细胞外间质

细胞外间质由四大家族组成,胶原蛋白,蛋白多糖。弹性蛋白和细胞外间质糖蛋白。细胞外间质成分不仅仅是细胞的惰性支持物,它具有活性的生物功能,例如细胞粘附及迁移,甚至涉及基因表达。细胞外间质研究是一个十分活跃的生物学领域。     

细胞凋亡基因的发现

细胞凋亡基因的发现李雨民,孙元明（中国医学科学院放射医学研究所天津３００１９２）细胞凋亡是一种具有特征性的形态变化和生化改变的细胞死亡过程,机体启动这一机制以清除无用和有害的细胞。近来细胞凋亡基因的研究取得了很大进展,８０年代以来Ｈｏｒｖｉｔｚ等在研...     

高表达钙调素NRK细胞模型的建立及其对细胞生长失调的影响

钙调素作为Ｃａ＾２＋信号的主要胞内受体，在细胞增殖调节中起着重要作用，实验中运用ＤＮＡ体外重组技术构建了高表达钙调素的真核载体，并将其转染到大鼠正常肾细胞中得到钙调素高表达的稳定细胞株。分析表明，高表达钙调素加速细胞生长，促进细胞从Ｇ１期向Ｓ期及Ｇ２期向Ｍ期的进程，并且使细胞血清依赖性降低，在单层培养中出现接触抑制丧失的岛状生长的现象。基因表达分析表明，原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ随钙调素增高而     

谈谈细胞代谢性吸水

潘瑞炽和董愚得[1]编写的《植物生理学》教材将细胞吸水划分为三种方式,即涨吸吸水、渗透吸水和代谢性吸水（或主动吸水）。按此划分,代谢性吸水只能是非渗透性（non－osmotic）的。我们在教学及从事果实膨大动力研究中,有感此划分有所不妥,特撰此文发表一管之见。代谢性吸水是否存在？答案是肯定的,而且是普遍存在的,因为代谢受到抑制后,细胞吸水和膨大生长也受到抑制的现象普遍存在。然而,代谢性吸水的方式如何？尚未有定论。人们寻找非渗透性的代谢吸水的机制一直未果[2]。我们认为这个问题的关键在于代谢活动与吸水力形成有何关…     

蛋白细胞

蛋白细胞(albuminous cells)是裸子植物韧皮部中唯一与筛胞相连的一种特殊的薄壁组织细胞,其结构和功能相当于被子植物的伴胞。蛋白细胞最早是由 Strasburger(1891)发现并命名的,因此又有人称之为Strasburger 细胞。根据 Stras-     

细胞粘附分子研究现状

细胞粘附分子是指由细胞合成、存在于细胞膜或胞外、可促进细胞粘附的一大类分子的总称。研究表明,细胞粘附分子在胚胎发育、伤口愈合、学习与记忆的神经机制以及病毒感染、肿瘤转移等多种生理和病理过程中均发挥重要作用。研究细胞粘附分子既可以帮助我们了解机体的重要生理过程和病理机制,并为肿瘤、ＡＩＤＳ的治疗提供新的手段。细胞粘附分子（ｃｅｌｌａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓ,ＣＡＭ）是多细胞生物的重要功能分子,在形成组织器官的正常结构与功能、细胞的游走与运动、机体的发育与成长、伤口的愈合、神经的再生、病毒感染、肿瘤转移等方面均有重要作用。     

Junctional communication of embryonic cells after induction

Cell couplings before and after neural induction in embryos of Cynops orientalis were studied by means of single cell injection of Lucifer Yellow.Differences both in incidence and the extent of cell couplings were demonstrated.Results of cell couplings were correlated with electron microscopic observations of freeze-etching replicas.     

