2009年雅安市食源性病原菌监测分析

目的了解雅安市食品中污染的食源性疾病中的重要致病菌,积累监测数据。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测2009年度工作手册》,检测10大类食品中的大肠菌群、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核增生李斯特菌、大肠菌群O157和副溶血性弧菌。结果果汁、凉拌蔬菜和蔬菜沙拉大肠菌群的检出率为60%、100%和100%;生畜肉、生食水产品和皮蛋中沙门菌的检出率为10%、20%和3.3%;未检出金黄色葡萄球菌、单核增生李斯特菌、大肠埃希菌O157和副溶血性弧菌。结论通过对食源性疾病的基础监测,加强食品安全,为雅安市防治食源性疾病提供科学依据。     

2015年福建省福州市食源性致病菌监测分析

目的：了解福州市2015年食源性致病菌污染现状,为减少食品微生物污染、提高食品卫生质量提供依据。方法：抽取10类共204份食品样本,进行单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、副溶血性弧菌、铜绿假单胞菌、霍乱弧菌、广州管圆线虫等的检测。结果：全年检出食源性致病菌12株和寄生虫3份,总体检出率为7.35%,其中副溶血性弧菌检出率最高,为12.20%。10类食品中动物性淡水产品致病菌阳性检出率最高为23.81%,其次为桶装饮用水11.54％。结论：不同食品受微生物污染的程度不同,福州市以水产中副溶血性弧菌和桶装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌的污染较明显。     

片球菌素PediocinPA-1抑菌活性检测

目的检测通过基因工程获得的片球菌素Pediocin PA-1抑菌活性。方法采用琼脂扩散法检测片球菌素Pediocin PA-1对单核细胞增生李斯特杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、沙门菌和大肠埃希菌O157的抑菌活性。结果片球菌素Pediocin PA-1对单核细胞增生李斯特杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌O157等均有抑制作用。其中对单核细胞增生李斯特杆菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用效果明显,对铜绿假单胞菌有微弱的抑制作用。结论通过基因工程获得的片球菌素Pediocin PA-1具有抑菌活性。     

2010—2015年酒泉市市售食品中食源性致病菌监测与分析

目的：了解甘肃省酒泉市市售食品食源性致病菌的污染状况,为预防与控制食源性疾病发生提供科学依据。方法：按照《2010—2015年食源性致病菌监测计划实施方案》的要求,对2010—2015年酒泉市监测的20类1 575份样品的食源性致病菌监测数据进行整理分析。 结果：共检测样品1 575份,检出阳性菌株196株,总检出率为1116%。各种致病菌的检出率分别为沙门氏菌102 %、蜡样芽孢杆菌1404%、金黄色葡萄球菌395 %、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌104 %、阪崎肠杆菌118 %、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌090%、副溶血性弧菌500%、创伤弧菌1000%、弯曲菌000%。不同类别食品中,生禽肉、婴幼儿配方食品、生奶、餐饮食品、生畜肉、豆制品、水产品食源性致病菌的污染率较高。生产加工和流通环节是致病菌的主要污染环节。结论：酒泉市市售部分食品存在食源性致病菌污染,食品安全监管部门应加强日常监管,确保人民群众的食品安全。     

2016-2018年辽宁省食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌污染情况及毒力基因的检测

目的了解辽宁省食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌毒力基因携带特点,对该省食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的污染情况进行调查。方法依据GB 4789.30-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检验》及采用PCR扩增技术检测的方法对2016-2018年采自该省15个监测点、收集的3 310份食品检出的47株单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行9种毒力基因检测。结果食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌检出率为1.42%(47/3310),食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌最少携带3种毒力基因,其中携带prfA、plcA、hly、mpl、plcB、inlA、inlB和iap八种毒力基因是该省食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的主要毒力基因型,达到检出菌总数的65.96%。结论研究结果证实辽宁省食品中存在单核细胞增生李斯特菌污染情况,应严格监控食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的携带情况。     

即食熟肉制品中主要致病菌的半定量风险评估

按照CAC推荐的致病菌风险评估步骤,利用Risk Ranger软件对即食熟肉制品中致病菌进行半定量风险评估和风险分级。结果显示,即食熟肉制品中检出的致病菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌、沙门氏菌及蜡样芽胞杆菌,其风险评分分别为42、44、38、40,均为中度风险,单增李斯特菌的风险较高。通过对即食熟肉制品加工后期染菌途径的有效控制及食用前轻微加热处理,可有效降低单增李斯特菌的风险评分,预计每年患病人数可分别降低70%、50%,2种措施联合实施则可以降低85%。     

