HCMV IE86对恶性胶质瘤细胞凋亡及p53表达活性的影响

人巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)能诱导肿瘤细胞恶性转化且抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡,但HCMV编码的主要即刻早期调控蛋白IE86在这一过程中是否发挥关键作用仍然未知。为探究IE86对基因修饰荷胶质瘤小鼠p53表达水平及恶性胶质瘤细胞凋亡情况的影响,本研究通过PCR技术鉴定基因修饰小鼠IE86表达情况;实时定量PCR技术检测IE86和p53mRNA表达水平变化;免疫组织化学方法检测p53和p21蛋白的表达水平;TUNEL检测肿瘤组织细胞凋亡情况。结果显示,成功构建了IE86基因修饰小鼠模型;与IE86阴性组相比IE86阳性组p53表达水平上升(P0.05),但p21表达水平下降(P0.05);IE86阳性组细胞抗凋亡能力增强(P0.05)。以上结果表明,在基因修饰的小鼠中IE86持续表达但p53转录活性的指示标志p21下调,且IE86可提高恶性胶质瘤细胞抗凋亡能力。     

苦参碱对鼻咽癌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53 的表达研究

目的：探讨苦参碱对体外培养的人鼻咽癌细胞增殖、凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53 mRNA 和蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨苦参碱 诱导人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法：采用MTT 法检测不同浓度苦参碱（0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、2 mg/ml）对CNE1、CNE2 细胞增 殖的影响;采用荧光定量PCR 法检测这些浓度的苦参碱处理48 h后CNE2 细胞p53 mRNA的变化; Western Blot 检测其蛋白的 变化情况。结果：MTT结果显示苦参碱具有抑制CNE1、CNE2 细胞体外增殖作用,其抑制率存在浓度、时间依赖性。荧光定量 PCR及Western Blot 检测结果显示,苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞p53 mRNA 和蛋白的表达,且亦呈浓度依赖性。结论：苦参碱抑制 CNE2 细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,呈现浓度、时间依赖性,其作用与抑制CNE2 细胞中p53 基因和蛋白的表达密切相关。     

苦参碱对鼻咽癌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53的表达研究

目的：探讨苦参碱对体外培养的人鼻咽癌细胞增殖、凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨苦参碱诱导人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法：采用MTT法检测不同浓度苦参碱（0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、2 mg/ml）对CNE1、CNE2细胞增殖的影响;采用荧光定量PCR法检测这些浓度的苦参碱处理48 h后CNE2细胞p53 mRNA的变化;Western Blot检测其蛋白的变化情况。结果：MTT结果显示苦参碱具有抑制CNE1、CNE2细胞体外增殖作用,其抑制率存在浓度、时间依赖性。荧光定量PCR及Western Blot检测结果显示,苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞p53 mRNA和蛋白的表达,且亦呈浓度依赖性。结论：苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,呈现浓度、时间依赖性,其作用与抑制CNE2细胞中p53基因和蛋白的表达密切相关。     

HPV16 E6通过阻碍ING4对p53作用而抑制细胞凋亡的实验研究

通过HPV16 E6干扰ING4对p53作用的实验研究,探讨HPV16 E6新的致癌机制。采用转染及免疫共沉淀实验证明HPV16 E6阻碍ING4和p53结合及其诱导的p53蛋白乙酰化的作用;将表达p53、ING4和p53报告基因与HPV16 E6或其突变体的质粒共转染p53蛋白阴性的SaoS2细胞系,荧光素酶报告基因检测HPV16 E6抑制ING4对p53基因在转录水平的影响;并采用细胞集落形成实验检测HPV16 E6对ING4所诱导p53途径所致细胞凋亡的抑制。HPV16 E6阻碍ING4和p53结合及其诱导的p53蛋白Lys-382的乙酰化;HPV16 E6减弱ING4在转录水平对p53基因的调控,HPV16 E6抑制ING4诱导的p53途径介导的细胞凋亡,且所有这些作用不依赖p53蛋白的降解。HPV16 E6阻碍ING4对p53的作用而抑制细胞凋亡可能是其引起癌变的途径之一。     

