Haematological profile of common carp spawners of various breeds

The goal of this study was to determine the basic haematological profile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) spawners of eight breeds reared under identical conditions and sampled in spring after overwintering. Significant differences were found among the breeds for haemoglobin level (Hb), haematocrit value (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values. The number of red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), number of leukocytes (WBC) and leukocyte differential count (WBC DIFF) did not differ significantly among the respective breeds. The highest Hb, PCV and MCH values were found for Ropsha scaly carp (ROP) and Amur wild carp (AS) (Hb 109 ± 17 and 106 ± 15 g l^?1; PCV 0.40 ± 0.06 and 0.40 ± 0.06 l l^?1; MCH 69 ± 7 and 69 ± 9 pg, respectively). The AS specimens and breeds that originated [ROP, Ukraine scaly carp (US), and Northern mirror carp (M72)] showed significantly higher values of Hb (P < 0.01), PCV (P < 0.01), MCV (P < 0.05) and MCH (P < 0.05), compared to the other four breeds: Hungarian mirror carp (M2), Israeli mirror carp (Dor 70), South Bohemian mirror carp (BV) and Tata scaly carp (TAT). Males showed significantly higher PCV, Hb and RBC values within individual breeds. This study demonstrated that Amur wild carp and breeds originating from it had significantly higher values of erythrocyte profile in comparison with the other breeds studied.     

Age, sexual and seasonal differences of haematological values and antibody status to Chlamydophila sp. in feral and racing pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) from an urban environment (Zagreb, Croatia)

The aim of this study was to determine the basic haematological parameters in feral and racing pigeons and to compare these parameters according to age, sex and season in healthy feral pigeons as well as between Chlamydophila-serologically positive and negative feral pigeons. Red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood count (WBC), thrombocyte count and differential WBC, were determined in 366 pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) captured in the City of Zagreb between 1999 and 2002. Of these, 232 feral (179 adult and 53 juvenile, 104 male and 75 female) and 57 racing pigeons (25 male and 32 female) were clinically healthy and bacteriologically and serologically negative, but 77 birds had antibody titres against Chlamydophila sp. Significantly lower values of RBC, PCV, Hb, MCH, WBC and thrombocyte (P<0.05) were observed in young compared to adult pigeons, while the differences in MCV and MCH were not significant between age classes. In differential WBC of young pigeons, a significantly higher percentage of heterophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes and a significantly smaller percentage of lymphocytes (P<0.01) was found than in adult pigeons. Significant sex-related differences were seen only in MCV values and in the percentage of lymphocytes (higher in females) and neutrophils (higher in males). PCV, Hb, MCV and MCH increased, while WBC decreased during wintertime (P<0.05). In differential WBC, percentage of heterophils was low in summer and autumn. At the same time, a higher percentage of basophils was found. Low numbers of monocytes were found in summer and low values of eosinophils in winter. In racing pigeons, values of eosinophils and basophils were significantly lower than in feral pigeons. Pigeons which had antibodies against Chlamydophila sp. possessed a higher percentage of monocytes and less lymphocytes than sero-negative animals, while WBC was significant lower than in sero-negative feral pigeons.     

Acute toxicity effects of ibuprofen on behaviour and haematological parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Indiscriminate discharge of pharmaceutical waste into the aquatic ecosystem may pose serious health challenges to aquatic biota. The effect of acute exposure to ibuprofen was evaluated using changes in behaviour and haematological parameters under static bio-assay method in Clarias gariepinus. Test specimens were exposed to acute concentrations of ibuprofen (0.28, 0.33, 0.38, 0.43 and 0.48 mg l^?1) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h durations respectively. Behavioural and phenotypic changes were observed in surviving fish. There were significant (p < 0.05) concentration and duration-dependent increases in erythrocyte (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), pack cell volume (PCV) and leukocytes (WBC) in treated fish compared to the control. Insignificant decreases (p > 0.05) in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed in treated fish compared to the control. Ibuprofen elicited dose and duration- dependent decrease in neutrophil counts with the decreases being significant (p < 0.05) in the higher doses of 0.43 and 0.48 mg l^?1. Ibuprofen did not elicit any significant changes in monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. Changes observed in this study showed that ibuprofen negatively affected the health of the fish and we recommend that discharge of ibuprofen into the aquatic environment should be monitored and controlled.     

