《动物学研究》增刊简介

《动物学研究》第2卷第4期增刊(1981) 本期增刊为“蛇毒研究与蛇伤治疗”。主要内容是:福建产圆斑蝰蛇(Vipera russclli siamensis)蛇毒磷酯酶A的分离纯化及部分性质;毒性磷酯酶A_2的氨基酸组成和N-末端部分氨基酸顺序测定;浙江蝮蛇毒碱性磷脂酶A的分离纯化及性质;我国10种蛇毒磷脂酶A活力比较;广东金环蛇细胞毒素Ⅷ的化学组成和部分一级结构;眼镜蛇膜毒素对菠菜叶绿体光合膜的影响;中华眼镜蛇毒膜毒素对鼠肝线粒体的作用;眼镜王蛇毒中L-氨基酸氧化酶的分离纯     

Ⅴ型磷酸二酯酶的活性测定及其抑制剂的研究

研究以3',5'-环鸟苷酸(cGMP)为特异底物的Ⅴ型磷酸二酯酶(PDE5)活性及新合成的化合物CY Ⅰ、CYⅡ、CYⅢ和CYⅣ对该酶的抑制作用.以人血小板为原料,通过快速蛋白液相色谱系统(FPLC)分离纯化得到PDE5,利用3H-cGMP同位素两步分析法检测PDE5的活性.再以不同剂量的4种化合物作用于PDE5,观察它们对PDE5的抑制效应,从而筛选出PDE5的高效抑制剂.结果表明,CYⅡ对PDE5具有很好的抑制作用.     

蛇毒中γ-谷氨酰转肽酶

γ-谷氨酰转肽酶 (简称γ-GT)广泛存在各种哺乳动物组织中,在氨基酸转运中起重要作用。我们对分属于眼镜蛇科、蝰科和海蛇科的九种毒蛇的蛇毒进行研究,发现蛇毒中存在γ-GT,但各种蛇毒的总酶活力差异很大,以眼镜王蛇和眼镜蛇毒含量较丰富。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和凝胶等电聚焦电泳分析指出,大多数蛇毒含多种形式的γ-GT,存在分子量与等电点不同的酶区带。     

广西产眼镜蛇毒酸性磷脂酶A2的分离纯化及性质研究

目的　从广西产中华眼镜蛇毒 ( N aja naja atra)中分离了一种新的磷脂酶 A2 ( PLA2 ) ,并研究其性质。　方法　磷脂酶 A2 ( PLA2 )的分离纯化采用 CM5 2、CM-Sepharose CL-6 B离子交换柱和 SepharoseCL-6 B凝胶柱 ,磷脂酶 A2 ( PLA2 )的性质采用经典方法进行。　结果　分离后的磷脂酶 A2 经过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和 HPLC检测 ,其为单一组分。SDS-PAGE测定它的分子量为1 5 0 0 0± 1 0 0 0。等电聚焦测得它的等电点为 6 .3。它的最适温度为 5 5℃ ,最适 p H值为 8.5。氨基酸成分分析表明该酶由 1 2 6个氨基酸组成 ,以 Asp、Ala、Gly、Cys居多。Fe3 、Zn2 、EDTA对其酶活力起抑制作用 ;K 、Ca2 、去垢剂对其活力起促进作用。荧光光谱分析表明该酶的色氨酸残基、组氨酸残基可能位于分子表面。药理实验表明 :该酶具有抗胰蛋白酶作用、抗凝血作用、间接溶血作用以及对青蛙具有心脏毒性。　结论　广西产中华眼镜蛇毒磷脂酶 A2 与其它来源的 PLA2 同源性高 ,但性质不尽相同。     

白唇竹叶青蛇毒5’-核苷酸酶的分离纯化及性质

用DEAE-SephadexA-25、Sephadex-G-100和CM-SephadexC-50三步柱层析分离法,从白唇竹叶青(Trimeresurus albolabris)蛇毒中分离纯化出具有5'-核苷酸酶活性的组分.SDS-聚内烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定其分子量为48.03kDa,HPLC柱层析图谱为单一峰.该组分是一个糖蛋白,以一磷酸腺苷(AMP)为底物时,其酶活力为330.33 μg Pi/(min·mg);而以二磷酸腺苷(ADP)为底物时,其酶活力为123.56μg Pi/(min·mg).金属离子zn2 、Fe3 和Cu2 对5'-核苷酸酶活性有显著的抑制作用,EDTA可完全抑制其酶活性.该酶的最适pH为9,最适温度为50℃.该组分还具有抑制由ADP诱导的血小板聚集的生物功能.     

