大麦黄花叶病及其真菌介体禾谷多粘菌的研究进展

禾谷多粘菌Polymyxa graminis L.是一种土传真菌,传播10种植物病毒。在大麦上,它传播大麦黄花叶病毒(Barley Yellow Mosaic Vrius,BaYMV)和大麦温和性花叶病毒(Barley Mild Mosaic Virus,BaMMV)。由于此二种病毒在大麦上所引起的症状相似,故统称大麦黄花叶病。     

应用F（ab′）2—酶联吸附分析法检测大麦黄花叶病毒

F(ab′）2酶联免疫吸附分析法（F(ab′）2－ELISA）成功地用于大麦黄花叶病毒（BaYMV)的常规检测和诊断,其步骤是先用稀释1000－4000倍的抗血清F(ab′）2包被反应板,加待测样品和稀释1000倍的同种抗血清或IgG,然后再加入A蛋白碱性磷酸酯酶和底物,测定OD值。比较试验表明,ELIS稀释缓冲液加入1％小牛血清或1％全脂奶粉,BaYMV的测检灵敏度可提高达2．5－5．0ng/ml,病叶汁液检测终浓度为稀释1600－3200倍。我国BaYMV分离物与英国分离物的血清学性质完全一致。BaYMV在大麦病株中以叶部含量较高,茎中含量次之,根部测不出病毒。检测和诊断田间样品,即使有的样品已不断鲜,也均能得到满意的结果。此方法也成功地用于大麦温和花叶病毒（BaMMV)、小麦黄花叶病毒（WYMV）、燕麦花叶病毒（OMV）和燕麦金色条纹病毒（OGSV）等禾谷多粘菌传麦毒的检测,这5种病毒的血清学关系研究表明,除BaYMV和WYMV之间具有血清学关系以外,其余彼此均不反应。     

大麦黄花叶病毒属成员UTR系统进化树分析及编码蛋白跨膜结构推测

对大麦黄花叶病毒属成员的同源性和系统进化树分析表明,同一病毒RNA1和2基因组5′-UTR区域在进化上的相关性高于不同病毒同一RNA组分间的关系,而3′-UTR则相反.蛋白质二级结构分析显示RNA1编码的P3和14K蛋白存在跨膜结构.BaMMV ALS1分离物P3蛋白跨膜结构在大肠杆菌中原核表达时有致死作用.类比Potyviridae科其它属成员功能,此2个蛋白可能与膜附着功能相关.RNA2编码的P2蛋白存在两个结构保守的跨膜区域,一些摩擦接种保存的大麦和性花叶病毒(BaMMV)分离物和燕麦花叶病毒(OMV) P2蛋白此两个结构(或一个)缺失后,不能由介体禾谷多粘菌(P. graminis)传播,揭示P2蛋白跨膜结构与禾谷多粘菌传播能力相关.     

大麦黄花叶病相关基因WRKY55的克隆及功能研究

大麦黄花叶病是我国长江中下游地区大麦种植区域的主要病毒病害,由大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV,Barley yellow mosaic virus)及大麦和性花叶病毒(BaMMV,Barley mild mosaic virus)引起,自然条件下病毒寄生于禾谷多黏菌中,通过感染大麦根部导致病害发生。本研究通过分析RNA-seq数据,获得感染BaMMV后上调表达的基因HORVU1Hr1G069640(WRKY55)。荧光定量PCR分析发现WRKY55在感病品种中的表达水平极显著高于抗病材料,说明WRKY55参与到大麦感染黄花叶病的过程。WRKY55全长870 bp,在415～594位核苷酸之间含有WRKY保守结构域,系统进化分析显示该基因位于独立的进化分枝。组织表达分析发现该基因主要在根部和幼嫩组织中表达,而其他成熟部位表达较少甚至没有。农杆菌介导的烟草亚细胞定位实验发现WRKY55位于整个细胞。酵母转录因子活性分析实验未检测到转录激活活性,酵母双杂交实验未检测到WRKY55与感病基因编码蛋白eIF4E和PDIL5-1存在物理相互作用。这些结果显示WRKY55参与到大麦黄花叶病感染。     

应用免疫胶体金技术定位感病大麦细胞中的大麦和性花叶病毒

本文报道免疫胶体金标记技术的建立,并用此技术定位大麦叶和根组织超薄切片中大麦和性花叶病毒(BaMMV)。在感染病毒的大麦叶和根细胞中,病毒束、游离病毒颗粒和病毒外壳蛋白多分布于细胞质丰富的细胞中,且以液泡和叶绿体(仅叶组织)周围较多。在细胞器已解体的病根表皮细胞中,有时也可检测到大量游离病毒粒子。少数风轮体或板状集结体上也存在病毒或病毒外壳蛋白。细胞核、叶绿体、线粒体、细胞膜以及其他细胞器上都未见有特异性金颗粒标记。     

