Litterflow chemistry and nutrient uptake from the forest floor in northwest Amazonian forest ecosystems

Samples of the fraction of net rainfall passing through the forest floor collected at monthly intervals in four pristine forests in Colombian Amazonia, during the period between 1995–1997 were analysed for solute concentrations to estimate the element fluxes from the forest floor into the mineral soil and root nutrient uptake from these forest floors. Results were compared with inputs by throughfall, stemflow, litterfall and fine root decay. Element concentrations were tested for their relationship with litterflow amounts, rainfall intensity and length of the antecedent dry period and differences in element fluxes between ecosystems were assessed. Concentrations of elements in litterflow followed a similar pattern as those in throughfall, which indicates that element outputs from the forest floor are strongly related to those inputs in throughfall. In the forests studied, the average concentrations of elements as K, Mg, orthoP and the pH of the litterflow decreased relative to that in throughfall in most events, while the concentration of elements such as dissolved organic carbon, H, SO₄ and Si increased in litterflow from these forests. Element concentrations in litterflow showed a poor correlation with variables such as litterflow amounts, rainfall intensity and antecedent dry period, except for K which showed a significant correlation (p>0.95) with analysed variables in all forests. Outputs were significantly different between forests (p>0.95); these fluxes, which particularly concerned cations, being the largest in the flood plain, while for anions outputs increased from the flood plain to the sedimentary plain. After adding the nutrient contributed by litter decomposition and fine root decay, the net outputs of main elements from the forest floors were still smaller than inputs by net precipitation (throughfall+stemflow) indicating that the litter layers clearly acted as a sink for most nutrients. Accordingly, the element balances confirm that the forest floors acted as a sink for nutrients coming in by throughfall, stemflow, litterfall and fine root decomposition. P, Mg and N appeared to be the most limiting nutrients and the forests studied efficiently recycled these nutrients.     

Rainfall input, throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees

Incident rainfall is a major source of nutrient input to a forest ecosystem and the consequent throughfall and stemflow contribute to nutrient cycling. These rain-based fluxes were measured over 12 mo in two forest types in Korup National Park, Cameroon, one with low (LEM) and one with high (HEM) ectomycorrhizal abundances of trees. Throughfall was 96.6 and 92.4% of the incident annual rainfall (5370 mm) in LEM and HEM forests respectively; stemflow was correspondingly 1.5 and 2.2%. Architectural analysis showed that ln(funneling ratio) declined linearly with increasing ln(basal area) of trees. Mean annual inputs of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in incident rainfall were 1.50, 1.07, 7.77, 5.25 and 9.27 kg ha^–1, and total rain-based inputs to the forest floor were 5.0, 3.2, 123.4, 14.4 and 37.7 kg ha^–1 respectively. The value for K is high for tropical forests and that for N is low. Nitrogen showed a significantly lower loading of throughfall and stemflow in HEM than in LEM forest, this being associated in the HEM forest with a greater abundance of epiphytic bryophytes which may absorb more N. Incident rainfall provided c. 35% of the gross input of P to the forest floor (i.e., rain-based plus small litter inputs), a surprisingly high contribution given the sandy P-poor soils. At the start of the wet season leaching of K from the canopy was particularly high. Calcium in the rain was also highest at this time, most likely due to washing off of dry-deposited Harmattan dusts. It is proposed that throughfall has an important 'priming' function in the rapid decomposition of litter and mineralization of P at the start of the wet season. The contribution of P inputted from the atmosphere appears to be significant when compared to the rates of P mineralization from leaf litter.     

Rainfall partitioning into throughfall and stemflow and associated nutrient fluxes: land use impacts in a lower montane tropical region of Panama

