不同波长脉冲LED光源的频率和占空比对植物光合速率和光碳能力的影响（英文）

本文分析了脉冲发光二极管(LED)光源的研究进展,制作了不同波长的脉冲LED光源面板;测量了灯面板下方25 cm处光合光子通量密度(PPFD)随光源波长、频率和占空比的变化;在固定光源工作周期条件下,研究了光合速率随频率的变化,发现在不同波长下,植物光合速率具有最佳频率;在固定光源频率条件下,研究了光合速率随占空比的变化,发现在不同的占空比下,植物的光合速率有其最佳的占空周期;由于在固定频率或固定占空比条件下,其PPFD不能随着占空比和频率的变化而保持恒定,因此提出了光碳能力的概念(光碳能力=光合速率·PPFD^-1=P_n·PPFD^-1,其中P_n为光合速率,其生物学意义是一个光子能量转换多少二氧化碳分子进行光合作用);在固定光源占空比条件下,研究了光碳能力随频率的变化。每种光源,均有对应优化的频率,对应得到此种光源下最大的光合速率;每种光源,均有对应优化的频率,对应得到此种光源下最大的PPFD;每种光源,均有对应优化的频率,对应得到此种光源下最大的光碳能力。本文通过提出光碳能力来衡量植物光照参数与碳减...     

记新一代微型化高分辨率双光子显微镜的诞生——程和平院士专访

正在生物医学领域,成像技术是最重要的技术手段之一,它让研究者能够观察到组织和细胞内正在发生的过程,为各项研究提供直接而确切的证据.传统的单光子荧光显微镜用单个光子将荧光分子激发到激发态,进而产生可被观测的荧光,而发明于1990年的双光子显微镜则是用两个光子来激发同一个荧光分子.与单光子显微镜相比,它所使用的激光波长更长(单个光子的能量更小),具备更高的组织穿透性和更小的光毒性.此外,双光子的激发能力与能     

吉林东部天然林林下光质分布特征

天然林林下光质对乔木幼苗以及灌草的组成与更新具有重要的生态学意义。但目前对于林下光质的研究仍然有限。以吉林东部地区天然林为例，通过调查乔木数据和林下光质数据，基于移动窗口法分析不同空间尺度森林冠层结构与林下光质的关系。结果表明：不同林型下红光光子通量密度(R)与蓝光光子通量密度(B)存在差异。其中沙松-千金榆-花楷槭混交林林下蓝光光子通量密度最小，而沙松-紫椴-臭冷杉混交林和长白落叶松纯林林下最大。随着尺度的增大，天然林乔木胸高断面积与R/PFD(红光/光子通量密度比值)和B/PFD(蓝光/光子通量密度比值)的比值呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。并且随着尺度的增加，相关系数总体逐渐增大，在35m处达到峰值。在此基础上在南向、东向和西向各延伸10m时呈现显著正相关(P<0.05)。在该尺度下分析优势树种对林下R/PFD和B/PFD比值的影响时发现：R/PFD与B/PFD比值随着针叶林胸高断面积的增加而增加。相对于阔叶林来说，多数林型针叶林下的冠层结构与林下R/PFD和B/PFD比值之间显著正相关(P<0.05)。在不同树种下，乔木冠层结构对R/PFD和B/PFD比值的影响...     

基于壳聚糖的搭载光源可溶性微针的制备与评价

光动力疗法与给药微针(microneedle, MN)相结合为治疗肿瘤提供了一种安全有效的途径。本文设计了一种基于壳聚糖搭载高能光子的可控缓释型载药微针贴片(LED-losartan-HEMA/ CS-MN, LLH-CSMN),重点研究了其制备工艺,并且以氯沙坦为模型药物对微针阵列的形貌尺寸进行了表征,探究了LLH-CSMN的力学性能、皮肤穿刺性能、缓释性能以及高能光子在长时间工作下的光热性能。结果表明,基于壳聚糖搭载高能光子的微针贴片能够有效地在皮肤表面打开通道进行药物递送,并进行光动力治疗。同时,体外透皮扩散试验表明,以氯沙坦为模型药物制备的微针在1 h内释放了约30%的药物,在1 d内总共释放了约60%的药物,随后进行缓慢释放,在6 d后最终释放了93%的药物,LLH-CSMN具有可控缓释特性以及良好的长效光辅助治疗效果,为肿瘤治疗提供了一个新的安全有效途径。     

