茶轮斑病对茶树叶片内生真菌群落结构的影响

[目的] 茶树叶片内生真菌长期与茶树协同进化,互利共生,在生物和非生物胁迫的生态系统中对茶树起着重要的保护作用,其群落结构组成相对稳定,但在外界因素的影响下,也会发生一定的变化。然而,关于生物胁迫对茶树叶片内生真菌群落结构的影响还缺乏系统的研究。因此,对生物胁迫下叶片内生真菌群落结构的多样性研究具有重要意义。[方法] 本研究采用高通量测序技术,测序了茶轮斑病发病茶树叶片和健康茶树叶片的内生真菌ITS rRNA基因的ITS1区序列,对比分析了内生真菌的多样性和群落结构组成。[结果] 结果表明,发病组叶片的内生真菌多样性和物种丰度均低于健康组。在门分类水平上,2组样本的优势菌群均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）,在属分类水平上,发病组的优势菌群为炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）和假拟盘多毛孢属（Pseudopestalotiopsis）,而健康组的优势菌为枝孢属（Cladosporium）。此外,2组样本内生真菌在群落结构组成上也有显著差异,发病组中假拟盘多毛孢属（Pseudopestalotiopsis）、炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）和节菱孢属（Arthrinium）的相对丰度显著高于健康组,健康组中被孢霉属（Mortierella）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）、织球壳菌属（Plectosphaerella）、Lectera、葡孢霉属（Botryotrichum）、青霉菌属（Penicillium）、赤霉属（Gibberella）、毛壳菌属（Chaetomium）、Lulwoana和轮枝孢属（Verticillium）的相对丰度显著高于发病组。[结论] 综上,茶轮斑病的发生改变了茶树叶片内生真菌的群落结构,使少数物种优势生长。通过研究,明确了真菌病害对茶叶内生真菌群落结构的影响,为病菌的致病机理研究奠定基础,为茶树病害防治提供理论依据。     

云南三个地区马铃薯内生真菌多样性研究

为研究云南马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)内生真菌的多样性,该文以采自云南省德宏芒市、大理喜洲和临沧双江3个地区的马铃薯植株为研究对象,采用组织块分离法、尖端菌丝挑取法对马铃薯根、茎及块茎中的内生真菌进行分离纯化,并采用形态学鉴定方法和ITS序列分析法对分离得到的内生真菌进行鉴定,对内生真菌的定殖率、分离率及多样性指数进行计算和分析。结果表明:(1)共分离得到内生真菌98株,其中从德宏芒市的样品中获得40株,从大理喜洲的样品中获得27株,从临沧双江的样品中获得31株。(2)经鉴定,分离得到的马铃薯内生真菌共涵盖10目10科13属,大多为子囊菌门和担子菌门,优势菌为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和青霉属(Penicillium),褶皱裸孢壳(Emericella rugulosa)、接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)、毛韧革菌(Stereum hirsutum)、Psathyrella sulcatotuberculosa和Epicoccum catenisporum 5种真菌均为首次从马铃薯植株中分离得到。(3)马铃薯块茎内生真菌的定殖率最高,根部内生真菌定殖率最低; 内生真菌的分离率以马铃薯根部为最高,而茎部最低; 不同组织中内生真菌的多样性指数趋势均为根>块茎>茎。从综合来看,云南马铃薯植株中的内生真菌具有较高的多样性,不同地区的马铃薯样品中内生真菌优势菌不同,马铃薯根部具有最丰富的内生真菌种群和最高的分离率,是最适合进行内生真菌分离的材料。该研究结果为后期探究马铃薯内生真菌对病原菌的拮抗作用奠定了基础,也为马铃薯内生真菌多样性研究提供了参考数据。     