细胞周期与细胞凋亡

从海洋生物胚胎细胞到哺乳动物的细胞周期,主要是在其细胞周期基因产物周期素及Ｐ３４的调控下启动,运行和脱出周期的;某些原癌基因或抑癌基因的产物如ｐ５３,ｐＲＢ也直接调控着细胞周期。     

细胞粘附分子研究的某些进展

细胞粘附分子研究的某些进展周同,宋长玲（上海第二医科大学附属瑞金医院上海２０００２５）汤雪明（上海第二医科大学生物物理教研室上海２０００２５）研究证实,细胞与细胞、细胞与细胞外基质（Ｅｘｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｍａｔｒｉｘ;ＥＣＭ）间粘附及相互作用是机...     

Development of simple methods for preparation of yeast and plant protoplasts immobilized in alginate gel beads

A simple method for preparation of yeast and plant protoplasts immobilized in alginate gel beads was developed. Yeast cells were first immobilized in strontium alginate gel beads and then treated with protoplast isolation enzyme so that the protoplasts are formed inside the beads. In the case of plant cells, degassing treatment was necessary in order to facilitate enzyme penetration into the cell aggregates. A mixture of the degassing treated plant cells and sodium alginate solution was dropped into SrCl2 containing the protoplast isolation enzymes. Thus protoplasts isolation and gel solidification proceeded simultaneously. With these methods, the required time was shorter while the viability of the immobilized protoplasts were higher than when the conventional method is used.     

Diacetyl production by immobilized citrate-positiveLactococcus lactis subsp.lactis 3022 in the fibrous Ca-alginate gel

Summary Diacetyl production by (Citr^*)Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis 3022 was found to be an oxygen-dependent reaction. The diacetyl production by the cells immobilized in conventional Ca-alginate gel beads (Diameter: 3 mm) was lower than that of the cells immobilized in Ca-alginate gel fibers (Diameter: 0.2 mm), probably because oxygen transfer to the immobilized cells is better in gel fibers than in gel beads.     

Development of a fermentation method using immobilized cells under unsterile conditions. 1. Protection of immobilized cells against anti-microbial substances

A method of protecting immobilized cells against inhibitory substances in the fermentation medium was investigated with the aim of developing a process for fermentation under unsterile conditions. It was found that yeast cells could be protected against the inhibitory effects of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters by co-immobilizing the cells with vegetable oils. In such a system, the cells grow only in the water phase of the gel beads where most components of the fermentation medium are retained. On the other hand, the p-hydroxybenzoate that diffuses into the gel beads is retained mainly in the oil phase of the beads. Consequently, the p-hydroxybenzoate concentration in the water phase remains too low to inhibit the metabolic activities of the immobilized cells. The effectiveness of a vegetable oil in protecting the immobilized cells against an inhibitory substance depends on the partition coefficient of the substance between the oil and water, the concentration of the oil and the initial cell concentration.     

Effect of gamma-ray on activity and stability of alcohol-dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The effect of γ-ray irradiation on alcohol-dehydrogenase activity of yeast was investigated. The results suggested that low doses of γ-ray (10 and 20 Gy) significantly increased the enzyme activity. This work also describes the impact of irradiation on immobilization efficiency of biocatalyst entrapped on to alginate gel beads. When yeast irradiated to a dose of 20 Gy was immobilized, ADH stability was improved up to 1.4 times at 45 °C compared to the immobilized non-irradiated cells. Also, the irradiated biocatalyst, when immobilized, can be reused more than eight times in oxidation reaction of ethanol. This preparation also permitted to reach high yields of immobilization (79%) and activity (88%).     

The production of ethanol by immobilized yeast cells

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were immobilized in calcium alginate beads for use in the continuous production of ethanol. Yeasts were grown in medium supplemented with ethanol to selectively screen for a culture which showed the greatest tolerance to ethanol inhibition. Yeast beads were produced from a yeast slurry containing 1.5% alginate (w/v) which was added as drops to 0.05M CaCl₂ solution. To determine their optimum fermentation parameters, ethanol production using glucose as a substrate was monitored in batch systems at varying physiological conditions (temperature, pH, ethanol concentration), cell densities, and gel concentration. The data obtained were compared to optimum free cell ethanol fermentation parameters. The immobilized yeast cells examined in a packed-bed reactor system operated under optimized parameters derived from batch-immobilized yeast cell experiments. Ethanol production rates, as well as residual sugar concentration were monitored at different feedstock flow rates.     