Effect of storage time on haematological parameters in mullet,Mugil cephalus

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of storage time at +4 °C on red blood cell count (RBC), haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), thrombocyte count (TC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in mullet (Mugil cephalus) using an automatic method. After blood collection (T₀), all samples were analyzed using both the manual and automatic method. To test the validation of the automatic method, a paired t‐test was applied, and no statistical difference was observed. The samples were successively divided into four different aliquots and stored at +4 °C to assess the haematological parameters using the automatic method. The first aliquot was refrigerated for 6 h, the second one for 24 h, the third one for 48 h and the last one at for 72 h. One‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of storage time (P < 0.05) on Hb, WBC, TC, MCH and MCHC. These results suggest that haematological parameters can be assessed within 6 h from blood collection when samples are stored at +4 °C because long‐term storage modifies the results of the analyses. Further studies on these parameters could be still needed in various fish species to validate an appropriate method for haematological analysis useful not only for the evaluation of the health status of animal living in captivity and in aquaculture but also to have reliability environmental haematological biomarkers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect in vivo of atrazine on haematology and O2 consumption in fish, Tilapia mossambica.

Studies were conducted on haematological constituents such as Red blood cells (RBC), White blood cells (WBC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV), Mean cell volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Blood volume (BV), Blood water content (BWC) and Whole animal oxygen consumption (WAOC) in the fish exposed to sublethal concentration of atrazine. Significant changes were seen in the constituents of the blood and O2 consumption of fish suggesting the existence of respiratory distress in the fish as a consequence of atrazine toxicity.     

Mature hematology in neonatal walruses supports diving alongside their mothers

An animal's physiology limits the environmental conditions where it can persist; quantifying the physiology of the walrus is timely since they are being impacted by alterations in sea ice. We examined postnatal changes in hematology, an important attribute that supports diving, by analyzing a longitudinal data set from aquaria walruses (five males and nine females) sampled from 0.04 to 12.0 years of age (n = 795 samples). Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) did not change markedly after birth and appears to have not been influenced by sex. Estimated values at birth were RBC: 3.78 ± 0.12 × 10⁶ mm⁻³, Hb: 17.62 ± 0.82 g dl⁻¹, Hct: 45.21 ± 2.01%, MCV: 118.99 ± 3.99 fl, MCH: 47.10 ± 1.77 pg, and MCHC: 39.60 ± 0.70 g dl⁻¹. Compared to newborns, there were only subtle decreases in RBC, Hb, and MCHC, and a slight increase in MCV in the years following birth; Hct and MCH appear not to have changed. Unlike other pinnipeds, walruses swim within days of birth and have a prolonged 2-year nursing interval. Mature hematology early in life supports breath-holding, as young walruses must transit under sea ice with patchily distributed breathing holes.     

Seasonal changes in the haematological indices in peripheral blood of chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger L.)

Changes in nine haematological indices in adult female and male chinchilla were investigated over a period of 18 months. All haematological values were in the same range both for females and males, although seasonal fluctuations were more evident in the females. High levels of the red blood cells count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) during the winter months and low levels of these parameters during the summer months were found. The white blood cells count (WBC) and lymphocyte number (L) also decreased in summer, their values increasing during autumn and spring. The haematocrit values (Ht) and mean cell volumes (MCV) are high during the summer and low during the winter.     

