维持胚胎干细胞多能性和自我更新的转录因子Oct-4/ Nanog以及相关的调控网络

Oct-4和Nanog是两种维持干细胞多能性和自我更新的转录因子, 它们通过结合靶基因调控区, 选择性地抑制分化基因表达或促进多能性基因表达。它们通常只在多能干细胞中表达, 在分化细胞中不表达。在不同的发育阶段, 它们的表达量受到特异调控, 并且分别与Sox-2、FoxD3等其他转录因子以及LIF、BMP等胞外信号通路互相作用, 形成一个复杂的转录调节crosstalk网络, 在特异时空激活或抑制靶基因的转录; 通过互相制约最终决定干细胞是保持多能性还是分化, 以及向哪个方向分化。此外, Oct-4和Nanog对体细胞重编程为多能细胞也有重要作用。     

Establishment and characterization of baboon embryonic stem cell lines: An Old World Primate model for regeneration and transplantation research

Here we have developed protocols using the baboon as a complementary alternative Old World Primate to rhesus and other macaques which have severe limitations in their availability. Baboons are not limited as research resources, they are evolutionarily closer to humans, and the multiple generations of pedigreed colonies which display complex human disease phenotypes all support their further optimization as an invaluable primate model. Since neither baboon-assisted reproductive technologies nor baboon embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been reported, here we describe the first derivations and characterization of baboon ESC lines from IVF-generated blastocysts. Two ESCs lines (BabESC-4 and BabESC-15) display ESC morphology, express pluripotency markers (Oct-4, hTert, Nanog, Sox-2, Rex-1, TRA1-60, TRA1-81), and maintain stable euploid female karyotypes with parentage confirmed independently. They have been grown continuously for > 430 and 290 days, respectively. Teratomas from both lines have all three germ layers. Availabilities of these BabESCs represent another important resource for stem cell biologists.     

Resveratrol inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics in human and KrasG12D transgenic mice by inhibiting pluripotency maintaining factors and epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Background

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can proliferate and self-renew extensively due to their ability to express anti-apoptotic and drug resistant proteins, thus sustaining tumor growth. Therefore, the strategy to eradicate CSCs might have significant clinical implications. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms by which resveratrol inhibits stem cell characteristics of pancreatic CSCs derived from human primary tumors and Kras^G12D transgenic mice.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Human pancreatic CSCs (CD133⁺CD44⁺CD24⁺ESA⁺) are highly tumorigenic and form subcutaneous tumors in NOD/SCID mice. Human pancreatic CSCs expressing high levels of CD133, CD24, CD44, ESA, and aldehyde dehydrogenase also express significantly more Nanog, Oct-4, Notch1, MDR1 and ABCG2 than normal pancreatic tissues and primary pancreatic cancer cells. Similarly, CSCs from Kras^G12D mice express significantly higher levels of Nanog and Oct-4 than pancreatic tissues from Pdx-Cre mice. Resveratrol inhibits the growth (size and weight) and development (PanIN lesions) of pancreatic cancer in Kras^G12D mice. Resveratrol inhibits the self-renewal capacity of pancreatic CSCs derived from human primary tumors and Kras^G12D mice. Resveratrol induces apoptosis by activating capase-3/7 and inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2 and XIAP in human CSCs. Resveratrol inhibits pluripotency maintaining factors (Nanog, Sox-2, c-Myc and Oct-4) and drug resistance gene ABCG2 in CSCs. Inhibition of Nanog by shRNA enhances the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on self-renewal capacity of CSCs. Finally, resveratrol inhibits CSC''s migration and invasion and markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Zeb-1, Slug and Snail).

Conclusions/Significance

These data suggest that resveratrol inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics in human and Kras^G12D transgenic mice by inhibiting pluripotency maintaining factors and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, resveratrol can be used for the management of pancreatic cancer.