内蒙古半干旱区鼠类群落结构及鼠害危害类型的研究

自1988-1993年在内蒙古半干旱区约110000km² 的面积上设置样地251个,用夹日法对鼠类群落进行调查,用每个样地主要鼠种捕获率和样地构成分类量刚,应用SAS系统的快速聚类法进行分类;分类结果结合该地区地带性植被分布的特征和地貌、地形特征,将该地区的鼠类群落划分为9个地带性鼠类群落并研究其结构特征,同时根据地带性鼠类群落分布与结构特征及当地实际鼠害状况将内蒙古半干旱区鼠害划分为5大害区的7种危害类型：Ⅰ.荒漠草原鼠害危害区:①小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;②戈壁五趾跳鼠、赤颊黄鼠危害类型;Ⅱ.草原化荒漠鼠害鼠害危害区：③戈壁五趾跳鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;Ⅲ.沙地草场鼠害区：④小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠、子午沙鼠危害类型;Ⅳ.阴山北麓旱作农田危害区：⑤长爪沙鼠、小毛足鼠危害类型;⑥长爪沙鼠、草原黄鼠危害类型;Ⅴ.阴山山脉中段次生林地和人工林地危害区：⑦棕背繙、大林姬鼠危害类型。     

评《鼠害治理的理论与实践》

评《鼠害治理的理论与实践》鼠害至今在世界范围内仍然是人类社会最严重的公害之一。它的危害遍及农业、牧业、林业、水利、交通、工业及公共卫生等各方面。根治鼠害也常列入科技攻关项目。我国在灭鼠除害防病、挽回粮食损失、遏制草原退化等方面进行的鼠害治理,都取得了...     

基于MODIS植被指数评估洞庭湖区东方田鼠大暴发的危害

鼠害大暴发年份对受害植被分布和受害等级的快速评价,对于鼠害防治和恢复农业生产具有重要意义。研究以洞庭湖北洲子区域东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)为例,提出通过分析植被指数变动规律以确定评价时间的方法,通过植被指数对鼠害的敏感性分析,选择增强型植被指数(Enhanced vegetation index,EVI)为适宜植被指数,0.07为具有代表性的灾害阈值。运用植被指数差值法获得研究区作物危害分布图与危害等级分布图,表明东方田鼠危害区具有聚集和离大堤一定距离的特点。比较洞庭湖区实地踏查获得的东方田鼠危害图与灾害阈值确定的危害像元分布图,表明基于MODIS(Moderate-resolution imagine spectroradiometer)植被指数的鼠类暴发年份评估方法准确可行。     

小资料

当前鼠害已成为全球性灾害,我国鼠害也相当严重。目前全国至少有老鼠30亿只。1984年我国农田鼠害面积达3亿6千万亩,每年因鼠害损失的粮食约300亿斤,相当于我国一年进口粮食的总和。河南省近几年鼠类密度上升,全省每年受鼠害的农田面积达5千万亩,损失粮食至少10亿斤左右。该省中牟等9个县1984年被鼠咬伤的鸡、鸭、鹅43814只,猪211头,牛1005头,乐川县近20万亩林木受到危害。     

鼠害的防治及鼠类对森林更新的研究进展

简要概述了鼠类的主要生物学特征,鼠类对农业、牧业、林业的危害.并且简要介绍了在鼠害防治方面.利用复方避孕药物EP-1对害鼠的不育控制防治研究的最新进展,以及鼠类对森林种子扩散、搬运等方面的最新研究结果.     

天津市区鼠害调查

天津市区的鼠类对库存粮食、肉类、食品以及其它物资的危害甚大,致使国家财产遭受严重损失。为了尽快开展除害灭病工作,对鼠害的防治提供依据,本站人员从1979年2-11月对本区鼠种类、分布及危害状况,用普通铗日法,作了初步调查,共调查23,751个铗日,所得结果如下。     

从生态系统的观点看草原灭鼠

二十多年来,我国对消灭草原鼠害,投入了很大的力量,取得了明显的成绩,对保护草场、发展畜牧业,起到了积极的作用。如内蒙古对布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)、新疆对黄兔尾鼠(Lagurus luteus)、青海对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)和高原鼢鼠(Myospa-lax laileyi)的防治,不论在护治方法和防治效果上都取得了很大的成果。虽然有许多地区,灭鼠多年而鼠害不能消灭,但也有不少地方灭鼠后,牧草生长良好,并多年不发生鼠害。但是,有少数人认为灭鼠破坏生态平衡,鼠尸被食肉鸟兽所食,产生二次中毒,减少了鼠类天敌,是鼠害不断的原因。我们认为这种看法是不全面的,愿从生态系统角度,谈谈草原灭鼠问题。     