Haematological and serum biochemical responses of chickens to hydric stress

Dehydration can be extremely damaging to the performance and welfare of indigenous chickens. The effect of water restriction on haematological and biochemical parameters was compared in Naked Neck (NNK) and Ovambo (OVB) chickens. A total of 54 8-week-old pullets each of NNK and OVB chickens with an initial average weight of 641 ± 10 g/bird were randomly assigned to three water intake treatments with three replications, each having six birds. The water restriction treatments were ad libitum, 70% and 40% of ad libitum intake. Nine experimental pens with a floor space of 3.3 m² per strain were used. Feed was provided ad libitum. Packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and total leucocyte count (WBC), and biochemical parameters (uric acid (UA)), creatinine (CREAT), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), triglyceride (TGA), total cholesterol (TC), high- (HDLC) and low- (LDLC) density lipoprotein cholesterol and activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were determined from blood collected after 60 days of water restriction. PCV was higher (P < 0.05) in NNK than OVB chickens offered water ad libitum, but similar in birds offered 70% and 40% of ad libitum. There were no differences in RBC and MCV values between strains, but MCV was higher in birds on 40% than 70% of ad libitum water intake, irrespective of strain. Naked neck chickens had higher (P < 0.05) WBC values than OVB at 40% restriction level, but lower WBC than OVB at 70% water restriction level. UA, CREAT, TGA, TC, LDLC, TP and GLOB increased (P < 0.05) with each increment in water restriction, but the increase in CREAT and TC was more pronounced in OVB than NNK chickens. The opposite was observed for UA. ALT activity indicated that liver function was not affected by water restriction. It was concluded that the two strains can withstand up to 40% of ad libitum water restriction, but NNK tolerated water stress better than OVB chickens.     

Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on haematological indices in West African dwarf goats

We investigated the possible toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in West African dwarf goats. The goats (20) were randomly divided into four equal groups; three of which were exposed to graded levels (low, medium and high doses) of 2,4-D for a period of 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the treatment group goats as well as the control group goats on weeks 0, 2, 4 and 6. The blood samples were used for analysis of haematologic indices such as packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte count (EC), total leucocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Total leucocyte counts were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by the test herbicide (2,4-D) in all the treatment groups. Significant reduction in the levels of PCV, Hb concentration, MCV, MCH and MCHC were also recorded in all treatment groups. There was no significant change (p > 0.05) in the erythrocyte count value of all the four groups. The significant reduction in the haematologic indices of West African dwarf goats (WADG) as evidenced from the result of this study, suggest the possibility of 2,4-D toxicity in these goats.     

Haematological and biochemical blood reference values for Canary Island camels (Camelus dromedarius), an endangered dromedary species

The purpose of this research was to develop reference values for haematological and biochemical variables in the Canary camel breed (Camelus dromedarius). 114 clinically healthy dromedary camels were assessed. Age, sex, and pregnancy status was also recorded. The reference range for red blood cells (RBCs) was 8.45 – 13.65 X10⁶/µL, haemoglobin (HGB) was 10.61 – 15.29 g/dL, packed cell volume (PCV) was 19.93 – 32.51 %, and white blood cells (WBCs) 7.35 – 18.36 X10³/µL. A correlation was established between the haemoglobin concentration (HGB) (g/dl) and packed cell volume (PCV) obtaining a linear regression (HGB = 0.31 PCV + 4.67). Young animals had higher RBC and WBC values than adult animals. Additionally, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), phosphorus, calcium, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and lipase were higher in young animals compared with adults. Female dromedary camels showed higher values for the three main variables: RBC, HGB and PCV, but no differences between sexes were detected in the biochemical variables results. The WBC count was higher in non-pregnant females than in pregnant animals. These results provide references values for the Canary camel breed and may contribute to the understanding of differences in 18 haematological and biochemical parameters in dromedary camels with a potential impact in health and welfare for this species.     

Restorative effect of Azadirachta indicab aqueous leaf extract dip treatment on haematological parameter changes in Cyprinus carpio (L.) experimentally infected with Aphanomyces invadans fungus

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio (40 ± 10 g) were inoculated through intramuscular route (2.5 × 10⁵ cfu ml^?1) with the fungal pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans. In the infected group, the total erythrocyte count (RBC), total leucocyte count (WBC), haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), lymphocyte (LYM), monocyte (MON), neutrophil (NEU) and eosinophil (EOS) deviated significantly (P < 0.05) from control values on days 24 and 36. Beginning on day 12 of infection, the fishes were dip treated for 24 days for 5 min daily in water incorporated with 1% aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (neem); the induced lesion gradually healed and the haematological values attained were near normal (P > 0.05) when compared with the control group.     