急性心肌缺血早期心室舒张功能的损害

用长度计和多导仪记录狗左心室胸面近心外膜层心肌的长度,长度变化速率(dL/dt),压力-长度环和心肌作功量等项指标,从心肌运动功能的角度探讨急性心肌缺血早期心室内压最大下降速率(-dP/dt-max)降低的机理。实验结果表明:(1)阻断冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)后5s 左右,-dP/dt-max 降到最低值时,LVEDP 和心肌舒张末期长度相应增加,此时非缺血区心肌(n=8)收缩增强,作功量增加,长度曲线、dL/dt 曲线和压力-长度环的时相关系正常;而缺血区心肌(n=16)收缩功能减弱,并出现射血晚期和舒张早期的反向异常运动(由缩短转为延长),故长度曲线反向膨出,压力-长度环由正常的逆钟向环变为“8”字形顺钟向环,心肌作功降低并转为负功;(2)阻断 LAD 后,在-dP/dt-max 降低并达到最低值时,-dP/dt-max 瞬间的心肌缩短速率(dL/dt)也逐渐降低并转为负值(-dL/dt),此时长度曲线和压力-长度环尚无可见的变化。随后,-dL/dt 增大,并且在时间上不再对应而是逐渐趋前于-dP/dt-max 瞬间。说明缺血心肌的反常运动首先发生在等容舒张相对应-dP/dt-max的瞬间,随后才扩展到射血晚期,这一现象可以为缺血早期心室舒张功能损伤、-dP/dt-max下降作出合理解释。     

强脉冲光光子美容技术的回顾与进展

强脉冲光(intense pulsed light,WL)是一种高强度的,多光谱的,非相干的光源,它的波长范围在500nm～1200nm,这些特性使强脉冲光在以皮肤组织对不同波长的光具有选择性吸收并产生光热解效应的原理为基础的无损伤性皮肤美容治疗中具有较广泛的应用。同时,与传统的治疗皮肤光损伤与光老化的方法比较,强脉冲光光子美容技术具有治疗效果好以及病人恢复时问较快等优点。文中回顾了强光光子嫩肤技术的产生及近年来的研究进展,说明强脉冲光光子美容技术是一种新颖的、有效的、非损伤性的治疗皮肤光损伤、光老化的方法,具有良好的美容医疗应用前景。     

黄土高原北部典型灌丛枝条生物量估算模型

于2015年8月末在陕西神木县六道沟小流域采集200个柠条和210个沙柳枝条,测定枝条的基径(D)、长度(H)、含水量(W₀)、鲜质量(W_F)和干质量(W),选用指数函数和异速生长方程建立了4种由枝条形态指标估算枝条生物量的简易模型,并对模型的拟合效果进行验证. 结果表明: 对于柠条和沙柳灌丛,基于D、H二者组合变量(D²H)的异速生长方程是估算枝条生物量的最优模型,该模型经线性转化后可以消除生物量数据的异方差性,且拟合效果最优,决定系数(R²)最大,平均误差(ME)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、总相对误差(TRE)、平均系统误差(MSE)和平均绝对百分误差(MPSE)整体上最小,基本满足生态学研究的精度要求.     

激光针灸理论与光剂量选择

激光针灸和传统针灸由于物理过程的差异其治疗机理不同。应用生物能量模型定量讨论激光热作用效应,利用几何光学模型解释光作用力的产生及其作用。根据光子中医理论和物理学基本原理,从理论角度探讨激光针灸作机理,并分析影响激光针灸作用的基本因素和最佳治疗光剂量。     

新型强脉冲光治疗雀斑临床疗效观察

目的:观察新型强脉冲光治疗雀斑的疗效。方法:采用飞顿辉煌激光360嫩肤系统(以色列飞顿公司),波长570～950nm,光斑面积10mm×30mm,脉宽10、12、15ms,能量14～19J/cm~2。治疗40例雀斑患者,每三周一次,共治疗5次,末次治疗后评价患者雀斑的疗效。结查:40例患者经过治疗后,18例(45%)基本完全消退,14例(35%)明显消退,8例(20%)好转,总有效率为100%。所有患者面部治疗区域皮肤质地较以前更光滑、细腻,无严重不良反应出现。结论:采用新型强脉冲光治疗雀斑疗效显著、安全,副作用少。     

光动力学诊断肿瘤中光敏剂光漂白特性的研究

实验研究了三种光敏剂:血卟啉衍生物(HpD)、癌光啉(PsD-007)和血啉甲醚(HMME),在光敏剂浓度C分别为2μg/mL、3μg/mL、5μg/mL,激发光波长λ为488 nm和514.5 nm,光功率P为10 mW、15 mW、20 mW等不同条件下照射,光敏剂的光漂白特性。结果表明光敏剂的光漂白时间除了与光敏剂自身类型有关,还与其浓度、入射光源的功率及波长有关。HMME在488 nm、激光功率15 mW,浓度为2μg/mL、3μg/mL、5μg/mL时光漂白时间分别为210 s、240 s、325 s。     