乳制品中四种病原菌多重荧光PCR检测方法的建立与应用

本研究建立了可快速特异检测乳制品中阪崎肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的多重荧光PCR方法。通过设计阪崎肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的特异性引物和探针,建立了多重PCR反应体系,评价了该方法的特异性、灵敏度和精密度,并用该方法和国标法分别检测了150份乳制品中的4种致病菌,对检测结果进行对比。结果显示,检测目标菌为相应阳性,检测其他12种非目标供试菌为阴性;检测灵敏度分别为1 cfu/μL;其精密度的变异系数均小于5%;与国标检测方法相比其检测结果具有良好的一致性。     

选择性增菌液对单核增生性李斯特氏菌检出效果的比较

为了了解食品中单核增生李斯特氏茵(Listeria monocytogenes)的污染状况,比较不同选择性增茵方法对单核增生李斯特氏茵的检出效果,并进一步比较不同增茵方法在不同类食品中检出单核增生李斯特氏茵的差异性,进而确定特定食品最合适的增茵方法,随机采集本市生鲜肉、水产品、果蔬及冷冻食品4类135份食品.采用国标LB二次增茵法、EB法、最新改良FDA法及Fraser肉汤增菌法进行增菌,采用PALCAM选择性平板进行分离,先用行标多重PCR法进行初步验证后再进行国标生化鉴定.4种方法共检出单核增生李斯特氏茵23株,其中LB二次增菌法检出5株、Fraser肉汤增菌法检出6株、EB法检出5株、最新改良FDA法检出7株.结论是4种方法总的检出率没有较大的差异性,但对于不同类食品的检出率有所不同.     

单核细胞增生李斯特菌的检测技术进展

单核细胞增生李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）是一类人畜共患的食源性致病菌。近年来其检测技术取得了迅猛的发展,本文对目前使用的基于培养、免疫学和分子生物学技术的三大类单核细胞增生李斯特菌检测方法进行了综述,同时对单核细胞增生李斯特菌检测的新策略进行了展望。     

单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌PCR-DHPLC检测新技术的建立

应用PCR结合变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术建立食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌fimY的快速检测方法。根据单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA和hlyA基因序列的特点设计特异性引物,PCR扩增的产物经DHPLC技术进行快速检测。以单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌等61株参考菌株做特异性试验;单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌菌株稀释成不同梯度,进行灵敏度试验。试验结果表明该方法具有很好的特异性,灵敏度较高,检测低限可达到为181CFU/ml。可以快速、准确检测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,是食品中致病菌快速检测的新技术。     

Effect of Maillard reaction products on the growth of selected food-poisoning micro-organisms

The activity of the Maillard reaction products (MRP) prepared by heating (15 h at 90°C) a solution of 1·71 mol/l glucose and 2·05 mol/l glycine at pH values 6·0 and 8·8, against food-poisoning micro-organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Aeromonas hydrophila , was investigated. High and low pH MRPs strongly inhibited A. hydrophila , whereas Staph. aureus and L. monocytogenes were slightly inhibited by the high pH MRPs only and Salmonella strains were resistant to both.     

Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in kimchi by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR)

We developed an mPCR assay for the simultaneous detection, in one tube, of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes using species-specific primers. The mPCR employed the E. coli O157:H7 specific primer Stx2A, Salmonella spp. specific primer Its, S. aureus specific primer Cap8A-B and L. monocytogenes specific primer Hly. Amplification with these primers produced products of 553, 312, 405 and 210 bp, respectively. All PCR products were easily detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the sequences of the specific amplicons assessed. Potential pathogenic bacteria, in laboratory-prepared and four commercially available kimchi products, were using this mPCR assay, and the amplicons cloned and sequenced. The results correlated exactly with sequences derived for amplicons obtained during preliminry tests with known organisms. The sensitivity of the assay was determined for the purified pathogen DNAs from four strains. The mPCR detected pathogen DNA at concentrations ranging from approximately 0.45 to 0.05 pM/microl. Thus, this mPCR assay may allow for the rapid, reliable and cost-effective identification of four potentially pathogens present in the mixed bacterial communities of commercially available kimchi.     

Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum)

The inhibitory activity of garlic ( Allium sativum ) against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes was measured by the 'turbidity' method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of garlic at 80% inhibition level was calculated for these bacteria. All bacterial pathogenic strains tested were inhibited by garlic; E. coli was most sensitive and Listeria monocytogenes was least sensitive. Therefore, garlic has potential for the preservation of processed foods.     

Inhibition of food-borne bacterial pathogens by bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria isolated from meat

Ten strains of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria were isolated from retail cuts of meat. These 10 strains along with 11 other bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria were tested for inhibitory activity against psychotrophic pathogens, including four strains of Listeria monocytogenes, two strains of Aeromonas hydrophila, and two strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Inhibition due to acid, hydrogen peroxide, and lytic bacteriophage were excluded. The proteinaceous nature of the inhibitory substance was confirmed by demonstration of its sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes. Eight of the meat isolates had inhibitory activity against all four L. monocytogenes strains. Bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes was found in all of the strains obtained from other sources. Activity against A. hydrophila and S. aureus was also common.     

Inhibition of food-borne bacterial pathogens by bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria isolated from meat.

Ten strains of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria were isolated from retail cuts of meat. These 10 strains along with 11 other bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria were tested for inhibitory activity against psychotrophic pathogens, including four strains of Listeria monocytogenes, two strains of Aeromonas hydrophila, and two strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Inhibition due to acid, hydrogen peroxide, and lytic bacteriophage were excluded. The proteinaceous nature of the inhibitory substance was confirmed by demonstration of its sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes. Eight of the meat isolates had inhibitory activity against all four L. monocytogenes strains. Bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes was found in all of the strains obtained from other sources. Activity against A. hydrophila and S. aureus was also common.     

Effects of nisin on growth of bacteria attached to meat

Nisin had an inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus lactis) but did not have an inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) attached to meat. Nisin delayed bacterial growth on meats which were artificially inoculated with L. monocytogenes or Staphylococcus aureus for at least 1 day at room temperature. If the incubation temperature was 5 degrees C, growth of L. monocytogenes was delayed for more than 2 weeks, and growth of Staphylococcus aureus did not occur. We also found that the extractable activity of nisin decreased rapidly when the meats were incubated at ambient temperatures and that this decrease was inversely related to the observed inhibitory effect. These findings disclosed that nisin delays the growth of some gram-positive bacteria attached to meat. However, nisin alone may not be sufficient to prevent meat spoilage because of the presence of gram-negative and other nisin-resistant gram-positive bacteria.     

Effects of nisin on growth of bacteria attached to meat.

Nisin had an inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus lactis) but did not have an inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) attached to meat. Nisin delayed bacterial growth on meats which were artificially inoculated with L. monocytogenes or Staphylococcus aureus for at least 1 day at room temperature. If the incubation temperature was 5 degrees C, growth of L. monocytogenes was delayed for more than 2 weeks, and growth of Staphylococcus aureus did not occur. We also found that the extractable activity of nisin decreased rapidly when the meats were incubated at ambient temperatures and that this decrease was inversely related to the observed inhibitory effect. These findings disclosed that nisin delays the growth of some gram-positive bacteria attached to meat. However, nisin alone may not be sufficient to prevent meat spoilage because of the presence of gram-negative and other nisin-resistant gram-positive bacteria.     

Bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus sake as starter culture in dry sausages

One hundred and fifty-two strains of Lactobacillus spp and Micrococcus spp, isolated from dry sausages, were screened for inhibitory activity. Two of the strains assayed of the genus Lactobacillus showed bactericidal activity. They were able to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus alimentarius and Lactobacillus bavaricus. The strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella bradford and Salmonella newlands, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens were resistant. Their antimicrobial activity was due to peptides detectable in the culture broths and inactivated by treatment with proteolytic enzymes. Using bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus sake as starter cultures in dry sausages could be promising in the food industry.     

Application of antimicrobial-producing lactic acid bacteria to control pathogens in ready-to-use vegetables

Five psychrotrophic strains of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, Lact. plantarum and Pediococcus spp.) were isolated from 22 samples of commercial salads. These strains were shown to inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus on MRS agar, in salads and in juice prepared from vegetable salads. Lactobacillus casei IMPCLC34 was most effective in reducing total mesophilic bacteria and the coliform group; Aer. hydrophila, Salm. typhimurium and Staph. aureus disappeared after 6 d of storage, while the counts for L. monocytogenes remained constant. The potential application of antimicrobial-producing lactic acid bacteria as biopreservatives of ready-to-use vegetables is suggested.