Interacting effects of water temperature and dietary protein level on hematological parameters in Nile tilapia juveniles,Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and mortality under Streptococcus iniae infection

Based on central composite rotatable experimental design and response surface method, the interacting effects of temperature (20 °C–34 °C) and dietary protein level (25%–50%) on hematological parameters including red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus were studied under laboratory conditions. The experiment lasted for 7 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged with Streptococcus iniae and mortality was recorded for within 8 days. Results showed that the linear and quadratic effects of temperature on RBC, WBC and Hb were highly significant (P < 0.01). When the dietary protein level was 25%–50%, the RBC, WBC and Hb were increased firstly and then decreased, but the linear and quadratic effects of protein level were insignificant (P > 0.05). The interacting effects of temperature and protein level on RBC and Hb were significant (P < 0.05). The regression equations of RBC, WBC and Hb toward the two factors of interest were established, with the coefficients of determination being 0.870, 0.836 and 0.881, respectively (P < 0.01). These equations could be used for prediction in practice. After the challenge, the mortalities for the combinations of 22.1 °C/28.7% and 20.0 °C/37.5% were significantly higher than 27.0 °C/37.5% (P < 0.05). The optimal temperature/dietary protein level combination was obtained at 27.9 °C/38.1% at which the lowest mortality (13.76%) was attained. This value was close to the optimal temperature/dietary protein level combination (29.4 °C/41.9%) for the greatest levels of RBC (2.560 × 10⁶ μL^?1), WBC (270.648 × 10³ μL^?1) and Hb (92.851 g L^?1). The results of this study indicated that preferred temperature/dietary protein level combination might strengthen the non-specific immunity and reduce susceptibility to S. iniae.     

Age and gender related changes in hematological parameters of thoroughbred foals

Abstract

Hematological and biochemical profiles commonly are required in equine medicine. We studied hematological parameters including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (PCV), differential leukocyte counts, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in thoroughbred foals at different ages and for both sexes. Sixty healthy thoroughbred foals, 1 day, 3 days and 1 year old were used. Each age group consisted of 10 male and 10 female animals. We found significant differences related to age in RBC values of females, PCV, MCV values of males, WBC, neutrophil percentages, lymphocyte percentages, monocyte percentages of females, and eosinophil percentages and basophil percentages. Significant differences related to gender were found only with regard to PCV at 1 year and WBC at 1 day. The hematological parameters of thoroughbred foals up to one year old may be useful for evaluating and monitoring the health of these animals.     

Hematological and plasma chemistry of Indian major carp,Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Hematological and plasma chemistry indices are simple and essential diagnostic tools for monitoring the physiological and health status of fish. Aim of the present study was to obtain reference values for the hematological and plasma chemistry of wild populations of Labeo rohita captured in a freshwater pond between July 2008 and June 2010. These reference values and the mean were evaluated according to sex and season. In summer, the red blood cells (1.84 × 106 38 per cubic mm), haemoglobin (8.52 gm dl^?1) and haematocrit (31.49%) were highest in males, whereas the maximum values for white blood cells (5.635 × 103 40 per cubic mm) were found in females, however, no significant variation of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) or mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) was observed between sexes. Various blood parameter levels between the sexes in summer were notably different from those measured in other seasons except for MCH and MCHC values (p < 0.05). Compared to most teleosts, the L. rohita has similar mean values for PCV and Hb. Throughout summer the glucose (76.0 mg dl^?1), lipid (3.41 gm dl^?1) and cholesterol (145.0 mg dl^?1) levels were highest. In spring the plasma protein levels were higher in males, but higher in winter for females. Consequently, the seasons are key factors when using blood parameters as biomarkers for environmental alterations.     