Land-use change alters catchment hydrology by influencing the quality and quantity of partitioned rainfall. We compared rainfall partitioning (throughfall, stemflow and interception) and nutrient concentrations in rainfall, throughfall and stemflow in three land-use types [primary forest (PF), secondary forest (SF) and agriculture (A)] in Panama. Measurements of throughfall were highly variable which may have masked seasonal and land use differences but it was clear that throughfall at agricultural sites made up a larger proportion of gross precipitation than at forest sites. Of incident precipitation, 94% became throughfall in agriculture sites while 83 and 81% of gross precipitation became throughfall in PF and SF, respectively. The size of the precipitation event was the main driver of variation in throughfall and stemflow. Consistent patterns in nutrient cycling were also difficult to identify. Vegetation has a vital role in delivering nutrients as throughfall deposition of K was often larger than precipitation deposition. A canopy budget model indicated that canopy exchange was often more dominant than dry deposition. Throughfall was generally enriched with nutrients, especially K and Mg, with enrichment factors of up to 17 and 5 for K and Mg, respectively, in PF. In contrast, Ca was sometimes taken up by the canopy. Values of nutrient deposition were high (with up to 15, 3, 30 and 15 kg ha^?1 month^?1 in stand deposition of Ca, Mg, K and Na, respectively in PF), possibly due to the slash-and-burn agricultural practices in the area or marine inputs. Throughfall and stemflow are vital sources of nutrients in these ecosystems.     

Impact of Phytophthora agathidicida infection on canopy and forest floor plant nutrient concentrations and fluxes in a kauri‐dominated forest

Kauri dieback, caused by Phytophthora agathidicida, is a biotic disturbance that poses a recent threat to the survival of kauri (Agathis australis) forests in New Zealand. Previous studies have shown that throughfall and stemflow play an important role in the kauri forests’ internal nutrient cycle. However, the effects of P. agathidicida infection on canopy and forest floor nutrient fluxes in kauri forests remain unknown. Here, we measured throughfall, stemflow and forest floor water yield, nutrient (potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, silicon, sulfur, sodium, iron) concentrations and fluxes of ten kauri trees differing in soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration, and health status. We did not observe an effect of soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration on throughfall, stemflow, and forest floor water yield. Throughfall and forest floor nutrient concentrations and fluxes decreased (up to 50%) with increasing soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration. We found significant effects on potassium and manganese fluxes in throughfall; calcium and silicon fluxes in forest floor leachate. A decline in canopy and forest floor nutrient fluxes may result in soil nutrient imbalances, which in turn may negatively impact forest productivity and may increase the susceptibility of trees to future pathogen infection in these ecologically unique kauri forests. Given our findings and the increasing spread of Phytophthora species worldwide, research on the underlying physiological mechanisms linking dieback and plant–soil nutrient fluxes is critical.     

Do storm synoptic patterns affect biogeochemical fluxes from temperate deciduous forest canopies?

The volumetric quantity and biogeochemical quality of throughfall and stemflow in forested ecosystems are influenced by biological characteristics as well environmental and storm meteorological conditions. Previous attempts at connecting forest water and nutrient cycles to storm characteristics have focused on individual meteorological variables, but we propose a unified approach by examining the storm system in its entirety. In this study, we use methods from synoptic climatology to distinguish sub-canopy biogeochemical fluxes between storm events to understand the response of forest ecosystems to daily weather patterns. For solute inputs tied to atmospheric deposition (NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, Na⁺, Cl^?), stagnant air masses resulted in high inputs in rainfall (273.42, 81.81, 52.30, 156.99, 128.70 μmol L^?1), throughfall (355.05, 130.66, 83.24, 239.55, 261.32 μmol L^?1), and stemflow (338.34, 182.75, 153.74, 125.75, 272.88 μmol L^?1). For inputs tied to canopy exchange (DOC, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), a clear distinction was observed between throughfall and stemflow pathways. The largest throughfall concentrations were in the Great Lakes Low (1794.80, 352.96, 72.75, 74.37 μmol L^?1) while the largest stemflow concentrations were in the Weak Upper Trough (3681.78, 497.34, 82.36, 72.46 μmol L^?1). Stemflow leaching is likely derived from a larger reservoir of leachable cations in the tree canopy than throughfall, with stemflow fluxes maximized during synoptic types with greater rainfall amounts and throughfall fluxes diluted. For flux-based enrichment ratios, water volume, storm magnitude, antecedent dry period, and seasonality were important factors, further illustrating the influence of synoptic characteristics on wash-off, leaching and, ultimately, dilution processes within the canopy.     

