哀牢山不同类型亚热带森林地表凋落物及土壤节肢动物群落特征

分别于2005年4月（干热季）、6月（雨季）和12月（干热季）,采用样线法对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林和滇山杨次生林地表凋落物及其中的土壤节肢动物群落进行了调查.结果表明： 凋落物现存总量、C储量和C/N在干、湿季均表现为苔藓矮林＞滇山杨林＞常绿阔叶林,N储量差异不大.蜱螨目和弹尾目是3林地凋落物层节肢动物群落的优势类群,双翅目幼虫、鞘翅目、蚁类和同翅目为常见类群,3林地凋落物层土壤节肢动物群落相似性系数极高.3林地凋落物层土壤节肢动物群落密度(ind·m^-2)没有显著差异,但相对密度(ind·g^-1)呈现出常绿阔叶林和滇山杨林显著高于苔藓矮林;土壤节肢动物密度季节变化呈现干季（4月和12月）显著高于雨季（6月）,群落香农多样性指数差异不显著.干热季(4月)3林地枯枝落叶现存量与其土壤节肢动物群落和主要类群密度呈显著正相关关系,而在干冷季(12月)凋落物总现存量与其土壤节肢动物群落及蜱螨目相对密度则呈显著负相关关系;弹尾目和鞘翅目密度与地表凋落物层的N储量也有显著的正相关关系.哀牢山亚热带森林凋落物及其土壤节肢动物群落的发展与森林植被结构密切相关, 其群落个体数量和多样性受森林地表凋落物的调控, 但林内其他环境因素如温湿度对森林凋落物层土壤动物个体数的季节变动也有明显影响.     

西双版纳不同演替状态热带次生林土壤节肢动物群落特征

采用样地调查法,对西双版纳4种不同演替状况热带次生林：中平树(Macavanga denticulate)、崖豆藤(Millettia laptobotrya)、野芭蕉(Musa acuminata)与黄竹(Dendrocalamus membranaceae)林的土壤节肢动物群落结构与季节变化进行了研究．结果表明,4类不同演替状况次生林土壤节肢动物群落在数量优势类群组成上无较大差异,蜱螨目为所有4类林地的突出优势类群,膜翅目、弹尾目和鞘翅目在不同林地中分别为不同数量等级的次优势类群,而在常见和稀有类群的组成上,各林地表现出较大的差异．土壤节肢动物类群数、个体数和DG多样性指数以正向演替的崖豆藤林最高,偏途演替的黄竹林最低,但中平树、崖豆藤和野芭蕉林的差异不大．4类林地土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数的垂直分布分别以凋落物层和土壤表层(0～5cm)最高,其它各层分布因林地不同各异,并存在明显的季节差异．各林地土壤节肢动物个体数和类群数的季节消长总体表现出干季和雨季初期与末期高于雨量最大的雨季中期,由于不同林地植被结构、凋落物数量和质量以及土壤水热状况不同,其季节变化显现样地差异,除了受林地降水量和温度变化影响外,食物的丰欠和栖息场所的干扰状况也有重要的影响作用．     

热带季节雨林凋落叶分解过程中的中小型土壤节肢动物的群落结构及动态

2000年5月-2001年4月,采用尼龙网袋法,以西双版纳热带季节雨林混合凋落叶作为分解基质,在3个季节雨林样地开展分解实验,对实验过程中分解袋内的中小型土壤节肢动物(meso—microarthropod)进行取样调查。根据所获数据探讨了中小型土壤节肢动物群落在分解过程中的结构和动态。结果显示：(1)在季节雨林凋落叶分解过程中,中小型土壤节肢动物群落组成始终以弹尾目和蜱螨目相对数量较高(均在30％以上),成为优势类群。(2)分解中期,土壤节肢动物群落多样性指数,类群、个体及重要类群的数量均处于整个分解过程中的较高水平,分解初期和后期相对较低,且波动性大,其中分解初期各多样性指标在波动过程中呈逐步增长趋势,而后期逐步降低,其变化过程受凋落叶数量和质量、林地降雨量变化的影响。土壤动物群落类群和个体相对密度(每克凋落叶干重的类群数和个体数)的变化可在一定程度上反映土壤动物与凋落物质量的动态关系。(3)不同样地间,土壤节肢动物群落结构及动态差异在分解前期不明显,而分解后期差异有所增加,但3样地凋落叶分解物质损失率没有明显差异。     