不同水稻组织内生细菌的群落多样性

[目的]为详细了解水稻不同组织内生细菌群落多样性。[方法]对宁粳43号内生细菌的总DNA提取后,采用高通量测序技术对水稻内生细菌的16S rRNA基因进行了序列测定,分析了水稻不同组织部位内生细菌群落结构特征。[结果]叶部共获得内生细菌OTUs 610个,茎部411个,根部174个。物种分类显示,叶部内生细菌种类隶属于22门40纲103目198科399属,其中优势类群是红球菌属（Rhodococcus）和乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）,它们的相对丰度分别为21.00%和9.19%;茎部内生细菌种类隶属于19门31纲85目169科306属,其中优势类群是红球菌属和罗尔斯通菌属（Ralstonia）,它们的相对丰度分别为19.25%和13.52%;根部内生细菌种类隶属于9门19纲44目82科140属,其中优势类群是肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）和埃希氏杆菌属（Escherichia）,它们的相对丰度分别为81.13%和10.89%。根茎叶中相同的OTU有78个,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）与大多数细菌具有相关性。根系内生细菌中具有调控各种代谢网络功能的物种丰度高于茎部和叶部。[结论]不同水稻组织内生细菌具有丰富的群落多样性,其中叶部的内生细菌物种最丰富,根系参与各种代谢调控的细菌丰度最高,各个组织部位的优势菌属各不相同,变形菌门是最重要的水稻内生细菌。     

Illumina高通量测序揭示艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落组成及多样性

[目的] 通过研究新疆艾比湖湿地不同盐生植物根际土壤真菌的多样性和群落结构,为艾比湖湿地退化恢复工作和真菌深入研究提供理论支持。[方法] 利用高通量测序技术对真菌扩增子ITS1区进行测定,从而分析艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性,并结合相关土壤理化因子分析环境与真菌群落多样性和丰富度的关联。[结果] 艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及丰富度存在差异,碱蓬根际土壤真菌多样性最高,芦苇根际土壤真菌群落丰富度最高。真菌群落组成分析表明,土壤样品中真菌菌落主要隶属于子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,其中子囊菌门为主要优势菌门;链格孢霉属（Alternaria）是6种植物共有的优势菌属,但是其在不同植物之间的丰度存在差异,在戟叶鹅绒藤中的丰度最高,在准噶尔大戟中的丰度最低。pH与真菌多样性呈显著负相关,全磷（TP）与真菌群落丰富度呈显著正相关,pH、电导率（EC）和有机质（OM）对优势菌属的影响最大。[结论] 艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落组成及多样性具有显著差异,碱蓬和芦苇根际土壤真菌的多样性和丰度高于其他植物,子囊菌门和链格孢霉属是艾比湖湿地的主要土壤真菌门属。研究结果可为艾比湖湿地的生态修复提供理论指导。     

黑胫病感染对烟草茎秆及根际土壤真菌群落结构的影响

烟草黑胫病是由寄生疫霉烟草变种引起的一种对烟草生产造成巨大经济损失的土传病害。本文以健康烟株与感染黑胫病烟株茎秆和根际土壤为研究对象,通过PCR技术扩增样本中真菌转录间隔区的ITS1区域,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对扩增片段进行测序,旨在了解黑胫病感染对于烟草茎秆和根际土壤真菌群落结构与多样性的影响。本研究20个测序样品,共获得755 599条高质量序列片段,最短序列为200bp,最长序列为356bp,平均序列长度248bp。结果表明,健康烟株和发病烟株根际土壤的优势真菌为子囊菌门Ascomycota、接合菌门Zygomycota和担子菌门Basidiomycota,所有茎秆样品的优势真菌为子囊菌门、担子菌门。健康烟株与感染黑胫病烟株根际土壤样品相对丰度大于1%的属有镰刀菌属Fusarium、被孢霉属Mortierella、隐球菌属Cryptococcus、链格孢属Alternaria和赤霉菌属Gibberella等,其中,健康烟株根际土壤优势属为镰刀菌属（39.35%）和被孢霉属（14.19%）,发病烟株根际土壤镰刀菌属和被孢霉属相对丰度分别为40.26%和20.77%;健康茎秆样品优势属为隐球菌属（31.12%）、链格孢属（18.28%）、镰刀菌属（15.67%）和红酵母属Rhodotorula（13.34%）;病健交界茎秆样品优势属为镰刀菌属（41.36%）、隐球菌属（28.15%）和链格孢属（22.32%）;发病茎秆优势属为隐球菌属（62.14%）和链格孢属（27.75%）。烟株感染黑胫病后,其根际土壤与茎秆样品真菌优势属种类与健康烟株无明显变化,但属水平的相对丰度变化显著。发病烟株茎秆与根际土壤样品真菌群落Sobs、Chao1、Shannon指数较健康烟株降低,Simpson指数上升,表明烟株发病后根际土壤真菌与茎秆内生真菌群落丰富度与多样性降低。该结果对于研究烟草黑胫病发生的微生态机制及其生物防治具有一定的理论指导意义。     

