普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)回声定位声波、形态及捕食策略

研究了普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)不同状态(飞行、悬挂)下的回声定位声波特征、形态特征和生态特征(捕食策略、捕食地和食物类型).结果表明,普氏蹄蝠的回声定位声波为CFFM型,在不同状态下,主频率有一定的差异,飞行状态的主频率略低于悬挂状态,表明普氏蹄蝠是利用多谱勒补偿效应来适应飞行速度引起的主频率变化,以进行准确的定位和有效的捕食;同时飞行状态下声脉冲时间、声脉冲间隔时间及FM带宽略低于悬挂状态,而声脉冲重复率和能率环略高于悬挂状态,表明普氏蹄蝠在不同状态下利用不同特征的声波进行捕食.由回声定位声波推断和野外观察可知,普氏蹄蝠可能在树冠周围以盘旋方式(在昆虫高峰期)或以捕蝇器式(在昆虫高峰期之后)捕食中等偏大的振翅昆虫(如甲虫).     

大棕蝠江南亚种回声定位声波特征与分析

在自建录音棚内录制大棕蝠汀南亚种Eptesicus serotinus andersoni不同状态下的同声定位声波,使用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)方法埘小同状态下的声波参数进行显著性差异分析和均值的多重比较,结果表明,大棕蝠江南亚种回声定位声波为短的、宽带的且能量大部分集中在第1谐波的调频型声波,伴有3～4个谐波.并且飞行、悬挂和手持状态的各声波参数均存在显著差异(P<0.05).悬挂状态同声定位声波的声脉冲持续时间大于飞行和手持状态,飞行状态下回声定位声波声脉冲间隔最小,但同声定位声波的主频率为所有状态中最高的.回声定位声波的这些特征及差异体现了与其捕食策略和捕食生境的适应性.     

两种同域分布蹄蝠在开阔度不同的环境中回声定位声波的可塑性

在广西桂林研究了同域分布的大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)和中蹄蝠(H.larvatus)在不同开阔度环境中回声定位声波信号的变化。用超声波仪录制自由悬挂和分别释放于人工"大棚"和"小棚"内飞行的蝙蝠的回声定位声波,使用超声分析软件分析声脉冲时程、主频率及声脉冲间隔,通过重复测量方差分析比较不同状态下的声波参数。结果表明:中蹄蝠声波的主频在悬挂状态下最高,小棚内飞行时次之,大棚内飞行最低;两种蹄蝠声波的脉冲时程和脉冲间隔在悬挂状态下最长,大棚内飞行次之,小棚内飞行最低。总之,这两种蹄蝠的回声定位声波能够随所处状态的变化而变化,可根据生境的复杂度调节声讯号,具有明显的声波可塑性。     

在不同状态和生境复杂度中大蹄蝠回声定位叫声的可塑性

蝙蝠回声定位声波的可塑性对其适应不同状态、生境以及捕食和社会交流具有重要的作用。为进一步研究大蹄蝠的回声定位声波在不同状态和生境下的可塑性,通过室内行为实验,对大蹄蝠在4 种不同状态(室内飞行、静息、布袋内和手持)和4 种不同生境复杂度(室外、室内0 棵树、室内1 棵树、室内5 棵树)条件下飞行的回声定位声波特征进行研究。结果表明:大蹄蝠的回声定位声波为CF - FM 型,通常连续发出2 - 4 个脉冲组成一个脉冲组。对比大蹄蝠在4 种不同状态下的回声定位叫声发现,主频按静息、布袋内、手持、飞行的顺序依次降低,后端FM 频宽则按手持、布袋内、飞行和静息的顺序依次变短;而脉冲间隔和脉冲时程则均按静 息、飞行、布袋内、手持的顺序依次增加。对比大蹄蝠在4 种不同生境复杂度中飞行的回声定位叫声发现,主频按室外、室内0 棵树、室内1 棵树、室内5 棵树依次提高,而脉冲时程及脉冲间隔则依次缩短;室外放飞条件下的后端FM 频宽比室内飞行的短。研究结果说明,大蹄蝠在不同状态、不同生境复杂度条件下的回声定位叫声具有明显的可塑性和生境适应性。     