HPV16 E6通过阻碍ING4对p53作用而抑制细胞凋亡的研究

通过HPV16 E6干扰ING4对p53作用的实验研究,探讨HPV16 E6新的致癌机制。采用转染及免疫共沉淀实验证明HPV16 E6阻碍ING4和p53结合及其诱导的p53蛋白乙酰化的作用;将表达p53、ING4和p53报告基因与HPV16 E6或其突变体的质粒共转染p53蛋白阴性的SaoS2细胞系,荧光素酶报告基因检测HPV16 E6抑制ING4对p53基因在转录水平的影响;并采用细胞集落形成实验检测HPV16 E6对ING4所诱导p53途径所致细胞凋亡的抑制。HPV16 E6阻碍ING4和p53结合及其诱导的p53蛋白Lys-382的乙酰化;HPV16 E6减弱ING4在转录水平对p53基因的调控,HPV16 E6抑制ING4诱导的p53途径介导的细胞凋亡,且所有这些作用不依赖p53蛋白的降解。HPV16 E6阻碍ING4对p53的作用而抑制细胞凋亡可能是其引起癌变的途径之一。     

ASPP2增强结肠癌HCT116细胞对奥沙利铂的化疗敏感性

为研究ASPP2对奥沙利铂诱导的结肠癌细胞系HCT116 p53+/+(野生型)凋亡及周期的影响.利用ASPP2（rAd-ASPP2）及p53腺病毒（rAd-p53）感染HCT116 p53+/+细胞,经奥沙利铂50 μmol/L诱导细胞凋亡及周期改变.Western印迹检测ASPP2及p53的表达水平;MTT法检测ASPP2腺病毒对奥沙利铂诱导的HCT116细胞活性的影响;Calcein/PI吸收试验检测细胞凋亡情况;流式细胞术分析细胞周期分布. 结果显示,ASPP2、p53共同过表达,或者ASPP2单独过表达均能增强奥沙利铂诱导的HCT116 p53+/+细胞增殖抑制,以及S期抑制并伴有细胞凋亡水平的升高;而无奥沙利铂诱导时,ASPP2对HCT116 p53+/+细胞的活性、细胞周期及细胞凋亡水平的影响无统计学意义. 上述结果表明,ASPP2能够增强奥沙利铂诱导HCT116 p53+/+细胞的增殖抑制、细胞周期抑制和细胞凋亡.     

去铁酮对宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

去铁酮可诱导p53的表达和引发肿瘤细胞凋亡。RRM2B基因在铁螯合剂抑制肿瘤细胞生长中同样起重要作用,且其表达受p53调节。为了探讨去铁酮对宫颈癌细胞的影响,以及p53和RRM2B基因二者的关系,通过MTT法检测不同浓度及不同时间去铁酮处理对HeLa细胞活性的影响,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡水平。同时,利用Western-blot和荧光定量PCR技术分别在蛋白和mRNA水平检测p53和RRM2B表达变化,并进一步利用p53抑制剂检测p53对RRM2B表达的影响。结果表明,HeLa细胞活性随着去铁酮作用浓度及作用时间的增加而下降,在500μmol/L去铁酮处理48h后出现明显凋亡。进一步研究发现,去铁酮可显著上调p53表达水平(P0.05),而p53可显著下调RRM2B表达水平(P0.05)。综上所述,去铁酮可通过p53下调RRM2B表达水平而参与抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖。     

异构体ΔASPP2可拮抗ASPP2对p53（细胞）凋亡功能的增强作用

p53 凋亡刺激蛋白2(apoptosis stimulating protein 2 of p53, ASPP2)能够与p53 蛋白结合特异性地增强其促细胞凋亡功能,进而发挥肿瘤抑制作用．我们发现的1个比ASPP2少300多个N端氨基酸的异构体ΔASPP2.目前,ΔASPP2对p53起何种作用尚不清楚．在本研究中,我们构建了rAd-ASPP2、rAd-ΔASPP2腺病毒,利用rAd-p53、rAd-ASPP2、rAd-ΔASPP2 感染p53缺失的细胞系H1299,在MMS的作用下研究ASPP2 和 ΔASPP2 对p53介导的细胞凋亡的影响．结果发现,p53自身过表达能明显促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡;ASPP2可显著增强p53介导的MMS引起的H1299细胞凋亡的作用;然而,ΔASPP2对p53介导的细胞凋亡没有明显影响但却显著抑制rAd-ASPP2 增强的rAd-p53的促细胞凋亡作用．p53-ASPP2 复合体可能改变p53 蛋白的构象,促进p53 和增强子Bax的结合活性．p53 转录调控基因的表达研究显示,ΔASPP2的存在可显著抑制ASPP2增强p53 介导的bax基因转录活性, 提示ΔASPP2可能与ASPP2结合后来抑制p53的凋亡基因转录活性．     

新的抑癌基因ASPP对p53作用的研究进展

p53是一个肿瘤抑制蛋白,它是通过调节相关基因表达,诱导细胞凋亡。p53诱导细胞凋亡的机制多年来一直不太清楚,而最近发现的ASPP(apoptosis stimulating protein of p53)蛋白家族对p53诱导细胞凋亡的机制研究有了新的进展。本文就此作一综述。     