柑橘内生真菌的分离鉴定及其发酵产物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性

本研究从柑橘抗病品种的健康植株不同组织中分离纯化和鉴定内生真菌,并测定其发酵产物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性,以明确柑橘抗病品种中内生真菌的组成及其产抗柑橘溃疡病菌活性代谢产物的潜力,为柑橘溃疡病抗菌剂的开发奠定基础。该研究通过组织培养法分离内生真菌,采用形态学和分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定; 基于前期的拮抗预试验结果,选取代表性菌株进行发酵培养,通过乙酸乙酯浸提、真空抽滤、旋转蒸发浓缩制备粗提物; 采用带毒平板涂布法测定不同菌株发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性。结果表明:(1)共分离得到72株内生真菌,归为2门(Ascomycota、Basidiomycota)、14个属,其中优势属为刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)、球座菌属(Guignardia)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)。(2)不同柑橘品种中内生真菌多样性指数为温州蜜柑(桂林)>沙糖桔(桂林)>沙糖桔(梧州)。(3)不同组织中内生真菌多样性变化因地理位置差异而有所不同,采自桂林的温州蜜柑和沙糖桔均为叶片中的内生真菌的多样性高于枝条,而采自梧州的沙糖桔为叶片中的多样性低于枝条,并且采自梧州的柑橘样品与采自桂林的柑橘样品中的内生真菌相似性低。(4)测定了30株内生真菌乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性,其中29株菌株表现出不同程度抑制活性。不同柑橘品种中的优势属的MIC介于0.312 5～10 mg·mL^-1之间,特有属的MIC介于0.156～5 mg·mL^-1,共有属镰刀菌属的MIC介于0.312 5～2.5 mg·mL^-1之间。研究结果表明柑橘抗病品种中内生真菌具有丰富多样性,并且其发酵提取物普遍对柑橘溃疡病菌具有抑制作用。特有属抑菌活性总体优于优势属,共有属镰刀菌属在不同柑橘抗病品种中均具有显著抑菌效果。     

秸秆覆盖配施氮肥根际土真菌群落及其与小麦产量的关系

为研究秸秆覆盖与施氮条件下土壤真菌群落变化及其驱动因素与冬小麦产量的关系,试验采用二因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆覆盖（SM）和不覆盖（NSM）;副区为两种施氮量0（N0）和180（N1） kg/hm²。于小麦开花期采集土壤样品测定土壤养分及采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术分析根际真菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明,SM较NSM处理小麦产量提高40.3%,差异显著。NSMN1较NSMN0处理小麦产量显著提高75%;SMN1处理比SMN0处理小麦产量显著提高92%。SM处理较NSM处理土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、碱解氮（AN）、氨态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、速效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）的含量显著增加,土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量降低。无论秸秆覆盖与否,施氮显著提高了土壤TN、AN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、AP和AK的含量。秸秆覆盖根际真菌群落多样性（Chao1与Shannon指数）增加;施氮则降低其多样性。SM处理较NSM处理显著增加担子菌门（Basidiomycota）和降低被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）的相对丰度,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的相对丰度无显著差异。在NSM条件下,施氮显著增加子囊菌门的相对丰度,担子菌门与被孢霉门相对丰度显著降低;在SM条件下,施氮处理显著降低子囊菌门和增加担子菌门的相对丰度,被孢霉门的相对丰度降低,但无显著差异。在属水平上,SM处理较NSM处理显著增加光盖伞属（Psilocybe）、弯孢菌属（Curvularia）和黑孢霉属（Nigrospora）的相对丰度,被孢霉属（Mortierella）、球腔菌属（Mycosphaerella）、帚枝霉属（Sarocladium）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）和柱霉属（Scytalidium）的相对丰度显著降低,蛋白单胞属（Pyrenochaetopsis）的相对丰度无显著差异。NSMN1较NSMN0处理显著增加球腔菌属、弯孢菌属和帚枝霉属的相对丰度,显著降低被孢霉属和柱霉属的相对丰度;SMN1比SMN0处理显著增加光盖伞属、弯孢菌属、帚枝霉属和柱霉属的相对丰度,被孢霉属相对丰度显著降低。组间群落差异（LEfSe）分析,球腔菌属、弯孢菌属和光盖伞属是秸秆覆盖配施氮肥的关键真菌菌属。基于冗余分析,土壤SOC、AK、AP、AN、TN与NH₄⁺-N含量对真菌群落结构有显著或者极显著的影响。进一步分析表明,在秸秆覆盖配施氮肥条件下光盖伞属、柱霉属和弯孢菌属与小麦产量相关。综上,秸秆覆盖配施氮肥有助于提高土壤养分有效性和小麦产量,利于优化土壤真菌群落结构,对四川丘陵旱地提升土壤肥力和作物生产力具有重要意义。     