鼎湖山酸沉降背景下主要森林类型水化学特征初步研究

雨水的水质在通过森林后会发生变化．如果雨水是酸性的,这种变化会更加明显．通过一年多时间在鼎湖山主要森林类型采样分析发现,鼎湖山大气降水pH值低,酸雨频率高;阔叶林穿透雨pH值比大气降水高,树干径流和地表水pH值比大气降水低,土壤自然酸化非常严重;混交林穿透雨和地表水酸度比大气降水低,树干径流酸度则大于大气降水;针叶林穿透雨和树干径流都有进一步酸化趋势,但地表水pH值比大气降水高．3种林型比较,阔叶林林冠缓冲能力最强,针叶林土壤缓冲能力最大．3种林型,林内降水和地表水养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Na含量除N外都明显高于大气降水．各林型树干径流对养分富集能力强于穿透水,养分在大气降水中的浓度低于在地表水中的浓度．针叶林林内降水比混交林和阔叶林养分含量高,但地表水中养分浓度比后两者低．从地表水的养分浓度看,阔叶林和混交林养分亏损更为严重．     

Nutrient content of incident rainfall,throughfall and stemflow in a Nigerian secondary lowland rainforest

Abstract. Nutrient content of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow was studied over one year in the open and under the crowns of three tree species in a secondary rain forest at Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. Throughfall and stemflow comprised 78.8 % and 5.2 % respectively; 16.0 % of the incident rainfall was intercepted by the forest canopy. The concentrations of various nutrient elements in throughfall and stemflow were higher than those of incident rainfall. In throughfall and stemflow potassium concentration was highest and that of ammonium nitrogen was the lowest. Only calcium and sodium concentrations showed significant monthly variation in incident rainfall. Ca, Mg, K. Cu and P showed significant monthly variation in throughfall and stemflow. The concentrations of the elements were highest during the heavy‐rain months (May‐September). High concentrations of some of the elements were recorded also in November, the last rain month and the beginning of the dry season. The concentration of these elements in stemflow and throughfall was affected by tree species. The highest quantity of each element was deposited in the forest via throughfall followed by incident precipitation and the lowest via stemflow. The tree species affected the quantities of these elements by the volume of their stemflow and throughfall and the concentration of the various elements herein. Total nutrient concentration was much higher than available (dissolved) nutrient concentration. This was very pronounced with micronutrients.     

Nitrogen cycling in canopy soils of tropical montane forests responds rapidly to indirect N and P fertilization

Although the canopy can play an important role in forest nutrient cycles, canopy‐based processes are often overlooked in studies on nutrient deposition. In areas of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition, canopy soils may retain a significant proportion of atmospheric inputs, and also receive indirect enrichment through root uptake followed by throughfall or recycling of plant litter in the canopy. We measured net and gross rates of N cycling in canopy soils of tropical montane forests along an elevation gradient and assessed indirect effects of elevated nutrient inputs to the forest floor. Net N cycling rates were measured using the buried bag method. Gross N cycling rates were measured using ¹⁵N pool dilution techniques. Measurements took place in the field, in the wet and dry season, using intact cores of canopy soil from three elevations (1000, 2000 and 3000 m). The forest floor had been fertilized biannually with moderate amounts of N and P for 4 years; treatments included control, N, P, and N + P. In control plots, gross rates of NH₄⁺ transformations decreased with increasing elevation; gross rates of NO₃^? transformations did not exhibit a clear elevation trend, but were significantly affected by season. Nutrient‐addition effects were different at each elevation, but combined N + P generally increased N cycling rates at all elevations. Results showed that canopy soils could be a significant N source for epiphytes as well as contributing up to 23% of total (canopy + forest floor) mineral N production in our forests. In contrast to theories that canopy soils are decoupled from nutrient cycling in forest floor soil, N cycling in our canopy soils was sensitive to slight changes in forest floor nutrient availability. Long‐term atmospheric N and P deposition may lead to increased N cycling, but also increased mineral N losses from the canopy soil system.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征研究

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明：(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水<穿透雨<树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2) 大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。(3) 季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TN>K+>Ca2+>Mg2+>TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