姜黄素通过MAPK信号通路诱导人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞凋亡

本文阐述了姜黄素(Curcumin)对体外培养的人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,并探讨了其诱导凋亡的信号转导机制。采用MTT法和细胞计数法检测不同浓度姜黄素对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721增殖的影响,利用流式细胞术检测姜黄素对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞凋亡的影响,通过RT-PCR及Western blot检测姜黄素对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞中凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3、Survivin、Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响,最后通过检测MAPK的磷酸化水平分析姜黄素诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡的信号转导机制,通过MAPK抑制剂实验进一步证实诱导凋亡的分子机制。研究结果显示,姜黄素呈时间和剂量依赖性抑制人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的增殖,其中40μmol/L姜黄素可明显诱导SMMC-7721细胞的凋亡,并呈时间依赖性上调促凋亡蛋白Caspase-3和Bax的表达、下调抗凋亡蛋白Survivin和Bcl-2的表达,姜黄素对凋亡相关蛋白表达的调节及诱导凋亡可以通过激活JNK、抑制ERK和p38 MAPK信号通路实现。表明姜黄素可诱导人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞凋亡,其机制与姜黄素激活JNK、抑制ERK和p38 MAPK信号通路从而上调Caspase-3和Bax的表达,下调Survivin和Bcl-2的表达有关。     

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE1 plays role in resistance to apoptosis with etoposide in cancer cell line by Cdk2 accumulation

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has many strategies to survive the attack of the host. HCMV infection of host cells induces cellular activation and disturbance of the cell cycle. It is possible that HCMV modulates the behavior of certain cancer cells that are susceptible to HCMV infection. This study was performed to identify the possible mechanism of resistance to apoptotic stimuli in some cancer cell lines by HCMV infection. HCMV-infected cancer cells showed resistance to apoptosis induced by the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. UMG1-2, which constitutively expresses HCMV immediate-early protein-1 (IE1), had resistance to apoptosis induced by etoposide as compared with the parental cell line U373MG. Measurement of caspases activity with fluorogenic substrates in etoposide-treated U373MG and UMG1-2 cells and the direct activation of caspase-3 with peptides containing arginine-glycine-aspartate in U373MG and UMG1-2 cells revealed that the inhibition level of apoptosis by HCMV IE1 would be upstream of caspase-3 in the caspase cascade pathway. Cellular expression of Cdk2 was increased in UMG1- 2 after etoposide treatment while the expression of E2F-1 in UMG1-2 was decreased as compared with that in U373MG. The Cdk2 inhibitor, roscovitine, decreased the resistance to apoptosis on etoposide-treated UMG1-2. These results suggest that aberrant HCMV infection confers resistance to anticancer drugs on some cancer cells and protects cells from apoptosis, possibly due to the deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase by HCMV immediate-early protein.     

The human cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis

Viral subversion of apoptosis regulation plays an important role in the outcome of host/virus interactions. Although human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes several immediate early (IE) antiapoptotic proteins (IE1, IE2, vMIA and vICA), no proapoptotic HCMV protein has yet been identified. Here we show that US28, a functional IE HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor, which may be involved in both viral dissemination and immune evasion, constitutively induces apoptosis in several cell types. In contrast, none of nine human cellular chemokine receptors, belonging to three different subfamilies, induced any significant level of apoptosis. US28-induced cell death involves caspase 10 and caspase 8 activation, but does not depend on the engagement of cell-surface death receptors of the tumour necrosis factor receptor/CD95 family. US28 cell-death induction is prevented by coexpression of C-FLIP, a protein that inhibits Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD)-mediated activation of caspase 10 and caspase 8, and by coexpression of the HCMV antiapoptotic protein IE1. The use of US28 mutants indicated that the DRY sequence of its third transmenbrane domain, required for constitutive G-protein signalling, and the US28 intracellular terminal domain required for constitutive US28 endocytosis, are each partially required for cell-death induction. Thus, in HCMV-infected cells, US28 may function either as a chemokine receptor, a phospholipase C activator, or a proapoptotic factor, depending on expression levels of HCMV and/or cellular antiapoptotic proteins.     