不同种植年限薰衣草根际土壤真菌群落结构的演变

土壤真菌群落结构和多样性对植物生长起着重要作用,了解种植年限对薰衣草根际土壤真菌群落结构的影响对薰衣草病害防治和增产的研究具有重要意义。探究不同种植年限薰衣草根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性特征,及其随种植年限的演变规律。采集新疆伊犁霍城县种植年限1、3、5 a,以及未种植薰衣草土壤,对ITS 序列进行Illumina高通量测序。对测序结果进行分析,比较各样品组真菌多样性和群落分布规律及与种植年限的关联。结果表明,Alpha多样性分析显示随着种植年限的增加Shannon指数逐渐降低,而Chao1指数先降低后增高。在种植薰衣草土壤中共检测到12个门,28个纲,72个目,146个科,236个属。在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)为优势菌门。随着种植年限的增加,子囊菌门相对丰度逐渐降低,担子菌门逐渐增高,而球囊菌门先增加后降低。在属水平上优势菌属为Xylodon、锐孔菌属（Oxyporus)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium),均属于植物致病菌。随着种植年限的增加,Xylodon相对丰度增加,而锐孔菌属、镰刀菌属、枝孢属先增加后降低。丛枝菌根菌(AMF) 中第一优势属球囊霉属(Glomus)OTU数量随种植年限的增加逐渐减少。薰衣草连作种植造成根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性改变,致病菌增加,AMF降低。本研究为薰衣草病虫害防治和增产提供理论依据,为薰衣草土壤科学管理提供参考。     

入侵植物紫茎泽兰叶内生真菌多样性研究

外来入侵植物通常要和当地的生物发生相互关系并对当地生态系统产生影响。为表明叶内生真菌是否有利于紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）的入侵力,首次调查了其叶内生真菌多样性。利用过夜冰冻组织法和常规的麦芽汁琼脂平板培养法,分别于3、6月份从昆明西山、金殿种群分离得到312个菌株,根据其ITS基因差异,分为77个可操作分类单元（OTUs）,系统发育地位分布在Agaricomycetes、Dothideomycetes、Sordariomycetes和 Pezizomycetes 4个纲。在低阶分类上这些真菌可分为19个属,优势属为链格孢属（Alternaria）（25.09%）和炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）（10.80%）。有2.09%的菌株属于未知真菌。相比较,6月份的紫茎泽兰种群比3月份具有较高的内生真菌多样性。结果表明,入侵植物紫茎泽兰叶内生真菌非常丰富,这些真菌是否对紫茎泽兰的入侵力具有影响值得今后深入研究。     

生于豆科植物上的链格孢属真菌一新种

报道生于豆科植物沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mongolicus上的链格孢属真菌一新种,沙冬青链格孢Alternaria ammopiptanthi。此种不同于已从豆科植物上报道的5个长喙链格孢种（复喙链格孢A. multirostrata、决明链格孢A. cassiae、猪屎豆生链格孢A. crotalariicola、瓜尔豆链格孢A. cyamopsidis和长喙链格孢A. longirostrata）,主要是其分生孢子的长喙不分枝和孢身细瘦。研究过的模式标本（PSNXAAFS 267852）保存在宁夏农林科学院植物病害标本室。     

Study of endophytic fungal community from different parts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegle marmelos</Emphasis> Correae (Rutaceae) from Varanasi (India)

Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy, living, and symptomless tissues of inner bark, leaf, and roots of Aegle marmelos, a well-known medicinal plant, growing in different parts of India including Varanasi. A total of 79 isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated, representing 21 genera, adopting a standard isolation protocol. Members of the deuteromycotina were more prevalent than ascomycotina and others. The result was quite encouraging in terms of maximum isolates recovery from hyphomycetes (78.5%) followed by ascomycetes (8.9%) and coelomycetes (7.6%) respectively, which corroborates previous studies in same area. However, 5.1% isolates remained unidentified and were classified under Mycelia Sterilia. No isolate was obtained from either basidiomycotina or from zygomycotina. Fusarium spp. had maximum colonization frequency (8.00%) in this plant. The other dominant endophytic genera were Aspergillus spp., Alternaria sp., Drechslera sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Curvularia sp., Nigrospora sp., and Stenella sp. Only two ascomycetous members Chaetomium globosum and Emericella sp. (perfect state of Aspergillus sp.) were obtained from the bark sample. These results indicated that distribution of endophytic fungi within the A. marmelos is not even. Bark harbors more endophytic fungi than leaf and root.     