Continuous production of ethanol using immobilized growing yeast cells

Summary Immobilized growing yeast cells were prepared in kappa-carra-geenan gel. Gel beads containing a small number of cells were incubated in a complete medium. The cells grew very well in the gel and the number of living cells per ml of gel increased to over 10 times that of free cells per ml of culture medium. After growing in the gel, the cells formed a dense layer of cells near the gel surface and produced large amounts of ethanol. The conditions for continuous production of ethanol using immobilized growing yeast cells were investigated. The supply of appropriate nutrients for growth was essential for the continuous production. The living cells in the gel were maintained at the high level of 10⁹ per ml of gel and continuous production of ethanol using the complete medium containing 10% glucose was carried out with a retention time of 1 h. In this operation, a stable steady state was maintained for longer than 3 months. The ethanol concentration was 50 mg/ml and the conversion of glucose utilized to ethanol produced was almost 100% of the theoretical yield.     

A new immobilized cell system with protection against toxic solvents

A new immobilized cell system providing protection against toxic solvents was investigated so that normal fermentations could be carried out in a medium containing toxic solvents. The system consists of immobilized growing cells in Ca-alginate gel beads to which vegetable oils, which are inexpensive absorbents of solvents, had been added. The ethanol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26603 was used as a model fermentation to study the protection afforded by the system against solvent toxicities. The fermentation was inhibited by solvents such as 2-octanol, benzene, toluene, and phenol. Ethanol production of one batch was not finished even after 35 h using immobilized growing yeast cells in conventional Ca-alginate gel beads in an ethanol production medium (5% glucose) containing 0.1% 2-octanol, which is used as a solvent for liquid-liquid extraction and is one of the most toxic solvents in our experiments. With the new immobilized growing cell system using vegetable oils, however, four repeated batch fermentations were completed in 35 h. Castor oil provided even more protection than soy bean, olive, and tung oils, and it was possible to complete six repeated batches in 35 h. The immobilized cell system with vegetable oils also provided protection against other toxic solvents such as benzene and toluene. A possible mechanism for the protective function of the new immobilized cell system is discussed.     

Preparation of stable alginate gel beads in electrolyte solutions using Ba2+ and Sr2+

Summary Alginate solutions with two different M/G (mannuronic acid/guluronic acid) ratios were added dropwise to SrCl₂ and BaCl₂ solutions. The low M/G ratios (0.27) Sr^– and Ba-alginate gel beads were more chemically and physically stable in electrolyte solutions than conventional Ca^– alginate gel beads. These gel beads with immobilized yeast cells had normal ethanol productivities.author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.     

Growth and substrate consumption of Nitrobacter agilis cells immobilized in carrageenan: part 2. Model evaluation

A dynamic model that predicts substrate and biomass concentration profiles across gel beads and from that the overall substrate consumption rate by the gel beads containing growing cells was evaluated with immobilized Nitrobacter agilis cells in an airlift loop reactor with oxygen as the limiting substrate. The model predictions agreed well with the observed oxygen consumption rates at three different liquid phase oxygen concentrations. Image analysis showed that 90% of the immobilized cells after 42 days of cultivation was situated in the outer shells in a film of 140 mum, while the bead radius was about 1 mm. The maximum biomass concentration in the outmost film of 56 mum was 11 kg . m(-3) gel.     

Ethanol production from whey with immobilized living yeast

Summary Living Kluyveromyces fragilis yeast cells were succesfully entrapped in calcium alginate gel beads at cell loadings of 4 to 16 g yeast (0.8 to 3.2 g d.m.) per 1 g of sodium alginate. In batch systems, about 90 % conversion in 48 h was obtained both with free and immobilized yeast using demineralized whey of 5 to 10 % lactose content as substrate. In continuous packed-bed column operation nearly a constant 2 % product ethanol concentration could be maintained at 5 % substrate lactose level for at least one month.