与眼部疾病相关的长链非编码RNA的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)是一类长度大于200个核苷酸不具备编码蛋白质功能的转录子,在表观遗传、转录或转录后水平调节基因的表达,维持细胞稳态。研究表明多种LncRNA的表达失衡在肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移、干细胞的全能性、免疫细胞的发育及应答过程中发挥重要。新近的研究显示许多LncRNAs特异表达与眼部疾病发生密切相关。本文主要对目前报道的与眼部常见疾病如翼状胬肉、白内障、青光眼、糖尿病视网膜病变、眼部肿瘤等差异表达LncRNAs的功能和作用机制进行了综述,以期为LncRNAs作为眼部疾病的生物学标记和潜在治疗靶点的的应用提供参考资料。     

长非编码RNA与重大临床疾病

以往,人们对细胞和机体的生长发育及疾病发病机制的研究往往集中于蛋白质及其编码基因。近年来在通过对蛋白编码基因表观遗传水平、转录水平以及转录后水平的研究,越来越多的证据显示长非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,LncRNA)在生长、发育以及疾病的发生发展中起重要的作用。人体基因组中约98%的基因转录组为非编码RNA,其中绝大部分为LncRNA,只有不足2%的编码基因最终经过转录翻译为蛋白质。最新的研究表明,人体中存在数万条LncRNA。目前,只有极少数LncRNA在细胞代谢及疾病发生中的作用被初步揭示,绝大部分的LncRNA的功能完全未知。进一步深入研究LncRNA的生物学功能,有可能为阐明许多重大疾病的发病过程及机制带来重大的突破,并提供独特的干预靶点。本综述简要讨论LncRNA与一些重大临床疾病关系的最新研究进展。     

LncRNA在糖尿病及其并发症中的作用

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)是一类转录本长度超过200个核苷酸、无蛋白质编码功能的RNA分子,起初认为它是转录过程中的副产物,无生物学功能。随着研究的不断推进,人们发现LncRNA不但在细胞增殖、分化和代谢中发挥重要的调节作用,而且还参与癌症、糖尿病、神经退行性疾病的病理进程。本文主要就LncRNA在糖尿病及其并发症中的作用作一综述。     

LncRNA的结构、功能及其与疾病的关系

70%的人类基因组能够被转录,而其中仅有1%～2%的转录本能够编码蛋白,余下98%均为非编码RNA（non-coding RNA,ncRNA）.在ncRNA中,长度大于200核苷酸称为长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,LncRNA）,占全部ncRNA的80%～90%．LncRNA除了数量庞大以外,还具有表达量较低、物种间保守性较差及细胞表达特异性等特点,使LncRNA结构及作用机制等研究充满挑战．目前关于LncRNA的研究主要集中于功能方面．LncRNA能够广泛参与生物体的各种生理及病理过程,如表观遗传学调控、癌症、神经系统功能等．LncRNA作用机制众多,能够以分子诱饵、分子向导、分子支架及信号通路的调节剂等多种角色参与调节机体各种生物学过程．解析LncRNA的分子结构、深入研究其在生物体生理及病理过程中所发挥的作用,并揭示其作用机制,不仅能够加深对生物体生理及病理过程的认识,同时也能给某些疾病的诊断、防治提供新的思路及解决途径．本文综述了近年来有关LncRNA结构、功能及作用机制相关研究进展,以期为后续LncRNA相关研究提供参考.     