腐食酪螨成螨形态观察

利用光学显微镜观察腐食酪螨成螨外部形态特征。通过观察发现,腐食酪螨雄性成螨体长约300～440μm,表皮光滑,附肢4对呈淡棕色,各足均着生有刚毛和感器;胛内毛（sci）较胛外毛（sce）长;基节上毛（ps）膨大且有刺状侧突;背毛（d）4对,d1最短,d4最长;腹面可见圆形的肛吸盘和前肛毛（pra）各1对。雌螨体型较雄螨大,长约486～492μm,生殖区位于腹面第Ⅲ、Ⅳ基节之间,生殖毛3对;肛门达躯体末端,周围着生有肛毛（a）5对,肛后毛（pa）3对。通过对腐食酪螨成螨外部形态结构的观察为其科学分类提供了实验依据。     

Photoinactivation and photoprotection of photosystem II in nature

Photosystem II plays a central role not only in energy transduction, but also in monitoring the molecular redox mechanisms involved in signal transduction for acclimation to environmental stresses. Central to the regulation of photosystem II (PSII) function as a light-driven molecular machine in higher plant leaves, is an inevitable photo-inactivation of one PSII after 10⁶–10⁷ photons have been delivered to the leaf, although the act of photoinactivation per se requires only one photon. PSII function in acclimated pea leaves shows a reciprocity between irradiance and the time of illumination, demonstrating that the photoinactivation of PSII is a light dosage effect, depending on the number of photons absorbed rather than the rate of photon absorption. Hence, PSII photoinactivation will occur at low as well as high irradiance. There is a heterogeneity of PSII functional stability, possibly with less stable PSII monomers being located in grana margins and more stable PSII dimers in appressed granal domains. Matching the inevitable photoinactivation of PSII, green plants have an intrinsic capacity for D1 protein synthesis to restore PSII function which is saturated at very low light. Photoinhibition of PSII in vivo is often a photoprotective strategy rather than a damaging process.     

高温胁迫下不同光强对‘赤霞珠’葡萄PSII活性及恢复的影响

本文研究了高温与不同光强结合处理对‘赤霞珠’葡萄叶片PSII活性及恢复的影响。结果表明,高温黑暗处理（40℃,0μmaol·m-2．s-1）导致叶片PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、反应中心吸收的光能用于电子传递的量子产额（ψEo）与单位反应中心光能的传递（ETo/RC）降低明显,且无恢复趋势,K点相对荧光（Vk）、单位反应中心光能的吸收（ABS／RC）与捕获（TRo／RC）显著升高。高温弱光处理（40℃,200μmol·m-2．s-1）后的叶片PSII活性明显恢复,ETo／RC降低明显,TRo/RC无显著变化。高温强光（40℃,1600μmol·m-2．S-1）处理导致单位面积有活性反应中心数量（RC/CSm）抑制程度最大,恢复程度较低。实验结果说明,高温处理下黑暗对葡萄PSII功能活性及恢复均会造成抑制,而弱光可以显著缓解高温对葡萄叶片的胁迫作用,并促进PSII的恢复,强光导致胁迫下的PSII功能抑制最明显。     

A new method to measure and calculate light intensity and light quality simultaneously by using portable spectrometer

The influence of light intensity and light quality on plants is highly concerned in the field of plant physiology and ecology. However, the calibrated quantum meter for measurement of light intensity cannot measure light quality, and vice versa. Here we developed an empirical formula to convert light energy to photon flux density, based on the measurement conditions of spectrometer. Under the guide of the formula, a portable spectrometer (AvaSpec-ULS2048×64) was calibrated by using four narrowband light emitting diode (LEDs) in combination with a calibrated quantum meter (LI-190SB). After calibration of the spectrometer, we can calculate photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD or PAR) and measure spectrum of radiation flux simultaneously. Under natural light conditions, the errors between measured and calculated PPFDs are in the range from -2% to 5%, indicating the reliability of the method. With this new approach, the application of portable spectrometer can be greatly broadened: 1) the light intensity and quality of light source and plant growth light environment can be obtained simultaneously, 2) PPFD can be obtained within any specified wavelength range, and 3) there is no need to use standard light source to obtain the absolute light/radiation flux of a spectrum measured by spectrometer. In conclusion, this method has potential applications for the study of plant physiology and ecology.     

用便携式光谱仪同步测定和计算光强和光质的新方法

外界光强和光质对植物的影响在植物生理生态研究领域中一直受到高度关注。而测定光强的光量子计不能测定光质; 测定光质的光谱仪不能直接测定光强, 两者均不能同步测定光强和光质。该文作者建立了一个基于光谱仪测定条件的能量与光量子的经验转换公式, 用4只不同波长的窄带发光二极管(LED)光源结合光量子计(LI-190SB)对便携式光谱仪(AvaSpec-ULS2048×64)所获得的光谱进行了快速标定, 实现了用便携式光谱仪同步直接测定光量子通量密度和光质的目的。在自然光照条件下, 采用转换公式计算出光量子通量密度(PPFD)与实测的PPFD之间误差在-2%-5%范围内, 证实了这种方法的可靠性。通过这个新方法, 可以极大地拓宽便携式光谱仪的适用范围: 1)实验室内或野外只需用便携式光谱仪即可对光源及植物生长的光强和光质环境进行同步精确测定和计算; 2)可以计算光谱仪测定范围内任意波长区段的光量子通量密度; 3)无需采用标准光源即可获得绝对辐射(光)通量值。因此, 这项技术在植物生理生态研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