5,5′-联硫-2,2′-双硝基苯甲酸及其有关化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶的别构效应

5,5'-联硫-2,2'-双硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)及其有关化合物TNB、TNB-Tch都是黄姑鱼肌肉乙酰胆碱酯酶的别构效应剂: 1.TNB非竞争性地抑制、而DTNB则激活该酶水解乙酰硫代胆碱和丁酰硫代胆碱的活力。对水解乙酰胆碱及α-萘酚乙酯的活力皆无影响。2.TNB-Tch比TNB具有更强的抑制作用。且对该酶水解乙酰胆碱、乙酰硫代胆碱及α-萘酚乙酯的活力皆有抑制作用。抑制类型与作用底物有关。底物在外周的结合能解除其抑制。3.钙离子可以解除TNB和TNB-Tch的抑制作用,而箭毒亦能与之对抗。对蛇毒乙酰胆碱酯酶,除了极低浓度(<10μM)DTNB和TNB有微弱的抑制作用外,TNB-Tch以及较高浓度的DTNB和TNB都具有强烈的激活作用。而对猪脑尾核乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力皆无影响。     

5,5′-联硫-2,2′-双硝基苯甲酸及其有关化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶的别构效应

5,5'-联硫-2,2'-双硝基苯甲酸~*(DTNB)及其有关化合物TNB~(**)、TNB-Tch~(**)都是黄姑鱼肌肉乙酰胆碱酯酶的别构效应剂:1.TNB 非竞争性地抑制、而DTNB 则激活该酶水解乙酰硫代胆碱和丁酰硫代胆碱的活力。对水解乙酰胆碱及α-萘酚乙酯的活力皆无影响。2.TNB-Tch 比TNB 具有更强的抑制作用。且对该酶水解乙酰胆碱、乙酰硫代胆碱及α-萘酚乙酯的活力皆有抑制作用。抑制类型与作用底物有关。底物在外周的结合能解除其抑制。3.钙离子可以解除TNB 和TNB-Tch 的抑制作用,而箭毒亦能与之对抗。对蛇毒乙酰胆碱酯酶,除了极低浓度(<10 μM)DTNB 和TNB 有微弱的抑制作用外,TNB-Tch 以及较高浓度的DTNB 和TNB 都具有强烈的激活作用。而对猪脑尾核乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力皆无影响。     

浙江产眼镜蛇蛇毒胆碱酯酶的研究 Ⅱ.酶学性质与生物毒性

浙江眼镜蛇蛇毒胆碱酯酶具有乙酰胆碱酯酶的特征,有以下几点事实:1.乙酰胆碱酯是酶的最适底物;2.过量底物抑制酶活性;3.BW_(62)C_(47)、BW_(284)C_(51)是典型的真性酶抑制剂,对蛇毒胆碱酯酶也同样具有抑制作用。眼镜蛇蛇毒胆碱酯酶最适pH为7.5(0.1M磷酸缓冲液)。反应5分钟时的最适温度在38～39℃,K_m值是1.25×10~(-4)M。稀酶溶液不稳定,在0.1%白明胶中可保护酶活力。原蛇毒和纯化后的胆碱酯酶的底物抑制图形和K_m值是类似的,这说明纯化过程中酶没有矫变。蛇毒中的胆碱酯酶被多种有机磷化合物如二异丙基磷酰氟、敌敌畏、对氧磷所抑制。一些氨基甲酸酯和含季铵盐的化合物也表现有抑制。浙江眼镜蛇毒有较大的毒性,小白鼠腹腔注射最小致死剂量是0.88微克/克,用亲和层析分离除去胆碱酯酶后仍保留有蛇毒的毒性,最小致死剂量是0.77微克/克,纯化的胆碱酯酶含7.5微克/克蛋白,动物未致死,说明蛇毒的主要毒性并不是胆碱酯酶。     

