CN101629087 用松香生产及其深加工残渣制备生物质燃料油的方法

本发明提供了一种用松香生产及其深加工残渣制备生物质燃料油的方法,松香生产及其深加工利用过程中形成的固体残渣,其中虽然仍然含有少量松香树脂酸但含量很低,主要含有氧化松香树脂酸、聚合树脂酸、树脂酸酯、难于皂化甚至不能皂化的中性物质等,在活性白土、硅藻土、高岭土、分子筛等催化剂作用下进行催化裂解反应,从而制备得到生物质燃料油。     

湿地松无性系松脂组分分析及评价

为从湿地松种子园现有的速生材用无性系中选择产脂力强、松脂品质高的优良无性系,并高效利用湿地松良种资源。该研究以湿地松第一代种子园内36个无性系为材料,测定其树脂质量流速以及胸径生长量,进一步采用GC-MS分析其松脂组分,并基于上述指标利用相关性分析、聚类分析对参试的36个无性系进行综合评价。结果表明：(1)共鉴别出了21种松脂成分,包括8种单萜成分和13种二萜成分。(2)相关性分析显示,树脂质量流速(RMR)与单萜含量显著正相关,与枞酸型树脂酸呈弱的负相关,与海松酸型树脂酸无明显关联。(3)从松节油含量、树脂质量流速、枞酸型树脂酸、海松酸型树脂酸4个维度对参试无性系进行聚类分析,可将36个无性系分为三大类,并且各类型间差异显著,第1类的表现要远好于其他两类。(4)在产脂力高的基础上,6-44、4-11-1、1-38、3-64四个无性系单萜含量高,4-11-1、3-64、2-0420、3-468四个无性系海松酸型树脂酸含量高,而无性系2-173枞酸型树脂酸含量较高。该研究定性分析了湿地松的松脂组分,定量评估了36个无性系的产脂力与组分含量,为湿地松脂用无性系的选择奠定了基础。     

去氢枞酸结构修饰与生物活性研究的新进展

去氢枞酸是一种天然三环二萜树脂酸,具有抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等多种生物活性。为了寻找潜在的生物活性化合物,对其骨架结构修饰开展了大量的研究工作,本文对去氢枞酸近年来结构修饰及生物活性的研究进行总结,旨在为去氢枞酸的深入研究提供参考。     

基于UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS技术的司卡摩尼亚脂化学成分分析

采用UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS技术建立司卡摩尼亚脂中化学成分的快速分析方法。采用Full MS/dd-MS扫描模式采集质谱数据,根据获得的精确分子量、二级碎片信息,归纳总结裂解途径,结合文献报道和Compound Discover数据库预测,从司卡摩尼亚脂甲醇提取物中共鉴定出92个化合物,包括72个醚溶性树脂糖苷和树脂酸类成分、12个羟基肉桂酰基奎宁酸类和8个醚不溶性树脂酸类。其中,8个醚不溶性树脂酸类(化合物10、12、13、16、17、18、19、20)和2个三聚体奎宁酸类(化合物14、15)为本药材中首次发现的化合物。研究结果为今后司卡摩尼亚脂药材及其产品质量标准的建立提供科学依据。     

白皮松松脂的化学特征及其分类学意义

通过研究白皮松松脂的化学特征,得出它含有25个主要组分,其中单萜类化合物含量很高,占 46．4％,尤其β-蒎烯的含量高达24．8％。同时,与单维管束和双维管束松亚属16种松树松脂比较分析, 发现白皮松松脂在异海松酸、长叶松酸／左旋海松酸、糖松酸和枞酸等树脂酸含量与单维管束松树不同,而与双维管束松树相似。这一结果为建立白皮松亚属提供一个重要依据。     