Clavatol and patulin formation as the antagonistic principle of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus clavatonanicus</Emphasis>, an endophytic fungus of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus mairei</Emphasis>

Many endophytic fungi are known to protect plants from plant pathogens, but the antagonistic mechanism has rarely been revealed. In this study, we wished to learn whether an endophytic Aspergillus sp., isolated from Taxus mairei, would indeed produce bioactive components, and if so whether (a) they would antagonize plant pathogenic fungi; and (b) whether this Aspergillus sp. would produce the compound also under conditions of confrontation with these fungi. The endophytic fungal strain from T. mairei was identified as Aspergillus clavatonanicus by analysis of morphological characteristics and the sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS rDNA) of rDNA. When grown in surface culture, the fungus produced clavatol (2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylacetophenone) and patulin (2-hydroxy-3,7-dioxabicyclo [4.3.0]nona-5,9-dien-8-one), as shown by shown by NMR, MS, X-ray, and EI-MS analysis. Both exhibited inhibitory activity in vitro against several plant pathogenic fungi, i.e., Botrytis cinerea, Didymella bryoniae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium ultimum. During confrontation with P. ultimum, A. clavatonanicus antagonized its growth of P. ultimum, and both clavatol as well as patulin were formed as the only bioactive components, albeit with different kinetics. We conclude that A. clavatonanicus produces clavatol and patulin, and that these two polyketides may be involved in the protection of T. mairei against attack by plant pathogens by this Aspergillus sp.     

青檀叶片内生和附生真菌组成及生态分布

对我国古老特有植物青檀叶片进行内生和附生真菌的研究,以了解青檀叶片内生和附生真菌的组成特点和探讨内生和附生真菌菌群之间的可能联系,为研究真菌资源多样性、植物附生和内生真菌的相互演化关系及真菌与宿主植物协同进化等提供有益参考资料。研究结果表明,从健康的青檀叶片获得可培养内生真菌839株,附生真菌1857株,共计2696株,鉴定其分属于4目,5科,43属。在目的分类水平上,内生和附生真菌均以丛梗孢目Moniliales为优势菌群,分别占90.23%和92.51%;在科的水平上,内生真菌以暗梗孢科Dematiaceae和丛梗孢科Moniliaceae为优势菌群,分别占47.56%和42.67%,附生真菌以丛梗孢科Moniliaceae和暗梗孢科Dematiaceae为优势菌群,分别占67.04%和25.47%;在属的水平上,内生真菌以黑团孢属Periconia和青霉属Penicillium为优势菌群,分别占31.47%和10.73%,附生真菌以小球霉属Glomerularia、膝葡孢属Gonatobotrys和青霉属Penicillium为优势菌群,分别占20.03%、13.95%和12.22%。青檀叶片内生真菌和附生真菌均存在的菌群数量达到23个属,占53.49%。内生真菌特有的属有6个,共分离19株,占0.70%,附生真菌特有的属有14个,共分离120株,占4.45%。内生真菌的Shannon-Wiener index(H')多样性指数(2.44)和Margalef index(R)丰富度指数(2.88)分别小于附生真菌ShannonWiener index(H')多样性指数(2.57)和Margalef index(R)丰富度指数(3.32),但两者的Evenness index(E)均匀度指数几乎相等。青檀叶片内生和附生真菌菌群组成具有较高的相似性,相似性系数达0.70。通过Fisher's exact test分析表明青檀叶片内生和附生真菌菌群组成无明显差异(P=0.072)。     

Endophytic fungi from a pharmaceutical plant, Camptotheca acuminata: isolation, identification and bioactivity