大麦黄花叶病毒属成员UTR系统进化树分析及编码蛋白跨膜结构推测

对大麦黄花叶病毒属成员的同源性和系统进化树分析表明 ,同一病毒RNA1和 2基因组 5′ UTR区域在进化上的相关性高于不同病毒同一RNA组分间的关系 ,而 3′ UTR则相反。蛋白质二级结构分析显示RNA1编码的P3和 14K蛋白存在跨膜结构。BaMMVALS1分离物P3蛋白跨膜结构在大肠杆菌中原核表达时有致死作用。类比Potyviridae科其它属成员功能 ,此 2个蛋白可能与膜附着功能相关。RNA2编码的P2蛋白存在两个结构保守的跨膜区域 ,一些摩擦接种保存的大麦和性花叶病毒 (BaMMV)分离物和燕麦花叶病毒 (OMV)P2蛋白此两个结构(或一个 )缺失后 ,不能由介体禾谷多粘菌 (P .graminis)传播 ,揭示P2蛋白跨膜结构与禾谷多粘菌传播能力相关     

应用F(ab'''')_2~-酶联吸附分析法检测大麦黄花叶病毒

F(ab′)_2酶联免疫吸附分析法(F(ab′)_2-ELISA)成功地用于大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)的常规检测和诊断.其步骤是先用稀释1000—4000倍的抗血清F(ab′)_2包被反应板,加待测样品和稀释1000倍的同种抗血清或IgG,然后再加A蛋白碱性磷酸酯酶和底物,测定OD值。比较试验表明,ELISA稀释缓冲液加入1％小牛血清或1％全脂奶粉,BaYMV的测检灵敏度可提高达2.5—5.0ng/ml,病叶汁液检测终浓度为稀释1600—3200倍。我国BaYMV分离物与英国分离物的血清学性质完全一致。BaYMV在大麦病株中以叶部含量较高,茎中含量次之,根部测不出病毒。检测和诊断田间样品,即使有的样品已不新鲜,也均能得到满意的结果。此方法也成功地用于大麦温和花叶病毒(BaMMV)、小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)、燕麦花叶病毒(OMV)和燕麦金色条纹病毒(OGSV)等禾谷多粘菌传麦毒的检测,这S种病毒的血清学关系研究表明,除BaYMV和WYMV之间具有血清学关系以外,其余彼此均不反应。     

我国真菌传线状小麦花叶病毒病病原初步鉴定为小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)

由禾谷多粘菌（Ｐｏｌｙｍｙｘａｇｒａｍｉｎｉｓ）传播的线状小麦花叶病毒有两种,一种是加拿大首先报道的小麦梭条斑花叶病毒（ＷＳＳＭＶ）,另一种是日本报道的小麦黄花叶病毒（ＷＹＭＶ）。这两种病毒粒子形态以及血清学性质非常相似,但核酸序列存在一定差异。经反转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴＰＣＲ）和单链构象多态性分析（ＳＳＣＰ）,明确我国广泛发生的禾谷多粘菌传线状小麦花叶病毒都是小麦黄花叶病毒,但供试的８个分离物ＲＮＡ１和ＲＮＡ２序列存在差异,无一彼此完全相同     

我国真菌传线状小麦花叶病毒病病原初步鉴定为小麦黄花叶病毒（WYMV）

由禾谷多粘菌传播的线状小麦花叶病毒有两种,一种是加拿大首先报道的小麦梭条斑花叶病毒（ＷＳＳＭＶ）,另一种是日本报道的小麦黄花叶病毒（ＷＹＭＶ）。这两种病毒粒子形态以及血清学性质非常相似,但核酸序列存在一定差异。经反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）和单链构象多态性分析（ＳＳＣＰ）,明确我国广泛发生的禾谷多粘菌传线状小麦花叶病毒都是小麦黄花叶病毒,但供试的８个分离物ＲＮＡ１和ＲＮＡ２序列存在差异,无     

侵染菊花的黄瓜花叶病毒的初步鉴定和血清学检测

侵染菊花的黄瓜花叶病毒的初步鉴定和血清学检测张海保,朱西儒,张云开（中国科学院华南植物研究所广州５１０６５０）关键词菊花,黄瓜花叶病毒,间接ＥＬＩＳＡ菊花（Ｃｈｒａｙｓａｎｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｏｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ）病毒病是危害菊花的一类主要病害。国外文献报道...     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.