Role of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins in cell growth control

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that has been implicated in several disorders, including an association between HCMV reactivation and the overproliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells observed in restenosis. Although HCMV can mediate a growth-arrest phenotype in infected cells, the virus can also promote an environment conducive to proliferation. Here, we present evidence that the HCMV immediate-early (IE) proteins, IE1-72 and IE2-86, may be responsible for inducing this proliferative environment by altering cell cycle control. We find that expression of either of these IE proteins can alter the cell cycle distribution of randomly cycling cells towards S and G(2)/M phases. Additionally, we find that expression of IE2-86, but not IE1-72, induces quiescent cells into S phase and delays cell cycle exit. In the absence of p53, IE1-72 expression can induce S phase and delay cell cycle exit. We also demonstrate that p53 protein levels increase in fibroblasts following the expression of IE1-72. The observed accumulation of p53 protein in IE1-72-expressing cells may account for the inability of IE1-72 to induce S phase and delay cell cycle exit. Our data suggest that expression of HCMV IE1-72 and IE2-86 is sufficient to alter the cell cycle to generate an environment conducive to proliferation.     

Effect of Inducible Expressed Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early 86 Protein on Cell Apoptosis

Human cytomegalovirus is a common human pathogen that can cause life-threatening disease under certain conditions. During infection of host cells, the virus expresses regulatory proteins such as IE72 and IE86 that are important for viral propagation. IE86 plays a critical role in the modulation of viral replication as well as host cell cycle control and apoptosis. In this study, a Tet-On system was used to quantify the effect of IE86 on apoptosis and p53 expression. Our results indicate that IE86 inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced apoptosis and that the anti-apoptotic activity of this viral protein correlates with its expression levels. In addition, IE86 did not alter the mRNA level of p53. The system developed should provide a method for functional analysis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE86 protein.     

SUMO-1 modification of human cytomegalovirus IE1/IE72

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate-early protein IE1/IE72 is involved in undermining many cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, nuclear architecture, and gene expression. The multifunctional nature of IE72 suggests that posttranslational modifications may modulate its activities. IE72 is a phosphoprotein and has intrinsic kinase activity (S. Pajovic, E. L. Wong, A. R. Black, and J. C. Azizkhan, Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:6459-6464, 1997). We now demonstrate that IE72 is covalently conjugated to the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO-1). SUMO-1 is an 11.5-kDa protein that is conjugated to multiple proteins and has been reported to exhibit multiple effects, including modulation of protein stability, subcellular localization, and gene expression. A covalently modified protein migrating at approximately 92 kDa, which is stabilized by a SUMO-1 hydrolase inhibitor, is revealed by Western blotting with anti-IE72 of lysates from cells infected with HCMV or cells expressing IE72. SUMO modification of IE72 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation with anti-IE72 and anti-SUMO-1 followed by Western blotting with anti-SUMO-1 and anti-IE72, respectively. Lysine 450 is within a sumoylation consensus site (I,V,L)KXE; changing lysine 450 to arginine by point mutation abolishes SUMO-1 modification of IE72. Inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, which increases the phosphorylation of IE72, suppresses the formation of SUMO-1-IE72 conjugates. Both wild-type IE72 and IE72(K450R) localize to nuclear PML oncogenic domains and disrupt them. Studies of protein stability, transactivation, and complementation of IE72-deficient HCMV (CR208) have revealed no significant differences between wild-type IE72 and IE72(K450R).     

The human cytomegalovirus IE86 protein can block cell cycle progression after inducing transition into the S phase of permissive cells

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of permissive cells has been reported to induce a cell cycle halt. One or more viral proteins may be involved in halting progression at different stages of the cell cycle. We investigated how HCMV infection, and specifically IE86 protein expression, affects the cell cycles of permissive and nonpermissive cells. We used a recombinant virus that expresses the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to determine the effects of HCMV on the cell cycle of permissive cells. Fluorescence by GFP allowed us to select for only productively infected cells. Replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing the IE72 or IE86 protein were also used to efficiently transduce 95% or more of the cells. The adenovirus-expressed IE86 protein was determined to be functional by demonstrating negative autoregulation of the major immediate-early promoter and activation of an early viral promoter in the context of the viral genome. To eliminate adenovirus protein effects, plasmids expressing GFP for fluorescent selection of only transfected cells and wild-type IE86 protein or a mutant IE86 protein were tested in permissive and nonpermissive cells. HCMV infection induced the entry of U373 cells into the S phase. All permissive cells infected with HCMV were blocked in cell cycle progression and could not divide. After either transduction or transfection and IE86 protein expression, the number of all permissive or nonpermissive cell types in the S phase increased significantly, but the cells could no longer divide. The IE72 protein did not have a significant effect on the S phase. Since IE86 protein inhibits cell cycle progression, the IE2 gene in a human fibroblast IE86 protein-expressing cell line was sequenced. The IE86 protein in these retrovirus-transduced cells has mutations in a critical region of the viral protein. The locations of the mutations and the function of the IE86 protein in controlling cell cycle progression are discussed.