檵木化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱、ODS和凝胶柱色谱进行分离纯化,通过理化方法和波谱分析进行结构鉴定。从檵木(Loro-petalum chinense(R.Br.)oliver)茎叶中分离并鉴定了六个化合物:植物醇(1)、glycerol 1-(14-methlpentadecano-ate)(2)、methyl-(7R,8R)-4-hydroxy-8′,9′-dinor-4′,7-epoxy-8,3′-neolignan-7′-ate(3)、trans-p-coumaric acid ethylester(4)、落叶松树脂酸(laricinolic acid)(5)、tiliroside(6)。除化合物1外,其余化合物均为首次从檵木中分离得到,化合物2、3首次从该属中分离得到。     

松木屑袋栽香菇技术

松木屑是松木加工的副产品 ,来源广泛且数量多 ,但因含有抑制菌丝正常生长的烯萜类物质 ,长期以来未被开发利用 ,随意废弃 ,不但造成了生物资源的浪费 ,而且污染了环境。其实只要采取措施 ,消除或降低有害的烯萜类物质 ,增添一些必需的有用物质 ,松木屑是可以用来栽培香菇的 ,而且生物学效率也能达到 6 0 %～80 %。1　松木屑 (主要是马尾松 )的化学组成1营养成份中纤维素占 5 5 .30 % ,木质素 2 7.2 0 % ,多聚戍糖 10 .13% ,酸溶性物质 2 .6 0 % ,水溶性物质4 .0 2 % ,单宁酸 0 .35 % ;2有害成分烯萜类占 0 .4 % ;3其他还有少量树脂酸。2　…     

侧柏树干的超临界CO_2萃取物组分分析及双条杉天牛的EAG反应

利用超临界CO2萃取法和索氏提取法分别提取侧柏Platycladus orientalis(L.)的韧皮部和木质部挥发物,经GC/MS分析其成分,结果表明:超临界CO2萃取物中检测到的21种组分中以倍半萜烯及其氧化物为主,没有检测到单萜类物质;索氏提取法检测到23种组分,韧皮部中检测到的组分以高沸点的树脂酸和二萜等为主,单萜烯和倍半萜及其氧化物含量较低;木质部中以倍半萜烯及其氧化物为主。将不同提取样品进行双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky)的触角电位反应,结果表明:2种方法的萃取物均能引起天牛的EAG反应,但以超临界萃取物引起的EAG反应较强,且与索氏提取物的反应值差异显著。罗汉柏烯和雪松醇可能是侧柏植物中引诱双条杉天牛的重要活性组分。     

“一元多生态位”原理及其在棉花高产栽培中的应用

“一元多生态位”群体是指由同一个物种(品种)构成,生态元具有不同时间生态位、空间生态位、营养生态位、温度生态位或者水分生态位等．其特征为,群体培育具有目标性,种群组成具有一元性,冠层结构具有多层性,群体形成过程具有人工调控性,群体建立过程具有简单性,所形成的群体各生态元具有特定的生态位宽度、生态位重叠与生态位分离．从产量构成来看。作物“一元多生态位”群体具有群体生产能力的高效性和单株生产能力的差异性特征。     

木通科4属植物导管穿孔板的比较研究

运用扫描电子显微镜法(SEM)对木通科(Lardizabalaceae)4属植物茎的次生木质部导管分子进行观察,结果表明:(1)端壁均具有单穿孔板;(2)串果藤属的导管分子具有丰富的穿孔板类型,包括网状、梯状、单穿孔及过渡类型,穿孔具有网状、丝状、片状的纹孔膜残余;大血藤属和八月瓜属的导管分子具有相似的特征,端壁具有梯状、单穿孔及梯—单混合穿孔板;野木瓜属只具有单穿孔板;(3)侧壁上具有穿孔板,多为梯状或梯—网混合类型(除了野木瓜属);(4)野木瓜属的导管侧壁具有独特的螺旋状加厚。各属导管的不同特征为木通科的系统演化提供比较可靠的依据。     