Ameliorative effect of ellagic acid and Vitamin C against malathion-induced toxicity in testis of adult Wistar rats

The pesticide malathion (MT), an organophosphate, is highly neurotoxic and causes cholinergic disorders as well as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. Our purpose was to study the effect of ellagic acid (EA) and Vitamin C on the testis against MT-induced toxicity in the rats. Thirty-six adult Wistar rats were employed, separated into six groups and were given treatment for 14 days. The toxicity of MT on the testis was evaluated using a variety of physical parameters, such as mortality rate and body weight, as well as biochemical parameters, such as total protein, total cholesterol, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and haematological parameters, such as counts of red blood cells, haemoglobin (Hb) and white blood cells, as well as mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, and mean corpuscular Hb concentration. At the end of the experiment, rats were killed and a histological examination of the testis was performed. A sperm count technique and an analysis of sperm motility were used to determine the sperm quality. Biochemical indicators, sperm count, motility, viability and morphology were significantly decreased with MT. When compared with MT and the control group, EA and Vitamin C administration significantly increased sperm motility and count (p < 0.05). After receiving EA and Vitamin C, biochemical indicators and histological characteristics are also intensified. The results of the current investigation show that EA and Vitamin C can both reduce increased levels of biochemical markers and improve pathological alterations in the testis brought on by MT treatment.     

Haematological and serum biochemical characterization and comparison of wild and cultured northern snakehead (Channa argus Cantor, 1842)

The objective of this study was to compare haematological and serum biochemical parameters of cultured and wild specimens of the northern snakehead, Channa argus, to establish baseline values. Thirty sexually immature and disease‐free wild fish (37.70 ± 13.68 cm total length, 555.3 ± 449.0 g weight) and 30 cultured fish (36.82 ± 1.72 cm total length, 450.5 ± 58.8 g weight) were examined. In cultured northern snakehead, the average values of alanine aminotransferases (370.1 IU L^?1), aspartate amino transferases (1145.3 IU L^?1), albumin (15.84 g L^?1), direct billuribin (6.15 μmol L^?1), urea (1.40 mmol L^?1), glucose (21.54 mmol L^?1) and cholesterol levels (6.60 mmol L^?1) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the wild fish. In wild specimens the corresponding values were 9.81 IU L^?1, 394.1 U L^?1, 12.90 g L^?1, 2.57 μmol L^?1, 0.97, 2.36 and 4.38 mmol L^?1, respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found for total protein, globulin, total bilirubin, chromium, sodium, chloride or triglyceride levels between wild and cultured populations. The mean values of the red blood cell (RBC) counts, hematocrit, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the cultured population, while the values of the white blood cell (WBC) counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the wild population. The study showed that the environmental conditions significantly impacted the status of the fish. It is suggested that these physiological parameters can be conveniently employed as health monitoring tools in fish culture practices.     

Hematological responses to thermal acclimation in a cold water squaliform (Heterodontus francisci girard)

Summary The hematological modifications occurring as a result of acclimation to increased temperature in the cold water horn shark,Heterodontus francisci, were evaluated. Sharks were maintained under constant conditions except for temperature (15°C and 25°C) in a closed marine system. The total red blood cell (RBC) number decreased in the 25°C sharks. In contrast, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) significantly increased at 25°C compared to the control animals. RBC size was increased at 25°C, but the surface area/mm³ whole blood was reduced. Folic acid levels were not different between the groups. Vitamin B₁₂ levels decreased and testosterone increased at 25°C. Blood pH, number of erythroblasts, number of white blood cells (WBC) and WBC differential analyses were essentially unchanged at the two temperatures, except that the relative neutrophil number was increased. The major hematological changes occur in the erythrocytes and appear to be sequential in nature with an initial loss of RBC followed by increased hemoglobin synthesis and increased RBC size, but lack of recovery of RBC numbers.Abbreviations Hb hemoglobin - Hct hematocrit - MCH(C) mean corpuscular hemoglobin (concentration) - MCV mean corpuscular volume - RBC red blood cells - WBC white blood cells Contribution Number 359, Department of Biology     

An integrated assessment of lead exposure in children: Correlation with biochemical and haematological indices