叶片发育影响紫罗勒花青素的强光诱导和激发能分配

通过气体交换、叶绿素荧光、反射光谱和显微技术等研究了叶片发育与花青素强光诱导的关系及其对激发能分配的影响。结果表明,遮荫导致紫罗勒叶片变薄,花青素含量显著降低。当弱光下生长的植株转入强光后,转光前发育成熟的叶片花青素含量很低,而此后强光下发育成熟的叶片花青素含量高。转强光后,弱光下发育成熟的叶片光合速率低、光抑制严重,且天线耗散增强;强光下发育成熟的叶片净光合速率高,光抑制程度轻,天线耗散低。因此,我们认为叶片发育影响紫罗勒花青素合成的强光诱导,而转强光后花青素的诱导差异进一步改变了光合作用过程中的激发能分配。     

不同光质对小球藻光自养培养积累油脂的影响

研究了5种光质对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)M209256生长和产油的影响。结果表明:蓝光为小球藻的最适生长和产油光质;与其他光质相比,蓝光培养的小球藻生物量和油脂含量均较高,为2.40×107个/mL和28%;红光培养的小球藻生长最慢且油脂含量最低,为1.32×107个/mL和15.13%,表现出明显的"红降"现象。在GCMS分析的基础上,对油脂甲酯化后的十六烷值进行评估,结果发现:蓝光的十六烷值最高;5种光质培养的小球藻所产油脂,甲酯十六烷值均在47以上。因此,小球藻油脂所制备的生物柴油具有较好的燃烧性能。     

Internode length in Pisum. Comparison of genotypes in the light and dark

There is a strong relationship across the full range of gibberellin deficient, internode length genotypes ( le, lh, is, na ) between internode length in the dark and in red or white light. Further, the new, more severe allele at the le locus. Ie ^d, is shown to influence growth in the dark as well as in the light. These results suggest that darkeness does not specifically overcome any of the steps blocked by the gibberellin (GA) synthesis genes contrasting with the conclusions drawn by other workers. Supporting this conclusion in relation to the Ie gene are results which show that, at least at certain dosage rates, dark-grown Ie na plants respond better to GA₁ than to GA₂₀ similar to the response previously reported in light grown plants.
The greater response by plants of the nana line NGB1766 ( na ) to GA₁ in the dark than in the light suggests that light may influence internode length by altering GA-sensitivity. These results are discussed in relation to previous views on the control of stem elongation by light.     

EFFECTS OF PHOTON FLUENCE RATE AND LIGHT SPECTRUM COMPOSITION ON GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PIGMENT RELATIONS IN GRACILARIA SP.1

The optimal photon fluence rate for growth of tha llus tips of Gracilaria sp. was low (about 100 μE·^–2·¹); higher photon fluence rates inhibited growth. Both phycoerythrin (PE) and chlorophyll (chl) contents decreased with increasing photon fluence rates (up to 100 μE·–m^–2s^–1) in a fashion inverse to the growth response. Chl/PE ratios varied directly as the growth response over a larger photon fluence rate range. The peak chl/PE ratios were obtained at a photon fluence rate optimal for growth, suggesting that this parameter may be used to estimate in situ growth rates. A low compensation point (about 7 μE·^–2s^–1) was observed for low light (15 μE·^–2s^–1) grown plants. This compensation point was also obtained for growth in the long–term (5–6 weeks) experiments. Plants grown at 60 and 140 μE·^–2s^–1 showed higher light compensation and saturation points, suggesting that the variations in pigment composition found between the different treatments determine the photosynthetic responses at sub–optimal photon fluence rates. Photosynthetic rates at light saturation were the same, on a biomass basis, for plants grown at the various photon fluence rates. Thus, the photosynthetic dark reactions were not influenced by previous light regimes. It is suggested that maximal photosynthetic rates expressed on a biomass basis better reflect the potential productivity at tight saturation than if expressed on a pigment basis. Gracilaria sp. grew better under non–filtered fluorescent and greenish than under reddish and blue–enriched light of equal and sub–optimal photon, fluence rate. However, the pigment relations of the algae did not change in a direction complementary to the light composition at which they grew. This, together with the relatively higher photosynthetic rates under reddish and blueish light for plants previously grown under reddish and blueish light, suggests that adaptations to variouslight spectra are based on mechanisms different from complementary chromatic adaptation of the pigments.