage of rat and splenic lymphocyte (splenocyte) of mouse were selected to evaluate these actions in vitro. Nitric oxide (NO) release of macrophage and the proliferation of splenocyte were examined through Griess method and MTT assay. TNF-α, as an important pro-inflammatory cytokines, was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Six fractions extracted from Z. jujuba were evaluated and fraction F (triterpene acids fraction) was demonstrated to be the most active part, and then, 21 compounds isolated from Z. jujuba were tested at the concentrations range from 1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml. The results show that 7 compounds of them are likely to be active compounds concerning to their pronounced inhibitory action on the activated inflammatory cells. These effects might be helpful to attenuate the irritant action of Euphorbiaceae plants and protect the gastrointestinal tissue from potent inflammatory injury, which should be beneficial to some diseases, like inflammatory bowel disease.     

Identification, Pathogenicity and Comparative Virulence of Fusarium spp. Associated with Diseased Euphorbia spp. in Europe

Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased Euphorbia spp. in Europe were assessed for pathogenicity to North American accessions of leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula/virgata ). Of the nine strains of Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased E. stepposa or E. virgata in the Caucasus region of Russia and E. esula/virgata in southern France, all were pathogenic to leafy spurge. There were significant differences in virulence among strains. Four strains, including the two that were most virulent, were identified as F. oxysporum . Four of the five other strains were identified as F. solani and one was identified as F. proliferatum . Three of the four most virulent strains to leafy spurge were isolated from E. stepposa . The most virulent strain was associated with root damage caused by insect biological control agents, as found earlier with domestic strains of Fusarium spp. pathogenic to leafy spurge. Two strains identified as F. solani were vegetatively compatible. It was concluded that further screening of a larger set of strains of foreign Fusarium spp. under quarantine conditions in the US or in limited overseas facilities would be justified, and could yield promising biological control agents for leafy spurge.     

Antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of triterpene derivatives from latex of two Euphorbia species

The in vitro activity on Leishmania infantum promastigotes and Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes of 25 semisynthetic terpenoid derivatives has been evaluated. These compounds were obtained through chemical modifications of the major components of Euphorbia resinifera (alpha-euphol and alpha-euphorbol) and Euphorbia officinarum (obtusifoliol and 31-norlanosterol). Leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease are major worldwide health problems. The drugs of choice for their treatment are still problematic in both cases, and therefore there is an urgent need to discover new drugs with high activity and low side effects. Natural products have become a key source of new drugs in the last years. The genus Euphorbia has been the subject of abundant phytochemical and pharmacological research because of its potential medical applications, but the antiparasitic effects of derivatives from plants of this genus are still unknown. Our results showed that 76% and 64% of the test compounds had antiparasitic effects on L. infantum and T cruzi, respectively. The different activities on both parasites, especially their moderate effects on mammalian cells, indicate an interesting selective toxicity.