水杨酸和阿斯匹林对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发的作用(简报)

盐胁迫下外源水杨酸和阿斯匹林能够相对提高萌发的小麦胚乳内α－淀粉酶、蛋白酶的活性以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量,提高小麦发芽的数量、速度和质量;在１．２％ＮａＣｌ胁迫条件下,水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦种子萌发的最适作用浓度分别为０．１０ ｇ·Ｌ－１和０．２０ ｇ·Ｌ－１。     

花生叶片衰老过程中氮素代谢指标变化

以鲁花11和辐8707两个花生（Arachis hypogea L.)品种为材料,对大田条件下花生叶片衰老过程中N素代谢指标变化进行了研究,结果表明,花生叶叶片展开至衰老过程中,蛋白酶活性逐渐升高,叶中N含量逐渐降低;硝酸还原酶（NR）活性、叶绿素、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量呈抛物线型变化,最先开始降低的是NR活性,其次是叶绿素含量,最后是游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量。     

外源一氧化氮、水杨酸和过氧化氢对烟草叶片游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量的影响

测定了NO、SA和H2O2三种信号分子对烟草氮代谢产物游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明：NO、SA和H2O2能调节烟草脯氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量。低浓度的NO和H2O2处理后12h能提高脯氨酸含量,而较高浓度的NO、SA和H2O2处理降低烟草脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量;三者对脯氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响具有相似性。     

水分胁迫对山黧豆萌发过程中β—ODAP和氨基酸的影响

山黧豆（Lathyrus sativus)种子在萌发过程中,根芽中β-N-草酰基-L-2,3-二氨基丙酸（β-ODAP）6d前逐渐增加,尔后不断下降;在水分胁迫条件下,β-ODAP和游离氨基酸含量随水分胁迫的增加而上升,子叶中β-ODAP在3d前高于根芽,然后下降并低于根芽,子叶中β-ODAP含量随着胁迫的增加而降低。     

混合盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦的种子萌发和幼苗逆境生理特征

为了解裸燕麦新品种‘定莜6号’对混合盐碱胁迫的生理响应,根据种植区土壤盐分的组成,采用砂培法研究了不同浓度混合盐碱处理对种子萌发和幼苗逆境生理特征的影响。结果表明,随着处理浓度增大,裸燕麦种子萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数及幼苗含水量和生物量明显下降,叶片超氧阴离子、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量及质膜相对透性显著增大;Na~+含量增加,K~+含量和K~+/Na~+降低,质膜H~+-ATP酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量先升后降,超氧化物歧化酶活性及谷胱甘肽、有机酸和脯氨酸含量升高,过氧化氢酶活性和抗坏血酸含量降低,游离氨基酸含量先降后升,可溶性糖含量呈升—降—升趋势变化。表明盐碱胁迫下活性氧代谢失调和Na~+、K~+平衡破坏是裸燕麦生长受抑的重要原因,有机酸和脯氨酸可能是裸燕麦适应盐碱的主要渗透调节物质。     

盐胁迫对大米草幼苗某些生理指标的影响

研究了大米草幼苗在不同培养盐度(0、20、30、50、100mmol/LNaCl)下,MDA、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量以及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性等生理指标的变化情况。结果表明:保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在盐胁迫40d前逐渐上升且达显著差异。随着胁迫时间延长,MDA含量与CK相比逐渐降低。随着盐分胁迫浓度的增加及盐胁迫时间延长,大米草叶片中游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。在盐胁迫下,渗透调节物质的积累作用是大米草对盐胁迫的主要响应过程,其体内的抗氧化保护酶在此过程中也发挥了重要的作用。     

萌发绿豆子叶衰老期间蛋白质代谢的变化

萌发绿豆子叶自然衰老过程中可溶性蛋白质含量一直下降;从衰老开始到衰老前期,总游离氨基酸含量明显上升;但游离氨基酸各组分在子叶衰老期间的变化趋势并不相同。~3H-亮氨酸掺入蛋白质试验和多聚核糖体的相对量及其与总核糖体的比值(P/T)测定都证明在子叶衰老前期有蛋白质的新合成。子叶衰老期间。氨肽酶活性明显降低;而以酪蛋白为底物的蛋白水解酶活性却急剧上升,承担着催化蛋白质降解的主要功能。     

低温胁迫对不同物候期细叶杜香的生理影响

对4℃低温胁迫下,不同物候期细叶杜香(Ledum palustre L.subsp.decumdens)的可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量和水分含量进行了研究。结果表明,不同物候期的细叶杜香对低温胁迫的适应机制不相同。萌发期细叶杜香抗逆性强,可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量在低温胁迫过程中上升且维持在一个较高的水平;生殖期和营养期细叶杜香抗逆性较弱,三者含量在低温胁迫过程中先下降,低温适应机制形成后逐渐升高。三个物候期的细叶杜香含水量维持在恒定水平,束缚水(Wd)含量升高。     