Cytochrome P450 pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism

Cytochrome P450s metabolize arachidonic acid to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. These eicosanoids are formed in a tissue and cell-specific manner and have numerous biological functions. Of major interest are the opposing actions of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids within the vasculature. Regio- and stereoisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids have potent vasodilatory properties while 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a potent vasoconstrictor. Both effects are mediated through actions on large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids are also important in the regulation of ion transport, and have recently been shown to influence a number of fundamental biological processes including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and hemostasis. The formation of these functionally relevant eicosanoids is tightly controlled by the expression and activity of the cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and hydroxylases. In addition, soluble epoxide hydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, and the activity of this enzyme is a critical determinant of tissue epoxyeicosatrienoic and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid levels. The intracellular balance between epoxyeicosatrienoic, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids influences the biological response to these eicosanoids and alterations in their levels have recently been associated with certain pathological conditions. The involvement of the cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids in a wide array of biological functions and the observation that levels are altered in pathological conditions suggest that the enzymes involved in the formation and degradation of these fatty acids may be novel therapeutic targets.     

DNA mimics based on pyrrolidine and hydroxyproline

In recent years, a great number of analogues and mimics of nucleic acids have been developed with the aim of improving the physicochemical and biological properties of native oligonucleotides, in particular, to increase their affinity for nucleic acids, selectivity of action, and biological stability. This review summarizes the data on the synthesis and properties of DNA mimics, the analogues of peptide nucleic acids, which are the derivatives of pyrrolidine and hydroxyproline. Some physicochemical and biological properties of negatively charged mimics of this type are considered, which contain phosphonate residues in the back-bone and exhibit a high affinity for DNA and RNA, the selectivity of binding to nucleic acids, and stability in various biological systems. Examples of using these mimics as tools in molecular biology studies, in particular, functional genomics, are given. The prospects for their application in diagnosis and medicine are discussed.     

D-Aspartate--an important bioactive substance in mammals: a review from an analytical and biological point of view

It was long believed that D-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratorial artifacts and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by l-amino acids. However, recent investigations have shown that a variety of D-amino acids are present in mammals and that they play important roles in physiological functions in the body. Among the free d-amino acids that have been identified in mammals, D-aspartate (D-Asp) has been shown to play a crucial role in the neuroendocrine and endocrine systems as well as in the central nervous system. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of free D-Asp, focusing on the analytical methods in real biological matrices, expression and localization in tissues and cells, biological and physiological activities, biosynthesis, degradation, cellular transport, and possible relevance to disease. In addition to frequently used techniques for the enantiomeric determination of amino acids, including high-performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic methods, the recent development of analytical methods is also described.     

D-Amino Acids in Living Higher Organisms

The homochirality of biological amino acids (L-amino acids) andof the RNA/DNA backbone (D-ribose) might have become establishedbefore the origin of life. It has been considered that D-aminoacids and L-sugars were eliminated on the primitive Earth.Therefore, the presence and function of D-amino acids in livingorganisms have not been studied except for D-amino acids in thecell walls of microorganisms. However, D-amino acids wererecently found in various living higher organisms in the form offree amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Free D-aspartate andD-serine are present and may have important physiologicalfunctions in mammals. D-amino acids in peptides are well knownas opioid peptides and neuropeptides. In protein, D-aspartateresidues increase during aging. This review deals with recentadvances in the study of D-amino acids in higher organisms.     

Assemblies of free amino acids as possible prebiotic catalysts

Our understanding of how life emerged on Earth has much to do with speculations about the ways in which prebiotic catalysts could have been formed. Since enzymes, the contemporary biological catalysts, are polymers of amino acids, we looked at the possible activity of free amino acids as catalysts. In this study it is shown experimentally that mixtures of free amino acids exert catalytic activities of -galactosidase, carbonic anhydrase, and catalase. We also observed different levels of catalytic activty of individual amino acids: some were more efficient than others. Apparently, assemblies of amino acids which were formed around substrate molecules through weak interactions, could, in principle, catalyze many prebiotic reactions. This might have been one step in the emergence of biological enzymes.     

