An integrated assessment of lead exposure in children: Correlation with biochemical and haematological indices |
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| Institution: | 1. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Chemistry Department, CReAA, via Bologna 148, Turin, Italy;2. ASL BI Local Veterinary Service Veterinary Biella, BI, Italy;1. Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;2. Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, I-20133, Italy;3. LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, Segrate, MI, I-20090, Italy;4. Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Piazza Pierangeli 1, Pescara, Rectorate of Leonardo da Vinci Telematic University, Largo San Rocco 11 Torrevecchia Teatina, CH, Italy;5. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;1. Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes. ASTox - Laboratory of Analytical and Systems Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil;4. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil;5. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;6. Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, São Paulo, Brazil;7. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil;1. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil;2. Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil;1. Departmento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil;2. Departmento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil;3. Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil;4. Departmento de Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará – Campus de Sobral, UFC, Sobral, Brazil;5. School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University, Queensland, Australia;1. Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China;2. Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China;3. Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China;4. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China;5. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China;6. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundLead (Pb) is a worldwide concern due to its persistent property in the environment. However, due to diminutive evidence and elusiveness, the impact of lead exposure on the biochemical and haematological parameter in school-age children is not well established.AimThis study primarily aimed to investigate blood lead (BL) in children and its association with haematological and biochemical parameter.MethodsA total of 43 children (4–12 years) were recruited in each control and study group. Furthermore, the study group were subdivided into two groups (group A (<10 μg/dl) and group B (>10 μg/dl)). BL level, haematological parameter including haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, total leukocytes count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, eosinophil’s, platelets in the whole blood and biochemical parameter such as liver function test (total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, total protein, albumin) and kidney function test (sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) in serum were measured using anodic stripping voltammeter (ASV), Cell-Dyn Ruby Haematology analyser, Beckman coulter Unicel Dxc 800 Synchron Clinical analyser respectively.ResultsThe arithmetical mean of BL level was 19.93 ± 9.22 μg/dl (median: 17.5 μg/dl; range 9.1–37.4 μg/dl). Only 21 % children had BL levels <10 μg/dl and there were 79 % children with BL levels >10 μg/dl. Blood mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, Neutrophils, Monocytes were significantly higher between the control and study group. Additionally, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, Lymphocytes and mean corpuscular volume intensities were significantly lower in >10 μg/dl group whereas total leukocytes count, neutrophils, monocytes, red cell distribution width, eosinophil’s, platelets levels were statistically higher (p < 0.001).Serum alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, total protein, were higher (p < 0.05) and sodium, albumin were significantly lower in the study group. The mean value of sodium, potassium, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, total protein and blood urea nitrogen, creatinine in two groups (<10 μg/dl and >10 μg/dl) was not significantly different. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase level was significantly higher (p = 0.015) while albumin levels were significantly lower (p = 0.034) in >10 μg/dl group. A statistically significant correlation of BL levels with all haematological parameters was also observed. Creatinine is positively and albumin was negatively correlated with BL levels.ConclusionThe outcomes specify that high BL levels were significantly associated with higher haematological and biochemical indices in exposed children. However, lead like noxious metals severely affected the haematological, kidney and liver health of children. |
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| Keywords: | Blood lead levels Children Haematological Biochemical Pb intoxication |
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