About 174 endophytic fungi were isolated from the pharmaceutical plant, Camptotheca acuminata. Of the 18 taxa obtained, non-sporulating fungi (48.9%), Alternaria (12.6%), Phomopsis (6.9%), Sporidesmium (6.3%), Paecilomyces (4.6%) and Fusarium (4.6%) were dominant. ITS rDNA assay indicated that most of the non-sporulating fungi belonged to the Pyrenomycetes and Loculoascomycetes ascomycetes or their anamorph Coelomycetes. The results of the bioactivity test showed that 27.6% of the endophytic fungi displayed inhibition against more than one indicator microorganism. 4.0% and 2.3% of the endophytic fungi showed cytotoxicity and protease inhibition, respectively. The endophytic fungi with bioactivities were distributed in more than 12 taxa including non-sporulating fungi, which are reliable sources for bioactive agents.     

白及内生真菌多样性研究

白及( Bletilla striata)是兰科地生型多年生植物,也是我国传统中药材之一。利用菌根技术进行白及的保护和人工栽培,需要获得白及可培养的内生真菌。该研究以广西野生的白及根和叶为材料,采用分离培养法分离内生真菌,并结合真菌形态特征,及其核糖体的转录间隔区( ITS)序列分析,确定内生真菌的分类地位。结果表明：从2株白及植物90块组织中分离获得37株内生真菌,鉴定为15个分类单元,由9个属组成,分属于2门4纲7目8科,包括锤舌菌纲( Leotiomycetes)、座囊菌纲( Dothideomycetes)和粪壳菌纲( Sordariomy-cetes),伞菌纲( Agaricomycetes)。从根中分离获得内生真菌12种,蜡壳菌属为优势属;从叶中分离获得内生真菌3种,刺盘孢属为优势属;刺盘孢菌属( Colletotrichum)和蜡壳菌属( Sebacina)真菌的相对多度值均达到20％;4株担子菌均分布于根中,叶组织中未有分布。根组织中内生真菌的多样性指数(H＝1.863)高于叶组织(1.098)。该研究结果及其所分离培养的担子菌类真菌,为更好地利用菌根技术进行白及等兰科植物资源的保护与可持续利用奠定了基础。     

Endophytic Fungi in Four Winter Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Differing in Resistance Against Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Cast. & Germ. =Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk.

Four winter wheat cultivars with different levels of resistance to Septoria nodorum were investigated at four locations during two vegetation periods. Forty plants per cultivar and site were collected at random at seven defined growth stages from crop emergence to harvest. Samples from roots, culms, leaves, glumes and kernels were examined for the occurrence of endophytic fungi after surface sterilization. 83% of the 26944 isolates sporulated and were assigned to 213 species. The most frequent were: Septoria nodorum (20.1%), Alternaria tenuissima (9.8%), Epicoccum purpurascens (9.1%), Idriella bolleyi (6.9%), Fusarium graminearum (5.3%), Fusarium culmorum (4.0%), Cladosporium oxysporum (3.7%), Didymella exitialis (3.1%), Fusarium nivale (2.8%) and Rhizoctonia solani (2.1%). Each species occurred preferentially in one or more plant organs. A factorial analysis of variance showed that plant organ, sampling site, vegetation, period and cultivar in decreasing order of importance influenced the quantitative and qualitative composition of the fungal populations. No relationship between endophytic fungi was found to be constantly antagonistic or mutualistic. Septoria nodorum was isolated mainly from culms. The number of S. nodorum isolates differed significantly between cultivars in culms and glumes but not in flag leaves. The results are discussed in relation to resistance breeding and the effect endophytic fungi, might have on yield.     

Diversity of fungi associated with plants growing in geothermal ecosystems and evaluation of their capacities to enhance thermotolerance of host plants

Diversity and heat-adaptation of endophytic fungi (EF) and rhizospheric fungi associated with plants growing in geothermal ecosystems, Southwest China, as well as their benefit in improving host plant thermotolerances were investigated. A total of 1589 culturable fungi belonging to 38 taxa were isolated, in which Curvularia, Acrophialophora, Penicillium, and Aspergillus were the dominant genera. The Shannon indices of EF and rhizospheric fungi ranged from 1.80 to 2.56 and 0.73 to 2.11, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the EF have a close relationship with rhizospheric fungi. However, some fungi exhibited apparently species-specific habitat distribution patterns. Growth temperature tests indicated that 60.22% of the tested isolates were thermotolerant fungi and only 39.78% were mesophiles, and the number of heat-adapted fungi increased with increasing environmental temperatures. The strain G1-29, which was isolated from the roots of Hedyotis diffusa and identified as Curvularia crepinii, significantly improved host plant thermotolerance under laboratory conditions: the death rate of endophyte-infected plants was significantly lower than that of endophyte-free plants (t-test, p?=?.0158, df?=?4). Our results suggested that the EF and rhizospheric fungi associated with plants growing in geothermal ecosystems are diverse, and many of them have adapted to the high environmental temperatures. Some fungi have come to be the dominant endemic inhabitants of specific niches, and some played an important role in improving host plant thermotolerances.     