砂仁种植对季节雨林土壤节肢动物群落结构影响的初步研究

为了探讨砂仁种植对热带季节雨林土壤节肢动物群落的影响,采用样地调查法对西双版纳勐仑自然保护区热带季节雨林及林下砂仁种植地土壤节肢动物群落进行了调查,2种生境、不同季节3次取样共获得土壤节肢动物3772个,隶属6纲23目,其中砂仁地中膜翅目(蚂蚁)、蜱螨目、半翅目为优势类群,占全捕获量的73．329％,而季节雨林中膜翅目(蚁类)、蜱螨目、鞘趔目和弹尾目为优势类群,占全捕量89．778％。2样地土壤节肢动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数的水平分布差异显示为季节雨林高于砂仁地,垂直分布显示季节雨林为土壤表层多于下层,表聚现象明显,砂仁地因受人为活动影响,其土壤节肢动物的垂直分布具有较大变化,出现下层高于表层的逆向分布;2样地土壤节肢动物群落季节变化趋势相近,均表现为干季高于雨季,其中砂仁地土壤节肢动物个体数在干热季最多,季节雨林个体数则在雾凉季最高。     

下辽河平原不同土地利用方式下土壤微节肢动物群落结构研究

2000年10月～2001年10月对下辽河平原地区撂荒、林地、旱田、水田4种不同土地利用方式的土壤微节肢动物进行了调查。应用个体数密度、类群丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度4个群落参数,研究了土壤微节肢动物的群落结构和季节变化。结果表明,撂荒中土壤微节肢动物的4个群落参数均为最高,旱田均为最低,季节变化影响土壤微节肢动物的群落结构,但土地利用方式不影响群落结构的季节变化型,下辽河平原地区不同土地利用方式共鉴定出土壤微节肢动物12个类群,撂荒、林地、旱田中弹尾目(Collembola)和蜱螨目(Acarina)为优势类群,双翅目(Diptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)和膜翅目(Hymenoptera)为常见类群,水田中弹尾目、蜱螨目和双翅目为优势类群,鞘翅目为常见类群,各土地利用方式、各季节均在表层土壤出现的类群最多、密度最高,中层次之,底层最少。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林凋落叶分解与土壤动物群落：两种网孔分解袋的分解实验比较

 以西双版纳热带湿性季节沟谷雨林混合凋落叶作为分解基质,在不同位置季节雨林样地,采用不同网孔（ 2和0.15 mm）分解袋,开展大中型土壤动物对雨林凋落叶分解影响的实验,测定了不同网孔分解袋土壤动 物多样性、凋落叶分解速率和主要养分元素释放状况。结果显示：2 mm网孔分解袋土壤动物类群相对密度 年均值为2.67～2.83目•g－1凋落物干重,个体相对密度年均值为22.3～21.77个•g－1凋落物干重,显著 高于0.15 mm网孔分解袋的类群相对密度0.27～0.28目•g－1凋落物干重和个体相对密度2.88～2.77个•g－ 1凋落物干重（p<0.01）,并且0.15 mm网孔分解袋中极少量的动物个体主要为小型类群弹尾目和蜱螨目（ 原生动物、湿生土壤动物线虫不计）,由此我们视2 mm网孔分解袋凋落叶分解由绝大多数土壤动物和其它 土壤生物共同作用,而0.15 mm网孔分解袋基本排除了大中型土壤动物对袋内凋落叶分解的影响。2 mm网 孔分解袋凋落叶物质失重率（71%左右）、分解率指数（1.88～2.44）和主要养分元素释放率明显高于 0.15 mm分解袋（34%～35%,0.48～0.58）。通过比较两种不同网孔分解袋凋落叶失重率和元素释放率的 差异,显示出季节雨林大中型土壤动物群落对凋落叶物质损失的贡献率为年均值46%左右,并使凋落叶C/N 和C/P明显降低,而对不同元素释放率的影响不同,其中对N、S和Ca元素释放率的影响较大,而对K素释放 的影响作用最小。相关分析显示,2 mm网孔分解袋内土壤动物群落类群和个体的相对密度与凋落叶物质残 留率有较好的负相关关系,而群落香农多样性指数与凋落叶分解率指数表现出一定的正相关关系。     