长链非编码RNA生物学功能及其意义研究进展

人类基因组DNA核苷酸序列中约93%能被转录为RNA,其中仅2%的转录产物被翻译为蛋白质,余下98%属于非编码RNA（non-coding RNA,ncRNA）。ncRNA中长度超过200 nt的称为长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,LncRNA）,长期以来LncRNA被认为是转录过程中的副产物而不具有生物学功能。近年随着微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）的研究进展,揭示了ncRNA在人类基因转录后调节、细胞生长、分化、增殖中起着相当重要的作用。同时也提示,相比miRNA,在细胞内转录比例更高的LncRNA具有极其复杂而重要的生物学功能,并与人类疾病密切相关。结合LncRNA的表观遗传学功能及其病理生理意义作一简述。     

长非编码RNA与糖尿病及其并发症

2型糖尿病是一种严重威胁人类健康的慢性非传染性代谢疾病,而胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能衰竭被认为是其主要致病原因。在以往对糖尿病及其并发症发病机制的研究中,往往关注传统的蛋白编码基因(mRNA)。长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,LncRNA)是一类长度大于200bp,不编码蛋白的RNA分子。近年来,越来越多的研究发现LncRNA在表观遗传、转录及转录后水平等多个层面上参与调控基因表达及代谢过程。本综述旨在讨论LncRNA在糖脂代谢调控、糖尿病及糖尿病并发症发生中作用的最新研究进展。     

长链非编码RNA与宫颈癌

长链非编码RNA (Long non-coding RNA,lncRNAs)是RNA的其中一员,其结构类似于mRNA,但由于没有保守的开放阅读框,因此不能编码蛋白质。LncRNAs曾被认为是基因转录后的异常现象或噪音,没有任何的生物学功能。随着研究的进一步深入,发现其可作为重要的调控分子参与人类正常或异常的生物学活动过程。LncRNAs与神经系统功能、机体代谢紊乱以及肿瘤等疾病的发生发展密切相关。异常表达于宫颈癌的lncRNAs通过发挥抑制肿瘤或促进肿瘤的作用,参与调控宫颈癌的各个生物学过程。文中结合最新报道就lncRNAs在宫颈癌的异常调节、分子调节机制和潜在临床应用方面进行综述。     

长链非编码RNA的作用机制

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是一大类不编码蛋白质或者编码微肽的RNA转录本。研究表明,lncRNA通过不同的作用机制在表观遗传学、转录、转录后水平调控基因的表达,且其功能异常与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。了解lncRNA的作用机制,有利于进一步解析lncRNA的生物学功能,并为lncRNA的相关研究提供思路。此外,lncRNA研究中存在的问题也值得探讨。     

长链非编码RNA的免疫调节机制研究进展

真核生物的基因表达受多个层面调控,包括染色体水平、DNA水平、转录水平和转录后水平的调控等.长链非编码RNA(lnc RNA)是一类转录本超过200 nt的非编码RNA,其对基因表达的调控涉及上述各个层面,如组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化的调控、转录的促进和抑制、m RNA的剪辑及对转录因子的调控等.其作用方式复杂多样,可与DNA、mRNA和蛋白质等相互作用而发挥调节作用.LncRNA保守性较差,但其表达却有较高的细胞、组织和分化阶段特异性.免疫系统的发育和分化受到精密的调控,且具有较高的阶段性和特异性.因此研究lnc RNA的功能及作用机制,免疫系统是较好的选择,这能促进我们对免疫调控的理解,为免疫性疾病的治疗提供新的思路和方法.本文主要介绍lnc RNA的分类和lnc RNA作用的一般分子机制,及其对T细胞、B细胞、固有免疫细胞和炎症因子的分子调控机制及其进展.     

长链非编码RNA在神经系统疾病中的作用

转录本长度超过200个核苷酸(nt)的非编码RNA被称为长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)。lncRNA可在转录和转录后水平调控基因的表达,并作为信号分子、蛋白质复合物支架、分子诱饵实现其生物功能;lncRNA的表达与多种疾病的发生密切相关。现将综述lncRNA的功能及其在神经系统疾病中的研究进展,以期了解这些疾病的发病机制,并为治疗提供新的思路。     

Cell-free long non-coding RNAs (LY86-AS1 & HCG27_201and GAS5) as biomarkers for pre-diabetes and type 2 DM in Egypt