秦岭天然次生油松林冠层降雨再分配特征及延滞效应

为了研究秦岭典型地带性植物油松林冠层降雨再分配特征及延滞效应,选择陕西宁陕县秦岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站55龄天然次生油松林,从2006-2008年(5-10月份)对林外降水、穿透降雨和树干茎流进行定位观测。利用其中100次实测数据进行分析研究,结果表明:总降雨量为1576.4 mm,穿透降雨量为982.9 mm,树干茎流量为69.5 mm,冠层截留量为524. 0mm,分别占总降雨量的62.4%、4.4%和33.2%。降雨分配与降雨量级密切相关,降雨量级增大,穿透降雨率和茎流率呈增大趋势,截留率呈降低趋势,变化幅度分别为46.6%-68.9%、0.8%-9.2%、53.4%-22.0%。穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量与林外降雨量之间的关系分别为:TF=0.6548P-0.4937,R²＝0.9596;SF=-0.2796+0.0452P+0.0005P²,R²＝0.8179;I=0.5958P^0.8175,R²＝0.8064。降雨事件发生后,穿透降雨和树干茎流出现的时间与降雨发生的时间并不同步,均表现出一定的延滞性,随着降雨量级增大,滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势((78.5±8.8)-(16.0±0.0) min,(111.0±33.0)-(41.2±0.0) min)。降雨终止时,特别是当降雨量>10.0 mm,穿透降雨终止时间也存在一定的延滞性((3.2±2.6)-(12.0±0.0) min)。但树干茎流终止时间先于降雨终止时间,降雨量级越小,树干茎流终止时间愈早((-58.3±21.5)-(-9.8±0.0) min)。     

Stemflow nutrient inputs to soil in a successional hardwood forest

Stemflow and throughfall from a regenerating (8-year-old) southern Appalachian hardwood forest were collected to examine the relative importance of tree bole nutrient leaching in response to acid deposition. Samples from nine (2 m²) stemflow collection plots were analyzed for four dormant season and 11 growing season rainstorm events. Results showed that, relative to throughfall fluxes, stemflow accounted, on average, for approximately 8.5% of total water reaching the forest floor during both dormant and growing season storms. Relative to foliar leaching, K-, SO₄-, and PO₄ ions appear to be the most easily leached ions from young tree stems. Proportional nitrate and base cation stemflow fluxes increased significantly (p<0.05) with growing-season storm-event duration, suggesting that the stemsurface nutrient pool is depleted by precipitation more slowly than the foliar pool. On average, proportional stemflow fluxes of SO₄ (12%) and K (14%) were consistently higher than reported maximum values for more mature forest stands, which indicates that small-scale stemflow inputs of ions such as these to the forest floor may be important in early successional ecosystems.     

Composition and deposition of throughfall in a flooded forest archipelago

The sources of spatial and temporal variation and rates of nutrient deposition via throughfall were studied for 9 months in the Anavilhanas archipelago of the Negro River, Brazil. A total of 30 events was sampled individually for rain and throughfall chemistry in a 1-ha plot of flooded forest. Throughfall samples were collected in 40 collectors distributed in five parallel transects in the study plot, while rain was collected in 4 collectors in an adjacent channel. Volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of solutes in rain were consistently lower than in throughfall, except for H⁺, NO ₃ ^– and NH ₄ ⁺ . Ratios of VWM concentrations of rain to throughfall indicated that K⁺, followed by Mg²⁺ and PO ₄ ^3– , were the most enhanced solutes as rain passed through the forest canopy. The deposition of solutes varied significantly among transects, except for Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, and was significantly correlated with maximum flooding depth, foliar nutrient content, soil fertility and canopy closure for most solutes. The concentrations of PO ₄ ^3– and most major ions were higher in throughfall compared to those in rain due to canopy exchange and dry deposition. In contrast, NO ₃ ^– , NH ₄ ⁺ and H⁺ were retained due to immobilization by leafy canopy and ion exchange processes. Solute inputs via throughfall (not including stemflow) to a floodplain lake (Lake Prato) of the archipelago accounted for 30 to 64% of the total for most solutes in the lake at high water, which indicates that throughfall is an important source of nutrients to the aquatic ecosystem of the Anavilhanas archipelago.     