退化红壤不同人工林恢复下土壤节肢动物群落特征

对退化红壤上恢复 1 0 a的 4种人工林 ,即小叶栎 ( Quercuschenii)、木荷 ( Schima superba)、马尾松 ( Pinusmassonina)与木荷 -马尾松的混交林土壤节肢动物群落进行了季节动态调查。结果表明 ,不同林地节肢动物群落的组成和数量发生了明显分异。节肢动物类群数在各季节一般都是小叶栎最高 ,混交林、木荷居中 ,马尾松最低。节肢动物的个体数总体上仍以小叶栎最高 ,但在夏季 ,马尾松林地由于弹尾目数量爆发而使总个体数最高。节肢动物群落存在明显的季节波动 ,一般春季节肢动物类群数和个体数量最高 ,夏季最低 ,夏季高温干旱对节肢动物有强烈的抑制作用 ,而冬季低温对节肢动物的影响不及夏季干热的影响严重。各季节林地节肢动物群落组成皆以螨类为主体 ,占总个体数的 6 0 .2 %～ 91 .7%。弹尾目占总个体数的比例季节变化较大 ,但均以马尾松林地为最高。捕食者数量 (蜈蚣和蜘蛛 )在各季节都是小叶栎显著高于其它林地 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,混交林与木荷比较接近 ,而马尾松最低。在群落多样性指数中 ,丰富度指数 d和密度 -类群指数DG表达的群落差异明显 ,其在不同林地的大小顺序与类群数趋势基本一致 ,而香农指数 H、均匀度指数 J群落之间基本无差异。聚类分析和鉴别分析将不同林地的节肢动物群落分成 4组 ,小叶     

退化红壤不同人工林恢复下土壤节肢动物群落牲征

对退化红壤上恢复10a的4种人工林,即小叶栎(Quercus chenii)、木荷(Schima superba)、马尾松(Pinus massonina)与木荷-马尾松的混交林土壤节肢动物群落进行了季节动态调查.结果表明,不同林地节肢动物群落的组成和数量发生了明显分异.节肢动物类群数在各季节一般都是小叶栎最高,混交林、木荷居中,马尾松最低.节肢动物的个体数总体上仍以小叶栎最高,但在夏季,马尾松林地由于弹尾目数量爆发而使总个体数最高.节肢动物群落存在明显的季节波动,一般春季节肢动物类群数和个体数量最高,夏季最低,夏季高温干旱对节肢动物有强烈的抑制作用,而冬季低温对节肢动物的影响不及夏季干热的影响严重.各季节林地节肢动物群落组成皆以螨类为主体,占总个体数的60.2%～91.7%.弹尾目占总个体数的比例季节变化较大,但均以马尾松林地为最高.捕食者数量(蜈蚣和蜘蛛)在各季节都是小叶栎显著高于其它林地(P<0.05),混交林与木荷比较接近,而马尾松最低.在群落多样性指数中,丰富度指数d和密度-类群指数DG表达的群落差异明显,其在不同林地的大小顺序与类群数趋势基本一致,而香农指数H、均匀度指数J群落之间基本无差异.聚类分析和鉴别分析将不同林地的节肢动物群落分成4组,小叶栎自成一组,多样性最高;混交林和木荷为一组,多样性居中;马尾松是多样性最低的一组.总之,节肢动物群落多样性顺序是小叶栎>混交林≥木荷>马尾松, 混交林体现了一定的"混交优势".凋落物的数量和质量以及土壤水热状况是不同林地节肢动物群落产生分异的主要原因.借助主成分分析和鉴别分析对描述群落特征的指标进行评价,表明大部分指标相互之间都高度相关(P<0.01),只有DG指数是区分不同林地节肢动物群落差异最有潜力的指标.     

长春市不同土地利用生境的土壤线虫群落结构特征

2003年7和9月对长春市郊区天然次生林、农田、防护林和市区公园绿地等典型土地利用生境进行了土壤线虫调查,共捕获土壤线虫2纲7目20科27属7 273只,优势属为Aphelenchus、Tylenchus和Pratylenchus,占总捕获个体数量的61.58%.用Baermann法提取土壤线虫个体,应用个体密度、属数量、群落多样性、丰富度、均匀度和功能类群结构等指数,研究了土壤线虫的群落结构特征及人类活动对土壤线虫群落结构的影响.结果表明,长春市土地利用差异对线虫群落结构特征影响明显,地表凋落物的移除和耕作活动是影响线虫群落结构特征的主要因素.地表凋落物的移除将显著减少线虫群落的个体密度和群落多样性;耕作活动影响线虫个体密度在土壤剖面的垂直分布特征.生境间地表植物群落类型对土壤线虫群落生态结构特征的影响差异不显著.     