大趾鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征与分析

在12 m×4 m×4 m的围网内录制大趾鼠耳蝠(Myotis macrodactylus)飞行与悬挂状态下的回声定位声波,使用双尾t-检验对不同状态下的声波参数进行差异显著性分析.结果表明,大趾鼠耳蝠回声定位声波为短的、宽带的且能量主要集中在第1谐波的调频型声波,伴有1-2个谐波.第1谐波起始频率、带宽和声脉冲间隔在飞行与悬挂状态下具有显著差异(P<0.05).回声定位声波飞行状态下的第1谐波终止频率、带宽、声脉冲持续时间和声脉冲间隔均存在性别差异,而主频率没有显著的性别差异.回声定位声波的这些特征及差异体现了对其捕食生境、捕食策略及通讯行为的适应.     

高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征与分析

在自建的野外实验事内,录制雌雄成体高颅鼠耳蝠Myotis siligorensis不同行为状态(飞行、爬行、手持)回声定位声波,利用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)对不同状态及不同性别的回声定位声波参数进行均值多重比较和显著性差异分析.结果 表明,高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波为长的宽频带调频(FM)声波,有1~3个谐波,但能量主要集中在第一谐波.不同行为状态下,高颅鼠耳蝠声脉冲持续时间、声脉冲间隔和能率环均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),第一谐波起始频率和终止频率、主频率、带宽差异不显著;第一谐波终止频率、带宽、声脉冲持续时间和能率环的性别差异显著(P<0.05),具有性别二态性.高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征体现了其在捕食策略和捕食生境方面的生态适应.     

马铁菊头蝠不同状态下回声定位声波分析

在自建网室(9 m×4 m×4 m)内驯养马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum),利用超声波探测仪录制蝙蝠不同状态下回声定位声波,声波录制与红外摄像保持同步。结果表明,马铁菊头蝠回声定位声波为调频(FM)/恒频(CF)/调频(FM)型;在蝙蝠接近猎物过程中,声脉冲持续时间和间隔时间显著变短,下调FM(即tFM)组分变得愈为显著,捕捉猎物瞬间,产生捕食蜂鸣;飞行与悬挂状态相比,声脉冲重复率、主频率、声脉冲时间、声脉冲间隔和能率环的差异均达到显著水平。     

普通长翼蝠福建亚种不同行为状态下回声定位声波研究

普通长翼蝠福建亚种为中国的地方性亚种。采用超声波监听仪和Batsound3 10软件对其回声定位声波进行录制和分析,发现回声定位声波为中等长度的FM型,伴有1～2个谐波,声波主频率为49 35±4 24kHz,一次完整声波的声脉冲时间为3 46±1 63ms,两次声波间的声脉冲间隔为96 09±33 84ms。分析表明,普通长翼蝠福建亚种在飞行和手持状态下的回声定位声波声脉冲时间均小于其悬挂状态,飞行状态下声脉冲间隔时间是各种状态中较小的,而飞行状态下回声定位声波的主频率则为所有状态中最高的,说明蝙蝠在飞行中要面临复杂的环境,辨别较多的障碍物,因此利用高频率声波进行回声定位,才能实现灵活复杂的飞行。     

皮氏菊头蝠回声定位声波与年龄的关系

皮氏菊头蝠 (Rhinolophuspearsoni)雌性成体 5只和幼体 2只采自贵州省贞丰县珉谷镇。采用超声波探测仪 (D980 ,ULTRASOUNDDETECTOR)接收皮氏菊头蝠的回声定位声波 ,转换到原频率的 1 / 1 0后导入计算机 ,然后用专业声谱分析软件 (Batsound 3 1 0 )进行分析。成蝠在飞行和悬挂状态下的声波结构相似 ,只是声波各项参数值略有不同 :它们发射FM CF FM型声波 ,具有 2～ 3个谐波 ,主频率在飞行时为 5 6 80± 0 6 2kHz ,悬挂时为 5 8 0 5± 0 2 4kHz ;声脉冲时间和间隔在飞行时分别为 3 4 6 2± 5 2 9ms和 86 5 0± 1 9 72ms ,悬挂时分别为 4 1 0 8± 5 87ms和 1 1 7 2 9± 6 6 4 4ms ;能率环飞行时为 ( 4 4 0 6± 1 2 5 8) % ,悬挂时为 ( 4 6 0 0±2 4 2 5 ) %。幼蝠声波为CF FM型 ,谐波数为 5～ 8个 ,主频率明显低于成体 ,FM带宽窄于成体 ,声脉冲时间和间隔短于成体 ,能率环低于成体。皮氏菊头蝠回声定位声波与年龄有关 ,这可能因成体的声波主要是探测食物和周围环境的详细信息 ,而幼体主要是与母蝠进行交流。     