火棘不同组织内生细菌群落多样性

为了解火棘不同组织内生细菌群落多样性,该研究采用高通量测序技术对火棘内生细菌16S rRNA V5～V7可变区进行测序,分析火棘不同组织部位内生细菌群落多样性。结果表明:(1)从火棘根、茎、叶组织中共获得内生细菌OTU 1 818个,其中根部754个,茎部 308 个,叶部756个,三者共有 OTU 152 个。(2)物种分类显示,不同火棘组织内生细菌具有丰富的群落多样性,火棘根部内生细菌种类隶属于23门53纲137目216科373属557种,其中异样根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)为优势属,其相对丰度分别为 10.57%和 8.00%; 茎部内生细菌种类隶属于21门32纲76目126科204属270种,其中马赛菌属(Massilia)和未知分类的丛毛单胞菌科属(unclassified_f_Comamonadaceae)为优势属,其相对丰度分别为31.10%和12.82%; 叶部内生细菌种类隶属于21门52纲130目210科380属581种,其中土芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为优势属,其相对丰度分别为12.31%和9.84%。(3)PICRUSt功能预测表明,根部内生细菌物种最丰富,参与各种代谢调控的细菌丰度最高。该研究结果为进一步探讨植物内生细菌功能,挖掘新的有益微生物资源提供了参考。     

Antimicrobial potentials of endophytic fungi residing in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus variabilis</Emphasis> and brefeldin A obtained from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporium</Emphasis> sp.

Among 67 endophytic fungi isolated from Quercus variabilis, 53.7% of endophytic fungal fermentation broths displayed growth inhibition on at least one test microorganism, such as pathogenic fungi (Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis) and bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens). Moreover, 19.4% of strains showed a broader antimicrobial spectrum, such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., 20.9% of strains showed strong inhibition (+++) to pathogenic bacteria, while only 7.5% displayed that to test fungi. The most active antifungal strain I(R)9-2, Cladosporium sp. was selected and fermented. From the broth, a secondary metabolite, brefeldin A was obtained. This is the first report on the antimicrobial potentials of endophytic fungi residing in Q. variabilis and isolation of brefeldin A produced by Cladosporium sp.     

Aspergillus and other moulds in the air of Kuwait

A one-year survey was carried out to study the aerial prevalence of Aspergillus species and other moulds in the outdoor and indoor environments of Kuwait. Petri plates containing rose-Bengal medium were exposed for 20 minutes twice a month using a six-stage Andersen air sampler at the pre-determined sites. The exposed plates were incubated at 28 °C ± 1 °C up to 5 days and colonies were enumerated and identified by colonial and microscopic morphology. The data revealed that Aspergillus species were the predominant component (27.7%) of the outdoor aerospora of Kuwait and A. fumigatus alone accounted for 21.3% of the total aspergilli. In contrast, Cladosporium species formed the major component of the indoor aerospora (22.8%), followed by Aspergillus species (20.9%), Penicillium species (14.6%), and Bipolaris species (10.6%). A comparison of the fungi recorded in the outdoor and in the indoor air revealed that Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium were significantly higher in the outdoor environment, whereas Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Bipolaris were significantly higher in the indoor environment. The relative prevalence of Aspergillus species and other moulds in the outdoor and indoor air of Kuwait was as follows: A. fumigatus 5.9 and 9.8%, A. flavus 4.9 and 3.9%, other aspergilli 16.8 and 7.0%, Alternaria species 19.8 and 7.9%, Cladosporium species 13.7 and 22.8%, Penicillium species 7.6 and 14.6%, and other moulds 31.2 and 34.1%, respectively. During the study, 25 different genera were identified, indicating a wide diversity in the spectrum of local fungal aerospora. The study provides useful information on the prevalence of allergenic fungi in the outdoor and indoor environments of Kuwait. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.