热带次生林、旱稻种植地和火烧迹地土壤节肢动物群落结构特征及季节变化

通过模拟刀耕火种过程 ,对刀耕火种前后的次生林、旱稻地 (第 2年 )和火烧迹地 (火烧后直接撂荒地第 2年 )土壤节肢动物群落结构特征及季节变化进行了调查研究。结果显示 :3块样地土壤节肢动物群落的优势类群组成相同 ,均为蜱螨目、膜翅目和弹尾目 ,但不同生境样地中各优势类群所占群落总数的比例不同 ,并且 3样地常见和稀有类群的组成差异较大 ;土壤节肢动物类群数、个体数和 DG多样性指数表现为次生林高于其它 2块样地 ,而旱稻地和火烧迹地则无较大差异 ,但一些类群在旱稻地、火烧迹地的数量分布与次生林具有差异 ,且在土壤层的表现较为突出 ;3块样地土壤节肢动物群落具有较好相似性 ,其中旱稻地与火烧迹地达到极相似水平 (D、DS>0 .9)。3种不同类型生境土壤节肢动物群落在类群数、个体数和多样性指数的季节变化总体呈现出雨量少的干季或雨季初末期高于雨量最大的雨季中期 ,与当地降雨量和气温变化有密切关系 ,同时各样地土壤节肢动物群落因生境条件不同及人为活动干扰强弱而形成各自的季节消长特点。研究表明刀耕火种后的旱稻种植对土壤节肢动物群落的恢复和发展在一定限制条件 (面积、周围次生林和坡度 )下无破坏性影响 ,但植被改变、农事活动等对直接撂荒地和旱稻地土壤节肢动物群落的季节消长产生     

Characteristics of floor litter and soil arthropod community in different types ot subtropical forest in Ailao Mountain of Yunnan, Southwest China

By using line transect method, an investigation was conducted on the floor litter and soil arthropod community in a mid mountain wet evergreen broad-leaved forest, a mossy dwarf forest, and a Populus bonatii forest in Ailao Mountain of Yunnan in April (dry and hot season), June (rainy season), and December (dry and cold season), 2005. In both dry and rainy seasons, the existing floor litter mass, C storage, and C/N ratio in the three forests all increased in the order of mossy dwarf forest > P. bonatii forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest, but the N storage had less difference. In the floor litter layer of the forests, Acari and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil arthropod community, while Diptera larvae, Coleoptera, ants, and Homoptera were the common groups. The Sorenson coefficients of soil arthropod community in the three forests were extremely great. No significant differences were observed in the soil arthropod density (ind x m(-2)) in the floor litter layer among the three forests, but the relative density (ind x g(-1)) of soil arthropods was higher in the evergreen broad-leaved forest and P. bonatii forest than in the mossy dwarf forest. In the three forests, the density of soil arthropods was significantly higher in dry season than in rainy season, but the Shannon diversity index had less difference. There were significant positive correlations between the existing floor litter mass and the individual density (ind x m(-2)) and dominant groups of soil arthropod communities in dry and hot season (April), but negative correlations between the existing floor litter mass and the relative density (ind x g(-1)) of soil arthropod communities and Acari in dry and cold season (December). The individual densities of Collembola and Coleoptera also had positive correlations with the N storage of the existing floor litter mass in the three forests. It was considered that the floor litter and the development of soil arthropod community in the litter layer of the subtropical forests in Ailao Mountain had a close relation with the vegetation structure of the forests, and the individual density and the diversity of the soil arthropod community were controlled by the floor litter, whereas the environmental factors such as temperature and moisture in the forests also had obvious effects on the seasonal dynamics of the individual density of the soil arthropods.     

Arthropod Distribution in a Tropical Rainforest: Tackling a Four Dimensional Puzzle

Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2km of distance, 40m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.     

土壤节肢动物对箭竹凋落叶分解过程中酶活性的影响

为了解凋落物分解过程中土壤节肢动物与土壤酶活性的相互联系,以川西亚高山森林箭竹(Fargesia spathacea)凋落叶为对象,通过原位控制实验,于2016年4月至2018年4月研究了土壤节肢动物对凋落叶分解过程中碳、氮和磷转化相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:生物抑制剂施用降低了分解袋中土壤节肢动物49.7%~66.8%的个体密度和19.2%~46.3%的类群数量;对照和处理分解袋中凋落叶碳、氮和磷转化相关酶活性随分解过程呈现相似的动态;与处理相比,土壤节肢动物参与(对照)显著提高了凋落叶分解过程中蔗糖酶、β-葡聚糖苷酶、纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性;土壤节肢动物对凋落叶分解过程中酶活性的贡献率在达到一个明显的峰值后快速降低;土壤温度和土壤节肢动物类群数量与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关,与β-葡聚糖苷酶、纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关。土壤节肢动物对凋落叶分解过程中酶活性促进效应随酶类型和分解时间变化存在差异,与土壤节肢动物群落结构和分解环境密切相关。     