拖网式食鱼蝠——大足鼠耳蝠的形态、回声定位声波及捕食策略

大足鼠耳蝠(Myotisricketti)是中国特有蝙蝠,其回声定位声波和捕食策略国内外均无报道,对大足鼠耳蝠该方面的研究报导是国内首次。大足鼠耳蝠体型较大,具有强大的后足,足上有强而有力的弯曲的爪,尾膜和距很长。大足鼠耳蝠回声定位声波为FM(调频)型,一般具有1～2个谐波,主频率较低(37.78±1.04kHz),调频带较宽(第一谐波频带宽为42.02±6.98kHz,第二谐波频带宽为25.79±7.89kHz),声脉冲时间较长(2.91±0.54ms),声脉冲间隔时间变化较大(32.30±15.10ms),能率环较高(11.27±5.84%);野外观察发现,大足鼠耳蝠主要在低水面上空飞行,利用大足从水面捕食猎物(拖网式捕食),猎物主要由鱼类组成。即分析和讨论了大足鼠耳蝠形态特征、回声定位特征和捕食策略的相互适应性。     

普通长翼蝠食性结构及其回声定位与体型特征

在普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus)的捕食区内用灯诱法和网捕法调查潜在食物(昆虫)种类; 用粪便分析法鉴定普通长翼蝠的食物组成,发现其主要捕食体型较大的鳞翅目和鞘翅目昆虫,体积百分比分别为55%和38%.普通长翼蝠具有相对狭长的翼,翼展比为6.94 ± 0.13;翼载为(9.85 ± 0.83)N/m2,相对较大.飞行状态下普通长翼蝠的回声定位叫声为调频下扫型,声脉冲时程为(1.45 ± 0.06)ms,脉冲间隔为(63.08 ± 21.55)ms,主频较低,为(44.50 ± 2.26)kHz.研究表明,普通长翼蝠的形态特征和回声定位特征与其捕食行为有着密切的联系.     

Substrate-gleaning versus aerial-hawking: plasticity in the foraging and echolocation behaviour of the long-eared bat,Myotis evotis

The foraging and echolocation behaviour of Myotis evotis was investigated during substrate-gleaning and aerial-hawking attacks. Bats gleaned moths from both the ground and a bark-covered trellis, however, they were equally adept at capturing flying moths. The calls emitted by M. evotis during substrate-gleaning sequences were short, broadband, and frequency-modulated (FM). Three behavioural phases were identified: search, hover, and attack. Gleaning search calls were significantly longer in duration, lower in highest frequency, and larger in bandwidth than hover/attack calls. Calls were detected in only 68% of gleaning sequences, and when they were emitted, bats ceased calling 200 ms before attacking. Terminal feeding buzzes, the rapid increase in pulse repetition rate associated with an attempted prey capture, were never recorded during gleaning attacks. The echolocation calls uttered by M. evotis during aerial-hawking foraging sequences were also short duration, high frequency, FM calls. Two distinct acoustic phases were identified: approach and terminal. Approach calls were significantly different from terminal calls in all variables measured. Calls were detected in 100% of aerial-hawking attacks and terminal feeding buzzes were invariably produced. Gleaning hover/attack calls were spectrally similar to aerial approach calls, but were shorter in duration and emitted at a significantly lower (but constant) repetition rate than aerial signals. Although the foraging environment (flight cage contents) remained unchanged between tasks (substrate-gleaning vs. aerial-hawking), bats emitted significantly lower amplitude calls while gleaning. We conclude that M. evotis adjusts its echolocation behaviour to meet the perceptual demands (acoustical constraints) imposed by each foraging situations.Abbreviations BW bandwidth - CF constant frequency - dB SPL decibels sound pressure level - FM frequency modulated - HF highest frequency - LF lowest frequency - PF peak frequency Presented at the meeting Acoustic Images in Bat Sonar, a conference on FM echolocation honoring Donald R. Griffin's contributions to experimental biology (June 14–16, Brown University, Providence RI).     