不同抽薹性不结球白菜抽薹过程中碳氮指标的分析

以抽薹性不同的不结球白菜自交系为材料,研究了抽薹前后6个发育阶段叶片中碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量在花芽分化时不断升高,分化完成后下降,抽薹时又有所升高;还原糖仅在花芽分化中期升高;三个自交系相比,晚抽薹自交系08-1P-89在花芽分化时糖含量最高;可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸变化趋势与可溶性总糖基本一致,但游离氨基酸含量在抽薹时明显下降,整个过程中晚抽薹自交系含量都最高;在花芽分化过程和抽薹期,碳氮比呈升高趋势。     

外源氨基酸胁迫下植物体内游离氨基酸的测定

目的：通过检测外源氨基酸胁迫下植物体内的游离氨基酸含量,探讨氨基酸胁迫下植物生长受抑制的机制。方法：小麦胚接种在加入D-丙氨酸、D-丝氨酸和L-缬氨酸等3种外源氨基酸的培养基中,其发芽和生长会受到强烈抑制。取材胁迫植株和对照植株,提取并用HPLC方法检测游离氨基酸含量,分析主要氨基酸特征的改变。结果：作为处理的胁迫氨基酸在体内有数倍到数十倍的增高,其他氨基酸,尤其是同族及相近族氨基酸的量也出现较大改变,有增加也有减少,有些氨基酸甚至检测不出。结论：在外源氨基酸胁迫下,植物可直接吸收这些氨基酸,胁迫氨基酸在体内的积累。至少影响到了部分氨基酸的合成,使细胞内正常游离态氨基酸的数量增加或减少,这些变化引起代谢失调,进而引起生长抑制。     

濒危植物长叶红砂适应盐胁迫的生理生化机制研究

以濒危盐生植物长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl溶液(0、100、200、300和400mmol/L)处理30d对其生长和生理生化指标的影响,以分析长叶红砂的耐盐生理机制。结果表明:(1)100和200mmol/L NaCl处理时,长叶红砂鲜重和干重均显著增加,但随着盐浓度继续增加,长叶红砂幼苗生长受到抑制,且地上部受到的抑制大于根部,显示长叶红砂适宜生长的NaCl浓度是200mmol/L。(2)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈上升趋势,说明光合速率的下降使利用CO2的能力下降,胞间积累了大量的CO2,且盐处理浓度越高量越大。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂幼苗Na+、Cl-含量增加,可溶性糖、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白等有机渗透调节物质的合成增加。研究认为,长叶红砂是通过调节叶片Na+、Cl-以及有机渗透调节物质含量来提高其耐盐能力。     

Effect of cycocel and furfuryl amino purine on protein metabolism of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) under simulated drought conditions

Water stress drastically decreased relative water content and total soluble protein whereas it increased free amino acids, proline and protease enzyme in P. americanum. Treatments with 6-furfuryl amino purine (0.50 mM) and cycocel (60 mM) maintained the levels of soluble protein contents but the applications of furfuryl amino purine decreased free amino acids and free proline under stress conditions.     

Difference Between Salt(NaCl)and Alkaline(Na2CO3)Stresses on Puccinellia tenuiflora(Griseb. )Scribn. et Merr. Plants

Eight-week-old plants of Puccinellia tenuiflora (Griseb.) Scribn. et Merr. growing in pots filled with vermiculite were stressed by treating with 12.5–800 mmol/L solutions of neutral satt(NaC1) or basic salt(Na2CO3). Strain indexes such as relative growth rate etc. were determined. There was a significant difference between the two kinds of stresses. Maximum stress value that P. tenuiflora plants can tolerate is 60 mmol/L for the neutral salt and 200 mmol/L for the basic salt Na2CO3. Under NaCl-stress, great amount of proline accumulated, and citric acid content gradually decreased. But under Na2CO3-stress, proline content did not raise too much and citric acid content obviously increased with the increasing stress value. Under both stress conditions, Na+ content increased and K+ content decreased with the increasing stress value, but the effect of NaCl-stress on K+ content in roots and shoots was much less than that of Na2CO3-stress. In both stresses, the elevation of electrolyte leakage rate of leaf orchestrated with the change of stress value. This finding represented the only similarity among the strain indexes determined in both stresses.     

碱性盐胁迫下星星草幼苗中几种渗透调节物质的变化

模拟松嫩盐碱草地碱化土壤的离子组成配制碱性盐溶液处理星星草（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｌｉａｔｅｎｕｉｆｌｏｒａ）幼苗,测定了碱性盐胁迫下星星草幼苗地上部分几种渗透调节物质含量的变化,随着碱性协浓度及胁迫天数的增加,Ｎａ＾＋可溶性盐,游离脯氨酸和可淀粉糖的含量逐渐增加,其中游离脯氨酸的变化倍数最大,Ｋ＾＋含量在浓度小于２０ｇＬ＾－１碱性胁迫下随胁迫天数增加而略为减少,在４０ｇｒＬ＾－１和６０ｇＬ＾－１碱性胁     