蛇毒酶治疗心脑血管病的概述

蛇毒中含有十多种酶类及其它蛋白,其中蛇毒中的凝血酶样酶具有降解血浆纤维蛋白原,降低血浆粘度,降低血小板聚集等作用。经分离纯化的蛇毒酶制剂,在临床上广泛使用已20多年,积累了丰富的经验。现将蛇毒酶在心脑血管病中的应用情况概述如下。     

浙江产眼镜蛇蛇毒胆碱酯酶的研究——Ⅱ.酶学性质与生物毒性

浙江眼镜蛇蛇毒胆碱酯酶具有乙酰胆碱酯酶的特征,有以下几点事实:1.乙酰胆碱酯是酶的最适底物;2.过量底物抑制酶活性;3.BW_(62)C_(47)、BW_(284)C_(51)是典型的真性酶抑制剂,对蛇毒胆碱酯酶也同样具有抑制作用。眼镜蛇蛇毒胆碱酯酶最适pH 为7.5(0.1M 磷酸缓冲液)。反应5分钟时的最适温度在38～39℃,K_m 值是1.25×10~(-4)M。稀酶溶液不稳定,在0.1%白明胶中可保护酶活力。原蛇毒和纯化后的胆碱酯酶的底物抑制图形和K_m 值是类似的,这说明纯化过程中酶没有矫变。蛇毒中的胆碱酯酶被多种有机磷化合物如二异丙基磷酰氟、敌敌畏、对氧磷所抑制。一些氨基甲酸酯和含季铵盐的化合物也表现有抑制。浙江眼镜蛇毒有较大的毒性,小白鼠腹腔注射最小致死剂量是0.88微克/克,用亲和层析分离除去胆碱酯酶后仍保留有蛇毒的毒性,最小致死剂量是0.77微克/克,纯化的胆碱酯酶含7.5微克/克蛋白,动物未致死,说明蛇毒的主要毒性并不是胆碱酯酶。     

Purification procedure and N-terminal amino acid sequence of yeast malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes

A method has been devised for the rapid isolation of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. First, anionic proteins were precipitated with polyethyleneimine, whilst hydrophobic malate dehydrogenase remained in the supernatant fluid. Secondly, the supernatant was 30% saturated with ammonium sulfate and the two isoenzymes were separated by hydrophobic phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B chromatography. For further purification the enzymes were chromatofocused, and polybuffer was removed by hydrophobic chromatography. Affinity chromatography with blue Sepharose CL-6B [1] was used as final purification step. The purified isoenzymes were homogeneous as shown by isoelectric focusing and could be used for N-terminal sequencing. 34 amino acid residues could be identified for the cytoplasmic isoenzyme and 56 amino acid residues for the mitochondrial isoenzyme. Although there are regions of strong homology between both isoenzymes, the sequence differences clearly showed support that both isoenzymes are coded by different genes. Sequence comparison clearly indicated that the N-terminus of the cytoplasmic enzyme extended that of the mitochondrial enzyme by 12 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the extending sequence resembled that of leading sequences known for enzymes which are transported into the mitochondria. The assumed leading sequence is discussed with respect to its possible role in glucose inactivation.     

Molecular characteristics of beta-galactosidase secreted by Penicillium canescens

Extracellular beta-galactosidase from P. canescens culture medium was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE and CM-Sepharose CL-6B and gel filtration. The enzyme active form was shown to be a monomer with a molecular weight of about 120 kDa; the isoelectric point is 6.7 and the sedimentation coefficient is 6.5. In terms of physico-chemical and catalytic properties, the purified enzyme is similar to beta-galactosidases of other fungi of genus Penicillium. The amino acid composition and the NH2-terminal sequence of 24 residues non-homologous to the corresponding sequences of bacterial and yeast beta-galactosidases were determined.     

cDNA cloning and expression of acutin

Acutin, a thrombin-like enzyme was purified from Agkistrodon acutus venom in three steps by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Superose 12 column on FPLC and Mono-Q column chromatographies. Its first 15 N-terminal amino acid residues sequence was then determined and the acutin cDNA was isolated from venom gland total RNA using RT-PCR. Determination of its nucleotide sequence allowed elucidation of the amino acid sequence of mature peptide for the first time. The mature acutin has 233 amino acids and its amino acid sequence exhibits significant homology with those of thrombin-like enzymes from crotaline snakes venoms. Based on the homology, the catalytic residues and disulfide bridges of acutin were deduced to be as follows: catalytic residues, His41, Asp84 and Ser179; and disulfide bridges, Cys7-Cys139, Cys26-Cys42, Cys74-Cys231, Cys118-Cys185, Cys150-Cys164, Cys175-Cys200. The recombinant acutin has been expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity column. The renatured recombinant acutin is reported for the first time to have the activity of clotting fibrinogen and arginine-esterase.     