川西亚高山白桦林穿透雨和茎流特征观测研究

观测了川西亚高山白桦次生林一个生长季节内的穿透雨和茎流的特征。结果表明 ,幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量、茎流量与总降雨量之间的关系 ,而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系 ;平均林冠截留量占总降雨量的 1 8 9% ,穿透雨量占总降雨量的 80 9% ,茎流量占总降雨量的 0 3%。     

岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林的降雨再分配

基于2007年6-9月岷江上游地区的气象数据,采用定位研究方法对该区川滇高山栎林的降雨再分配进行了研究.结果表明：研究期间,林外总降雨量486.7 mm,林内穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占总降雨量的82.6%、0.9%和16.5%;穿透雨量和树干茎流量与降雨量均呈极显著的线性关系(P<0.01,n=49),穿透雨率和树干茎流率与降雨量的关系可用非线性曲线表示;当林外降雨量>3.2 mm时开始出现树干茎流,且树干茎流量(L)与树干基面积(cm²)呈明显的指数关系(R²=0.623).林冠截留率随降雨量(mm)的增加呈双曲线递减;林冠截留率与降雨量、降雨持续时间、降雨强度、降雨时空气相对湿度均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01,n=49),而与风速呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,n=49).     

西藏原始林芝云杉林雨季林冠降水分配特征

利用2006-2007年对西藏米林县南伊沟原始林芝云杉(Picea likiangensis var.linzhiensis)林林外降水、穿透水和树干茎流定位观测数据,对林芝云杉林的林冠降水再分配特征进行研究。结果表明:西藏南伊沟的年降水量为716.4mm,主要集中在4-9月份,占全年降雨量的86.95%。在林芝云杉的生长季节(4-10月份),林冠截留量为338.6mm,占同期林外降水量的51.60%;林内穿透水量为316.3mm,占同期林外降水量的48.21%;树干茎流量仅为1mm,仅占0.19%。林内穿透水(Tp)、树干茎流(Sf)、林冠截留量(Ip)及林冠截留率(PIp)与林外降水量(p)之间的关系分别为:Tp=0.8622p-3.5229,r=0.9964;Sf=0.0004p1.4586,r=0.9458;Ip=1.2222p0.6341,r=0.874;PIp=253.6p-0.7008,r=0.9732。林芝云杉林雨季林冠降水的分配规律与该森林结构复杂、林分年龄高、胸高断面积大密切相关,说明该森林在涵养水源和保持水土等方面发挥着重要的作用。     

两种温带落叶阔叶林降雨再分配格局及其影响因子

林冠对降雨的再分配是森林生态系统的重要生态水文过程,影响着生态系统生物地球化学循环。于2012年5—10月连续测定帽儿山森林生态站的两种温带天然次生林型——蒙古栎林和杂木林的林外降雨、穿透雨及树干径流,旨在量化其降雨再分配过程及其影响因素。结果表明:蒙古栎林的平均穿透雨、树干径流、林冠截留分别占同期林外降雨的76%、7%和17%;杂木林分别占85%、5%和10%。根据模型估算,当降雨量分别超过1.0mm和0.7mm时蒙古栎和杂木林开始出现穿透雨;当降雨量超过3.0mm开始出现树干径流。当降雨量超过5.6mm,树干径流体积会随着树木胸径的增加而显著增加;而当降雨量低于5.6mm则出现相反趋势。穿透雨、树干径流及林冠截留的绝对量均随降雨量的增大而显著增加,但其占降雨量的比例却表现出不同的变化趋势。穿透雨量的空间变异随降雨量和降雨强度的增大显著减小。两种林型的降雨再分配格局因受降雨量、降雨强度等降雨特征和林冠结构的影响而产生差异。     

Nitrate sequestration by corticolous macrolichens during winter precipitation events