东莞市角社石涌管理区农田黄毛鼠综合治理技术研究

黄毛鼠是珠江三角洲的主要害鼠,对水稻生产造成很大的危害。近几年来,随着农村生产的发展,作物布局及其面积比率发生很大的变化,导致农田鼠害年年加重。为探讨在新的耕作条件下,珠江三角洲稻区黄毛鼠综合治理途径,我们于1986—1989年在东莞市东坑镇的角社区和横沥镇的石涌区开展对农业结构变动与鼠害加重的关系、害鼠种群时空动态、灭后回升速度、防治指标、化学防制等问题的研究。经过几年的试验实践,练合治理区收到了显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

长白山林区棕背(鼠平)秋季种群数量的预测

棕背 (Ｃｌｅｔｈｒｉｏｎｏｍｙｓｒｕｆｏｃａｎｕｓ)为我国北方林区主要森林害鼠之一 ,对林木的危害程度与棕背数量有直接关系[1] ,危害时间主要在秋末至来年初春。在林木鼠害防治中 ,将棕背秋季种群数量提前做出预测预报 ,对采取预防措施具有重要意义。关于棕背种群数量动态的研究已有一些报道[1～ 5] ,棕背危害伊春林区的预测也有报道[1,6] 。作者根据多年在长白山林区调查鼠害的结果 ,提出适合该林区的具体预测方法 ,现将研究结果报道如下。1　研究地点与方法棕背在长白山林区的数量分布有明显的地带性[5,7] ,研究地点选…     

吉林长白山北坡天然林鼠害调查

吉林省长白山北坡天然林是我国重要的红松Pinus koraiensis种源基地,近年鼠害严重。2015年4—6月、9—10月,在阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、暗针叶林及岳桦Betula ermanii林中调查鼠害发生情况,统计危害发生的树种和部位,并在危害发生林型中采用笼捕法和陷阱法调查鼠类的组成。结果表明:1)鼠害主要发生在春季海拔800~1 100 m的针阔混交林;2)受害树种主要为椴树Tilia tuan(3.61%±1.05%)、假色槭Acer pseudo-sieboldianum(3.00%±0.63%)、红松(1.73%±0.31%)、色木槭A.mono(1.28%±0.14%)等重要经济林木,受害部位主要集中于林木基部(58.90%)和裸露根部(37.99%);3)长白山北坡林区春季鼠类捕获率较高,秋季较低;4)捕获的主要鼠种为棕背Myodes rufocanus、朝鲜姬鼠Apodemus peninsulae和红背M.rutilus,陷阱法对棕背的捕获率远高于笼捕法,但对朝鲜姬鼠和红背的捕获率较笼捕法低。     

临安区不同森林类型竞争指数比较研究

竞争对树木生长有重要影响,通常用竞争指数定量描述树木之间的竞争关系。以浙江省杭州市临安区的乔木林为对象,利用2004年临安区森林资源监测数据,基于Voronoi图的Hegyi竞争指数,在区域尺度上对临安区多种森林类型的竞争关系进行分析。结果表明：在单木水平上,不同森林类型单木的总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数在胸径5-10 cm最大;单木平均竞争指数随着胸径的增大而降低,胸径 > 30 cm的竞争压力得以缓解;临安区林木的竞争主要来源于种内竞争,天然林的种内竞争占总竞争指数的比例 > 50%,人工林的种内竞争占总竞争指数的比例 > 60%。径级平均总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数与胸径的关系均服从对数函数关系。在林分水平上,不同森林类型的林分总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数存在显著差异。平均总竞争顺序为：天然阔叶林 > 天然针阔混交林 > 人工针叶林 > 天然针叶林 > 人工针阔混交林 > 人工阔叶林。种内平均竞争顺序为：人工针叶林 > 天然阔叶林 > 天然针叶林 > 天然针阔混交林 > 人工针阔混交林 > 人工阔叶林。种间平均竞争顺序为：天然针阔混交林 > 人工针阔混交林 > 天然阔叶林 > 天然针叶林 > 人工针叶林 > 人工阔叶林。人工阔叶林的平均总竞争指数、种内竞争指数和种间竞争指数均为最小,该森林类型以山核桃经济树种为优势树种,说明为提高山核桃产量,人为控制低种植密度的经营措施有效降低了林分竞争强度。     