Frequency tracking and Doppler shift compensation in response to an artificial CF/FM echolocation sound in the CF/FM bat,Noctilio albiventris

Summary Bats of the speciesNoctilio albiventris emit short-constant frequency/frequency modulated (short-CF/FM) pulses with a CF component frequency at about 75 kHz. Bats sitting on a stationary platform were trained to discriminate target distance by means of echolocation. Loud, free-running artificial pulses, simulating the bat's natural CF/FM echolocation sounds or with systematic modifications in the frequency of the sounds, were presented to the bats during the discrimination trials. When the CF component of the artificial CF/FM sound was between 72 and 77 kHz, the bats shifted the frequency of the CF component of their own echolocation sounds toward that of the artificial pulse, tracking the frequency of the artificial CF component.Bats flying within a large laboratory flight cage were also presented with artificial pulses. Bats in flight lower the frequency of their emitted pulses to compensate for Doppler shifts caused by their own flight speed and systematically shift the frequency of their emitted CF component so that the echo CF frequency returns close to that of the CF component of the artificial CF/FM pulse, over the frequency range where tracking occurs.Abbreviations CF constant frequency - FM frequency modulation     

A gating mechanism for sound pattern recognition is correlated with the temporal structure of echolocation sounds in the rufous horseshoe bat

Summary The rufous horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, was trained to discriminate differences in target distance. Loud free running artificial pulses, simulating the bat's natural long-CF/FM echolocation sounds, interfered with the ability of the bat to discriminate target distance. Interference occurred when the duration of the CF component of the CF/FM artificial pulse was between 2 and 70 ms. A brief (2.0 ms) CF signal 2–68 ms before an isolated FM signal was as effective as a continuous CF component of the same duration. When coupled with the bat's own emissions, a 2 ms FM sweep alone was effective in interfering when it came 42 to 69 ms after the onset of the bat's pulse. The coupled FM artificial pulses did not interfere when they began during the bat's own emissions.It appears that the onset of the CF component activates a gating mechanism that establishes a time window during which FM component signals must occur for proper neural processing. A comparison with a similar gating mechanism in Noctillo albiventris, which emits short-CF/FM echolocation sounds, reveals that the temporal parameters of the time window of the gating mechanism are species specific and specified by the temporal structure of the echolocation sound pattern of each species.Abbreviations FM frequency modulated - CF constant frequency     

Echolocation behaviours of the Japanese pipistrelle batPipistrellus abramus during foraging flight

The acoustic structure of echolocation pulses emitted by Japanese pipistrellePipistrellus abramus (Temminck, 1840) bats during different phases of aerial hawking is described here for the first time. Behavioural observations of the foraging flight in conjunction with acoustical analysis of echolocation pulses indicated a flight path consisting of four distinct phases following the reconnaissance or search phase. Short (∼4.68 ms) and relatively broadband frequencymodulated (FM) pulses (∼23.55 kHz bandwidth) were emitted at a repetition rate of 15 Hz during presumed target approach. Presumed insect capture consisted of an early and a late buzz phase. Both buzz types were emitted at high repetition rates (111 Hz in early to 222 Hz in late) and consisted of very short, broadband FM pulses (1.26 ms in early to 0.3 ms in late). There was also a characteristically sharp drop in both the peak and terminal frequencies of each echolocation pulse during the transition from early to late buzz. No pulses were recorded during the final phase of foraging referred to as a “post-buzz pause”. Thus the foraging behaviour of this species consisted of five sequential phases involving four broad types of echolocation pulses.