BackgroundLead (Pb) is a worldwide concern due to its persistent property in the environment. However, due to diminutive evidence and elusiveness, the impact of lead exposure on the biochemical and haematological parameter in school-age children is not well established.AimThis study primarily aimed to investigate blood lead (BL) in children and its association with haematological and biochemical parameter.MethodsA total of 43 children (4–12 years) were recruited in each control and study group. Furthermore, the study group were subdivided into two groups (group A (<10 μg/dl) and group B (>10 μg/dl)). BL level, haematological parameter including haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, total leukocytes count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, eosinophil’s, platelets in the whole blood and biochemical parameter such as liver function test (total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, total protein, albumin) and kidney function test (sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) in serum were measured using anodic stripping voltammeter (ASV), Cell-Dyn Ruby Haematology analyser, Beckman coulter Unicel Dxc 800 Synchron Clinical analyser respectively.ResultsThe arithmetical mean of BL level was 19.93 ± 9.22 μg/dl (median: 17.5 μg/dl; range 9.1–37.4 μg/dl). Only 21 % children had BL levels <10 μg/dl and there were 79 % children with BL levels >10 μg/dl. Blood mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, Neutrophils, Monocytes were significantly higher between the control and study group. Additionally, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, Lymphocytes and mean corpuscular volume intensities were significantly lower in >10 μg/dl group whereas total leukocytes count, neutrophils, monocytes, red cell distribution width, eosinophil’s, platelets levels were statistically higher (p < 0.001).Serum alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, total protein, were higher (p < 0.05) and sodium, albumin were significantly lower in the study group. The mean value of sodium, potassium, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, total protein and blood urea nitrogen, creatinine in two groups (<10 μg/dl and >10 μg/dl) was not significantly different. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase level was significantly higher (p = 0.015) while albumin levels were significantly lower (p = 0.034) in >10 μg/dl group. A statistically significant correlation of BL levels with all haematological parameters was also observed. Creatinine is positively and albumin was negatively correlated with BL levels.ConclusionThe outcomes specify that high BL levels were significantly associated with higher haematological and biochemical indices in exposed children. However, lead like noxious metals severely affected the haematological, kidney and liver health of children.     

Ameliorative effects of L-glutamine on haematological parameters in heat-stressed Red Sokoto goats

The aim of the study was to evaluate haematological responses in Red Sokoto goats (RSGs) administered with L-glutamine during the hot-dry season. Experimental animals included 28 clinically healthy RSGs divided into treated group (n = 14); each administered L-glutamine at 0.2 g/kg body weight, dissolved in 10 mL distilled water, and control group (n = 14); each administered 10 mL distilled water, per os once daily for 21 days. The ambient temperature and relative humidity recorded daily for 4 weeks were used to calculate the temperature-humidity index. Three millilitres of blood sample was collected from each goat by jugular venipuncture for haematology, while rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were also measured once weekly at weeks 0 (before), 1, 2, 3 (during) and 4 (after L-glutamine administration). The haematological, RT, HR and RR data obtained weekly were analysed using repeated-measures one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test to evaluate differences between periods, and between treated and control groups. The PCV, haemoglobin concentration and RBC count were higher (P < 0.05) in the treated group compared to the control group during the period of L-glutamine administration. These differences were sustained till week 4. Beginning from week 1 of the study, the total leucocyte count in treated group (10.10 ± 0.25 × 10³/μL) was higher (P < 0.05) than the count in control group (7.23 ± 0.41 × 10³/μL), this trend was also maintained throughout the study. The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio during weeks 3 and 4 of the experiment was lower (P < 0.05) in the treated compared to the control group. RT was lower (P < 0.05) in treated group than the control group. In conclusion, L-glutamine administration ameliorated the adverse effects of heat stress on the haematological parameters in RSGs during the hot-dry season.     

Hematological parameters of Caspian salmon Salmo trutta caspius associated with age and season

Measurement of hematological parameters for Caspian salmon Salmo trutta caspius in two experimental trials was the main purpose of this work. There were no significant differences in RBC and large-lymphocyte counts between all seasons (p > 0.05). The proportions of monocyte, neutrophile and eosinophile were higher in winter than in other seasons (p < 0.05). The amount of Hb, RBC, MCHC, monocyte, neutrophile and eosinophile was higher in adult fishes in comparison with other ages (p < 0.05). However, the amount of HCT, WBC, MCV, MCH, lymphocyte and large-lymphocyte was greater in smolt fishes than the others (p < 0.05).