Na2CO3胁迫对星星草幼苗游离氨基酸含量的影响

对Na₂CO₃胁迫下星星草幼苗游离氨基酸含量的研究结果表明,星星草幼苗游离氨基酸总含量随盐浓度的增加而增加。各组分中Ala、Cy s、Gly、leu、Met、Pro、Phe、Val的含量随着Na₂CO₃浓度的增加而增加,其中Ala、Cy s、Gly、leu、Met、Pro与Na₂CO₃浓度呈极显著正相关关系。Na₂CO₃胁迫下星星草幼苗体内氨累积,同时Asp-NH₂的含量明显增加,有效降低氨对幼苗的毒害。     

NaCl和Na2CO3对盐地碱蓬胁迫效应的比较

在相同的Na 浓度(如100 mmol/L)下,NaCl处理促进碱蓬植株干重增加,提高根系活力,而Na2CO3处理导致植株干重减少,根系活力降低;与NaCl胁迫相比,Na2CO3胁迫下叶片内Na 含量上升和K 含量下降幅度更大,叶肉细胞质Na 含量和叶内脯氨酸含量增加幅度更大,而V-H -ATPase(液泡膜H -ATPase)和V-H -PPase (液泡膜H -PPase)增加幅度较少;与NaCl胁迫不同,Na2CO3胁迫下SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性不是增加,而是降低,与此相一致,MDA(丙二醛)含量大幅度增加.上述结果表明,碱蓬对Na2CO3胁迫的抗性低于对NaCl的抗性,这可能与Na2CO3胁迫引起的Na 、K 离子严重失衡、活性氧清除能力降低有关.     

高温和干旱胁迫对鳞叶藓游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的影响

研究了高温和干旱胁迫对鳞叶藓 (Taxiphyllumtaxirameum)游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果显示 ,高温和干旱均能诱导植物体内可溶性糖的积累。在 60℃高温胁迫下处理 ,可溶性糖含量随处理时间的延长而增加 ,最高值比对照增加了 2倍。PEG 60 0 0胁迫下处理可使可溶性糖含量分别增加 2 .4倍。经统计学检验 ,逆境条件与游离脯氨酸含量变化无关     

外源水杨酸预处理对高温胁迫下白菜耐热性和光合特性的影响

采用叶片喷施水杨酸（SA）的方法,研究高温胁迫下外源SA预处理对‘夏帝’和‘苏州青’2个白菜品种耐热性和光合特性的影响。结果表明：SA预处理降低了高温胁迫下白菜叶片的电解质渗透率、MDA和脯氨酸含量以及净光合速率（R）,从而缓解高温对质膜的过氧化伤害,并且通过提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量、SOD和POD活性来适应高温环境;然而SA预处理对气孔导度（GS）和蒸腾速率（功的影响在2个品种中变化相反,而对胞间CO2浓度（G）的影响差异不大。与耐热性较强的白菜品种‘夏帝’相比,耐热性较弱的品种‘苏州青’经SA预处理对缓解高温胁迫的影响效果更为明显。     

Proline accumulation and glutamine synthetase activity are increased by salt-induced proteolysis in cashew leaves

In this study cashew (Anacardium occidentale) plants were exposed to a short- and long-term exposure to NaCl in order to establish the importance of the salt-induced proteolysis and the glutamine synthetase activity on the proline accumulation. The cashew leaf showed a prominent proline accumulation in response to salt stress. In contrast, the root tissue had no significant changes in proline content even after the drastic injury caused by salinity on the whole plant. The leaf proline accumulation was correlated to protease activity, accumulation of free amino acid and ammonia, and decrease of both total protein and chlorophyll contents. The leaf GS activity was increased by the salt stress whereas in the roots it was slightly lowered. Although the several amino acids in the soluble pool of leaf tissue have showed an intense increment in its concentrations in the salt-treated plants, proline was the unique to show a proportional increment from 50 to 100 mol m-3 NaCl exposure (16.37 to 34.35 mmol kg-1 DM, respectively). Although the leaf glutamate concentration increased in the leaves of the salt-stressed cashew plants, as compared to control, its relative contribution to the total amino acid decreased significantly in stressed leaves when compared to other amino acids. In addition, when the leaf discs were incubated with NaCl in the presence of exogenous precursors (Glu, Gln, Orn or Arg) involved in the proline synthesis pathways, the glutamate was unique in inducing a significant enhancement of the proline accumulation compared to those discs with precursor in the absence of NaCl. These results, together with the salt-induced increase in the GS activity, suggest an increase in the de novo synthesis of proline probably associated with the increase of the concentration of glutamate. Moreover, the prominent salt-induced proline accumulation in the leaves was associated with the higher salt-sensitivity in terms of proteolysis and salt-induced senescence as compared to the roots. In conclusion, the leaf-proline accumulation was due, at least in part, to the increase in the salt-induced proteolysis associated with the increments in the GS activity and hence the increase in the concentration of glutamate precursor in the soluble amino acid pool.