Gas chromatography of bile acids

Bile acids, the end products of cholesterol metabolism in the liver, are of vital importance in the tissue distribution of cholesterol. Abnormalities in cholesterol biosynthesis or metabolism are often reflected in the proportions, concentrations and conjugation of bile acids in various tissues and determination of bile acids in these tissues is important in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases. Several methods for quantitative determination of bile acids in biological fluids are known and have been reviewed. In this review, we have discussed the gas-chromatographic method for determination of bile acids with special reference to bile acid quantitation in plasma, bile, urine and stool.     

Nucleic acids in circulation: Are they harmful to the host?

It has been estimated that 10(11) -10(12) cells, primarily of haematogenous origin, die in the adult human body daily, and a similar number is regenerated to maintain homeostasis. Despite the presence of an efficient scavenging system for dead cells, considerable amounts of fragmented genetic material enter the circulation in healthy individuals. Elevated blood levels of extracellular nucleic acids have been reported in various disease conditions; such as ageing and age-related degenerative disorders, cancer; acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, severe trauma and autoimmune disorders. In addition to genomic DNA and nucleosomes, mitochondrial DNA is also found in circulation, as are RNA and microRNA. There is extensive literature that suggests that extraneously added nucleic acids have biological actions. They can enter into cells in vitro and in vivo and induce genetic transformation and cellular and chromosomal damage; and experimentally added nucleic acids are capable of activating both innate and adaptive immune systems and inducing a sterile inflammatory response. The possibility as to whether circulating nucleic acids may, likewise, have biological activities has not been explored. In this review we raise the question as to whether circulating nucleic acids may have damaging effects on the host and be implicated in ageing and diverse acute and chronic human pathologies.     

Fukinolic acid and cimicifugic acids: a review

During the last decades, the research on the biological activities of extracts from Cimicifuga/Actaea species and Petasites japonicus as well as their active ingredients has been intensified. Besides terpenoids as dominant natural product group, hydroxycinnamic acid esters such as fukinolic acid and several cimicifugic acids have been isolated from Actaea and Petasites species and their chemical structures have been elucidated. Investigations on the biological properties of these hydroxycinnamic acid esters are currently undertaken and some compounds might be promising therapeutic tools. In this review, we have gathered information on the genera Actaea and Petasites, the occurrence of cimicifugic and fukinolic acids and some aspects of their biosynthesis. Furthermore, we have summarized the medicinal aspects of fukinolic acid and cimicifugic acids. In connection with the biological activities of these compounds, structural features of the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives move into the focus. The position of the hydroxyl group at the aromatic rings and the introduction of an electron-donating moiety may be important for anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cytotoxic and vasoactive effects of these compounds.

     

The content of fatty acids in leukemic lymphocytes in vitro in cattle

In leukemic lymphocytes in vitro obtained from cattle the fatty acids content has been determined employing the method of gas chromatography of methyl esters. Significant increase of linolic acid (C18 = 2) and of linolenic acid (C18 = 3) in leukemic lymphocytes have been noted, while reduced amounts of eicanoic acid (C20) and arachidonic acid (C20 = 4) have been observed. Fatty acids contribution in destabilization of biological membranes of leukemic cells has been discussed. It is very likely that the destabilization of biological membranes promotes the "induction" of various cancero- and cocancerogenetic changes, as well as enables the penetration of leukemovirus into the cell.     

纳米颗粒与生物大分子的相互作用及其生物毒性机制

纳米颗粒已得到广泛的应用,同时其潜在的毒性及生物学效应也引起了广泛的关注。许多文献证实纳米颗粒对生物体具有毒性作用,但在分子水平上对其毒性机制的研究较少。本文对近年来纳米颗粒与生物大分子相互作用的最新研究进行了综述,包括纳米颗粒与蛋白质、脂类、核酸等生物分子间的相互作用。