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in the biogeochemistry of forested ecosystems. The influence of canopy lichens on the winter biogeochemistry of nitrate in broadleaved deciduous forests is examined and it is hypothesized that nitrate sequestration will not differ between winter precipitation events. Rejection of this hypothesis would mean that meteorological conditions of winter precipitation events have a detectable influence on nitrate sequestration by canopy lichens and nitrate input to the forest floor. Canopy lichens of the genus Parmelia were found to influence winter nitrate stemflow inputs to forest soils differentially. Epiphytic lichens on an individual Carya glabra Mill. (pignut hickory) canopy tree, centrally located within the stand of an open deciduous forest, actively sequestered nitrate leached from the tree's woody frame, lowering aqueous stemflow inputs at the tree base. The quantities of nitrate sequestered by corticolous lichens during the 2 February 1999 mixed-precipitation event were significantly greater than those during all other precipitation events examined. Greater rates of nitrate uptake during the 2 February 1999 event may be attributed to (1) its intermediate rain intensity, which would have soaked the lichen thalli in a nutrient-rich bath, and (2) an air temperature range between -2 degrees C and 8 degrees C that would have increased viscosity and surface tension of stemflow drainage, thereby decreasing stemflow velocity and increasing the contact time of stemflow water on the lichen thalli. Other precipitation events were either too cold to promote metabolic activity by canopy lichens or too warm and intense for an optimal contact time of stemflow with lichen thalli, resulting in lower quantities of nitrate sequestered. Meteorological conditions of winter precipitation events have been documented to influence sequestration of nitrate by corticolous lichens and decrease aqueous stemflow inputs to the forest floor of broadleaved deciduous forests.     

太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林降水分配特征

利用2011年5-9月生长季观测的30场降雨数据,分析了山西太岳山不同郁闭度下油松人工林林冠截留、穿透雨以及树干茎流与降雨量的关系,以及林冠截留过程的特点.结果表明:(1)实验观测期间,该地区降雨总量为634.79mm,单次平均降雨量为21.16mm,单次最大降雨量为58.15mm,单次最小降雨量为0.54mm.其中,8月份的降雨总量最大,为190.77mm,6月份的降雨总量最小,为41.81mm.(2)郁闭度为0.8的油松人工林林冠截留量与降雨量呈一元线性关系,郁闭度为0.7、0.6和0.5均呈幂函数关系;对于各郁闭度的油松人工林,其林冠截留率与降雨量均呈对数函数关系;穿透雨量、树干茎流量与降雨量均呈明显的一元线性关系,穿透雨量和树干茎流量都随着降雨量的增加而增加.(3)不同郁闭度油松人工林之间林冠截留、穿透雨和树干茎流不同,总的趋势为随着郁闭度的减小,林冠截留量减小,穿透雨量增大,树干茎流量增大.林冠截留量与郁闭度表现出正相关关系,而穿透雨量、树干茎流量都与郁闭度表现出负相关关系.(4)各郁闭度林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量的月动态变化与总降水量的月变化基本一致.     

六盘山华山松(Pinus armandii)林降雨再分配及其空间变异特征

利用2004和2005年生长季(6～9月份)六盘山自然保护区的香水河小流域内华山松天然林的穿透降雨、树干径流和冠层截留量观测资料,通过对华山松林降雨再分配特征和穿透降雨空间变异及其影响因素的综合分析,所得结果表明华山松天然林的穿透降雨量、树干径流量和冠层截留量,分别占大气降雨量的84.34%、0.72%和14.94%.穿透降雨在林内具有较大的空间变异,其变异程度随降雨量的增加而减小,冠层对穿透降雨具有一定的聚集效应,降雨量越高时效应越明显; 华山松冠层结构特征是影响穿透降雨的重要因素, 叶面积指数、冠层覆盖度、冠层厚度及距树干的距离等都会影响穿透降雨的空间分布,其中以叶面积指数的影响最大.由分析结果可知,冠层结构特征是决定大气降雨再分配和空间变异的重要生态因素之一.     

江西省大岗山主要森林类型降雨再分配特征

以江西大岗山地区杉木林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林为研究对象,分析其对降水再分配过程的影响.结果表明: 2012年4-6月,研究区降水量为531.6 mm,以小到中雨为主,单次最大降雨量为61.7 mm.研究期间,毛竹林总穿透雨量最大,常绿阔叶林最小.降水量相同条件下,毛竹林与杉木林的穿透雨量相差不大;降水量较大且相同时,常绿阔叶林的穿透雨量明显小于另外两种林型;穿透雨在林内有明显的空间变异性.杉木林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的树干径流率分别为1.4%、8.9%和8.8%.杉木林树干径流与另外两种林型差异极显著(P<0.01).3种林型树干径流量均与前期降水条件有关,毛竹林相关程度最小,杉木林最大.3种林型林冠截留量大小依次为杉木林(30.5%)>阔叶林(25.5%)>毛竹林(19.2%).在该地区常见降雨条件下(小雨),杉木林截留率明显高于另外两种林型.