BackgroundIncreasing interest has been focused on lncRNAs as potential markers in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases.AimWe aimed to investigate the expression pattern and role of cell-free lncRNAs (GAS5, HCG27_201 and LY86-AS1) in pre-diabetic, diabetic and T2DM groups.Subjects & methodsQuantification of the expression level of cell-free lncRNAs (GAS5, HCG27_201 and LY86-AS1) was performed by real-time PCR in 210 individuals classified in diabetic (T2DM), pre-diabetic and control groups.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in the relative expression level of lncRNAs (GAS5, LY86-AS1 and HCG27_201) among the three studied groups. The LncRNA expression levels decreased gradually from the control to the pre-diabetic group and reached the lowest values in the T2DM group. The A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to identify a cut-off value for each of the three genes among our groups. The three lncRNAs showed promising results in discriminating between the diabetic patients and controls, with HCG27_201 gene expression having the best performance. Furthermore, lncRNA expression was able to predict the future development of DM in the pre-diabetics because ROC analysis among diabetics and pre-diabetics revealed considerable results. GAS5 gene expression showed the best performance. Additionally, HCG27_201 expression was the most valuable biomarker for differentiating between pre-diabetics and controls and presented a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 64%.ConclusionsWe concluded that cell free lncRNAs (GAS5, LY86-AS1 and HCG27_201) could be considered promising diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for DM and that HCG27_201 could act as a potential diagnostic biomarker for pre-diabetes.     

LncRNA XIST promotes human lung adenocarcinoma cells to cisplatin resistance via let-7i/BAG-1 axis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as oncogenes or tumor suppressors that are involved in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. LncRNA XIST expression is upregulated in several cancers, however, its biologic role in the development of the chemotherapy of human lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to observe the expression of LncRNA XIST in LAD and to evaluate its biologic role and clinical significance in the resistance of LAD cells to cisplatin. LncRNA XIST expression was markedly increased in cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP cells compared with parental A549 cells as shown by qRT-PCR. LncRNA XIST overexpression in A549 cells increased their chemosensitivity to cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo by protecting cells from apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation. By contrast, LncRNA XIST knockdown in A549/DDP cells decreased the chemoresistance. We revealed that XIST functioned as competing endogenous RNA to repress let-7i, which controlled its down-stream target BAG-1. We proposed that XIST was responsible for cisplatin resistance of LAD cells and XIST exerted its function through the let-7i/BAG-1 axis. Our findings suggested that lncRNA XIST may be a new marker of poor response to cisplatin and could be a potential therapeutic target for LAD chemotherapy.     

Long non-coding RNAs: new players in ocular neovascularization

Pathological neovascularization are the most prevalent causes of moderate or severe vision loss. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel class of regulatory molecules involved in numerous biological processes and complicated diseases. However, the role of lncRNAs in ocular neovascularization is still unclear. Here, we constructed a murine model of ocular neovascularization, and determined lncRNA expression profiles using microarray analysis. We identified 326 or 51 lncRNAs that were significantly either up-regulated or down-regulated in the vaso-obliteration or neovascularization phase, respectively. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, lncRNAs/mRNAs co-expression networks were constructed. GO enrichment analysis of lncRNAs-co-expressed mRNAs indicated that the biological modules were correlated with chromosome organization, extracellular region and guanylate cyclase activator activity in the vaso-obliteration phase, and correlated with cell proliferation, extracellular region and guanylate cyclase regulator activity in the neovascularization phase. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that MAPK signaling was the most significantly enriched pathway in both phases. Importantly, Vax2os1 and Vax2os2 were not only dynamically expressed in the vaso-obliteration and neovascularization phases, but also significantly altered in the aqueous humor of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), suggesting a potential role of lncRNAs in the regulation of ocular neovascularization. Taken together, this study provided novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of ocular neovascularization. The intervention of dysregulated lncRNA could become a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ocular vascular diseases.