黄泥河林区鼠类群落演替的研究

本文研究了吉林省黄泥河林区5个次生植被类型的鼠类群落结构和生物量的变化。原始针阔混交林采伐后,大林姬鼠数量减少,棕背(鼠平)数量增加,黑线姬鼠侵入。形成次生阔叶林和人工落叶松林后,鼠类群落仍为原始针阔混交林中的大林姬鼠+棕背(鼠平)群落类型。人工红松林的形成使棕背(鼠平)数最明显减少,成为大林姬鼠群落。森林开垦成农田,相应形成黑线姬鼠+大林姬鼠群落。草甸发展成草甸森林,鼠类群落由东方田鼠+棕背(鼠平)演变成棕背(鼠平)群落。并分析了环境因素对鼠类演替的影响。     

Population dynamics of small mammal species in urbanized areas

Population dynamics of small mammals was monitored in urbanized forest ecosystems on a long-term basis. Urban rodent communities had higher densities due to a large proportion of hemisynanthropic species of Apodemus (Sylvemus) genus. It was found that small mammals displayed similar population dynamics in the park-forests in the same type of forest, but the pattern broke down in the city. Urban stress proved to have a stronger influence on the structure and population dynamics of small mammals than site conditions. Transformation of lower plant layers disturbs habitat of some species and creates favorable conditions for others. Increasing species richness and thickness of shrub layer make site conditions more favorable for the wood mouse and the field mouse—species that do not normally inhabit coniferous forests.     

气候变化对我国南方人工林地上生物量影响的模拟研究——以会同生态站磨哨实验林场为例

全球气候变暖对陆地生态系统尤其是森林生态系统有着重要的影响,气温升高、辐射强迫的增强将显著改变森林生态系统的结构和功能.南方人工林作为我国森林的重要组成部分,对气候变化的响应日益强烈.为了探究未来气候情景下我国南方人工林对气候变化的响应,降低未来气候变化对人工林可能带来的损失,本研究采用3种最新的气候情景—典型浓度排放路径情景(RCP2.6情景、RCP4.5情景、RCP8.5情景)预估数据,应用生态系统过程模型PnET-Ⅱ和空间直观景观模型LANDIS-Ⅱ模拟2014—2094年间湖南省会同森林生态实验站磨哨实验林场森林的地表净初级生产力(ANPP)、物种建立可能性(SEP)和地上生物量的变化.结果表明: 不同森林类型的SEP和ANPP对气候变化的响应有明显的差异,各森林类型对气候变化的响应程度表现为: 对于SEP,在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,人工针叶林＞天然阔叶林＞人工阔叶林;在RCP8.5情景下,天然阔叶林＞人工阔叶林＞人工针叶林.对于ANPP,在RCP2.6情景下,人工阔叶林＞天然阔叶林＞人工针叶林;在RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,天然阔叶林＞人工阔叶林＞人工针叶林.人工针叶林的地上生物量在2050年左右开始下降,天然阔叶林和人工阔叶林整体呈现上升趋势.2014—2094年,研究区地上总生物量在不同气候情景下增加幅度不同,RCP2.6情景下增加了68.2%,RCP4.5情景下增加了79.3%,RCP8.5情景下增加了72.6%.3种情景下的总地上生物量大小排序为: RCP4.5> RCP8.5> RCP2.6.我们认为,适当的增温将有助于未来研究区森林总地上生物量的积累,但过度的增温也可能会阻碍森林的生产和生态功能的持续发展.     

Effects of fat and protein levels on foraging preferences of tannin in scatter-hoarding rodents

Both as consumers and dispersers of seeds, scatter-hoarding rodents often play an important role in the reproductive ecology of many plant species. However, the seeds of many plant species contain tannins, which are a diverse group of water-soluble phenolic compounds that have a high affinity for proteins. The amount of tannins in seeds is expected to affect rodent foraging preferences because of their major impact on rodent physiology and survival. However, variable results have been obtained in studies that evaluated the effects of tannin on rodent foraging behavior. Hence, in this study, we aimed to explain these inconsistent results and proposed that a combination of seed traits might be important in rodent foraging behavior, because it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of individual traits on rodent foraging behavior and the interactions among them. By using a novel artificial seed system, we manipulated seed tannin and fat/protein levels to examine directly the univariate effects of each component on the seed preferences of free-ranging forest rats (Apodemus latronum and Apodemus chevrieri) during the behavioral process of scatter hoarding. Our results showed that both tannin and fat/protein had significant effects on rodent foraging behavior. Although only a few interactive effects of tannin and fat/protein were recorded, higher concentrations of both fat and protein could attenuate the exclusion of seeds with higher tannin concentrations by rodents, thus influencing seed fate. Furthermore, aside from the concentrations of tannin, fat, and protein, numerous other traits of plant seeds may also influence rodent foraging behavior. We suggest that by clarifying rodent foraging preferences, a better understanding of the evolution of plant seed traits may be obtained because of their strong potential for selective pressure.     