甜槠凋落叶分解中土壤节肢动物群落结构动态及其对森林片段化的响应

选取浙、闽、赣交界山地5个不同的常绿阔叶林群落(1处连续森林和4处片段化森林),对优势种甜槠凋落叶分解过程中土壤节肢动物动态进行了研究.5个研究样地共获得土壤节肢动物899头,分属9纲25目,其中鳞翅目占个体总数的10%以上,为优势类群;膜翅目、弹尾目、双翅目、前气门亚目和地蜈蚣目为常见类群.凋落叶分解速率与土壤节肢动物的类群数、个体数随季节动态呈现相一致的变化趋势.8月凋落物分解最快,土壤节肢动物类群和个体数最多;而4至6月和12月情况与之相反.片段化森林和连续森林在土壤节肢动物的类群数、个体数和物种多样性方面均显示出差异,面积效应和边缘效应在其中都起了一定的作用.     

Surface and leaf-litter arthropods in the coastal forests of Tanzania

Surface and leaf litter arthropod assemblages of the seasonal lowland coastal forests of eastern Tanzania were investigated from eleven sites over a 3-year period (1991–93). Pit-fall trap data show that four groups comprise more than 10% of the total sample: ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, 31%), grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera, 22%), beetles (Coleoptera: 17.39%) and spiders (Araneae: 13.48%). Arthropod abundance varies considerably with season, with greater total numbers of arthropods in all groups found in wetter periods. Arthropod abundance also varies considerably according to habitat, with greatest numbers found in forests with the most intact canopy cover, and in valley-bottom forest as compared to ridge-top forest; the valleys are normally both wetter and with a more complete and taller canopy. Tullgren Funnel data show that over 50% of the leaf litter fauna comprises tiny arthropods of the groups Collembola and Acarina. Abundance of arthropods in the leaf litter of these forests varies from a maximum of ≈ 16,000 m^–2, to a minimum of 780 m^–2. Abundance is highest in wetter periods, in the forest areas with the most intact canopy cover, and in valley-bottom as opposed to ridge-top habitats.     

Litter and soil arthropod colonization in reforested semi‐deciduous seasonal Atlantic forests

The recovery of soil ecological processes during the restoration of tropical forests is greatly influenced by arthropods that live in the litter and soil. However, these communities present complex dynamics, and their colonization patterns are not well understood. In this study, we examined the response patterns of litter and soil arthropods to the ecosystem regeneration process by assessing reforestation sites from two regions of São Paulo State, Brazil, and we compared the data obtained from these sites with data from mature forests. We assessed the arthropod communities using similarity indices and high‐level taxa abundance, with the level of forest succession and the locations of the restoration areas as factors. Forest succession correlated with the species composition as communities from the reforestation sites gradually became more similar to communities from the mature forests, while their quantitative patterns were minimally related. Forest maturation positively affected the richness of the litter community and the abundance of some minor groups, such as Protura, Diplura, and Symphyla. The region influenced the species composition but did not influence the manner in which the communities changed during the maturation process. We also found a convergent soil colonization pattern as arthropod communities from different sites became more similar during forest succession. This finding is consistent with both empirical data and theoretical predictions from the specialized literature, although the subject has been poorly explored until now. We conclude that reforestation allows the colonization of soil and litter fauna in a biased manner.     

No bottom-up effects of food addition on predators in a tropical forest

Several studies in temperate forests have demonstrated effects of litter addition on decomposers and predators. However, adding litter does not allow separating the effects of food availability and habitat space. We investigated the response of decomposers and predators to increased food resources and space in forests of the southern Mata Atlântica of Brazil. In two forest ecosystems representing an early successional stage of secondary forests and old-growth forest, we added nutrient-rich organic material, artificial litter of no nutritional value, or a combination of both to the soil surface of 120 plots to separate the effects of habitat space and food on soil food webs. We sampled litter- and soil-dwelling arthropods after three months using pitfall traps, soil sample extraction, and sticky traps just above the soil. Adding artificial litter had no positive effect on any of the 17 analyzed arthropod groups. Combining all sampled arthropods the effect was even significantly negative. Adding food had a positive effect on the abundance of decomposers, but not predators. We found no interactions between added artificial litter and added organic material. Our results suggest that the soil fauna in tropical forests is food limited. The lack of a bottom-up effect on predators suggests that they are not predominantly regulated by the abundance of epigeic prey but rather by competition or predation.