Rodent Diversity and Land Use in Montebello,Chiapas, Mexico

We analyzed the abundance and diversity of Heteromyid and Murid rodents in the Lagos de Montebello National Park and adjacent areas, Chiapas, Mexico. We sampled three habitat types with different degrees of disturbance: pine-oak-liquidambar forest, ecotone and crop farming lands. Habitat types were defined considering characteristics such as heterogeneity, structural complexity and arboreal cover. We obtained ancillary habitat data considered important for small mammal requirements. Data on rodent communities were obtained by capture-mark-recapture between February and October 1996. We made 410 captures in 3820 trap-nights effort. Ten species were recorded, including one endemic with restricted distribution in Chiapas. Mouse diversity in the forest was significantly higher than within the farm lands. A Kendall correlation analysis showed positive relationship between rodent community species richness and habitat heterogeneity. Diversity of rodents was associated with the habitat complexity and structural elements, and negatively correlated with farming intensity. We found a high beta diversity and low similarity of the rodent communities in the three different habitats. Community composition strongly changed from the forest through the ecotone into the farm lands, with five species gained and seven species lost. The highest species richness was found in the ecotone; however, it showed a strong dominance of a single species that can convert into a plague of crops, and relatively low abundance of the other species. The pine-oak-liquidambar forest had the highest diversity indices, sheltering a particular rodent community within the study area, it therefore probably has the most important role in the conservation of the local biodiversity.     

Camera traps reveal the predation of artificial nests by free-ranging Azara’s agoutis,Dasyprocta azarae Lichtenstein, 1823, in central Brazil

Agoutis, Dasyprocta spp., are medium-sized rodents distributed in Neotropical region. Their diet is usually described as granivorous/frugivorous, and agoutis are recognised as important seed dispersers. Here, we present two spatially and temporally independent records of egg predation by Azara’s agouti, Dasyprocta azarae, in fragments of Cerrado savanna forest. In both cases, the agoutis ingested quail eggs that had been placed in artificial nests at ground level, 100 m from the edge of the forest. As Dasyprocta is a herbivorous rodent, this predatory behaviour is unexpected and may represent an opportunistic foraging strategy. These observations provide important new insights into the feeding biology of agoutis and highlight the value of camera traps as a tool for the collection of data on the behavioural ecology and natural history of vertebrates in general.     

黄泥河林区鼠类群落划分的研究

1988年6—7月,作者在吉林省黄泥河林区对森林鼠类群落划分进行了研究。将林区划分2个栖息地类型,依据物种组成相似系数及递归群划分法,划分出5个鼠类群落:即大林姬鼠+棕背(鼠平)群落;大林姬鼠群落;黑线姬鼠+大林姬鼠群落;东方田鼠+黑线姬鼠群落和棕背(鼠平)群落,并进行了讨论。     

子午岭地区辽东栎和油松林建群种的更新生态位宽度分析

通过实地调查并采用Levins生态位宽度指数对子午岭地区主要树种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的幼苗、幼树和成树在不同坡向的辽东栎林、油松 辽东栎混交林和人工油松林3种群落中的生态位宽度进行了分析研究。结果显示:(1)辽东栎和油松的更新生态位宽度在不同群落中各不相同,成树的生态位宽度与群落类型一致;(2)辽东栎幼苗和幼树在阳坡和阴坡人工油松林中的生态位宽度分别是0.951、0.95和0.98、0.94,且生态位宽度显著大于其它2个群落,表明辽东栎幼苗和幼树能很好地适应人工油松林的环境条件;(3)在阳坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在辽东栎林最大为0.79,且极显著大于其它2个群落,而阳坡油松幼树的生态位宽度在人工油松林中最大为1.00;在阴坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在人工油松林最大为0.63,而阴坡油松幼树的生态位宽度却在油松 辽东栎混交林最大为0.83,且极显著大于其它2个群落;表明油松幼苗适应阳坡的辽东栎林环境和阴坡的人工油松林环境,油松幼树适应阳坡的人工油松林环境和油松 辽东栎林环境。结果表明,人工种植油松林有利于该地区的植被恢复,人工油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林会在该地区存在较长时间,而阳坡的油松 辽东栎混交林存在时间会更长。