大熊猫脑钙调素的纯化及性质研究

以大熊猫脑为材料,经提取、热处理、Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B疏水柱和快速液相分子筛层析,分离纯化得到CaM.经SDS-PAGE、 PAGE和IEF鉴定,得到的CaM为一条带.经测定,大熊猫脑CaM的分子质量为19 ku,等电点为3.8.酶活性实验表明大熊猫脑CaM对牛心磷酸二酯酶有激活作用.氨基酸组成分析结果与其他来源CaM相近.     

Purification and partial characterization of a soluble hemagglutinin from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

A soluble hemagglutinin (HA) produced by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain Inoue, serotype 5b, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B and high performance liquid chromatography on a DEAE-5PW anion-exchange column. The purified HA was a 14.5 kDa protein with an isoelectric point of 4.5. Amino acid analysis indicated that the HA consisted of 133 residues, corresponding to the molecular weight of 14,100. The amino acid sequence of N-terminal 38 amino acid residues showed no homology with that of several fimbrial proteins from Escherichia coli.     

Purification and characterization of a human kidney neutral endopeptidase that hydrolyzes succinyl trialanine-4-nitroanilide and biologically active peptides

An enzyme hydrolyzing succinyl trialanine-4-nitroanilide was extracted from human kidney homogenate and purified by means of gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and affinity chromatography on carbobenzoxy-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-polylysine-agarose. The purified enzyme consists of a single peptide, and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 125 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme cleaved the substrate at the bond between succinyl dialanine and alanine-4-nitroanilide and showed a Km value of 2.1 mM at the optimal pH of 8.0. The activity was increased by Ca2+ and Mg2+, but was inhibited by phosphoramidon and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The enzyme cleaved the oxydized insulin B chain, angiotensinogen tetradecapeptide, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, angiotensin III, [Sar1,Ala8]-angiotensin II, bradykinin, des-Pro2-bradykinin, Leu5-enkephalin, Met 5-enkephalin, [D-Ala2,Met5]-enkephalinamide and [D-Ala2-Met5]-enkephalin, but did not cleave [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin. The bonds on the amino side of the hydrophobic amino acids of the peptides were cleaved by the enzyme.     

Expression, refolding, and purification of recombinant human phosphodiesterase 3B: definition of the N-terminus of the catalytic core

We have developed an expression, refolding, and purification protocol for the catalytic domain of human Phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B). High level expression in Escherichia coli has been achieved with yields of up to 20mg/L. The catalytic domain of the enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography utilizing a novel affinity ligand. PDE3B, purified by affinity chromatography, with no single impurity #10878;1% as determined by SDS-PAGE, has a specific activity of 2210+/-442nmol/min/mg and a KM for cAMP of 44+/-4.5nM. Reducing the size of the expressed catalytic domain from residues 387-1112 to residues 654-1086 greatly reduced the aggregation phenomena observed with the affinity purified PDE3B. The definition of the N-terminus of the catalytic core was examined through the generation of several truncation mutants spanning amino acid residues 636-674. Constructs starting at E665 and M674 were fully active and devoid of activity, respectively. A construct starting at D668 had a Vmax reduced by approximately 10-fold relative to the longer constructs, yet the KM was not affected. This indicates the minimal N-terminus of the catalytic core lies between E665 and Y667. Refolding and affinity purification of the 654-1073 catalytic core of PDE3B has been employed to produce large quantities of highly pure enzyme for structural studies.     

Purification and properties of an acetylxylan esterase from Thermobifida fusca

An acetylxylan esterase from Thermobifida fusca NTU22 was purified 51-fold as measured by specific activity from crude culture filtrate by ultrafiltration concentration, Sepharose CL-6B and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The overall yield of the purified enzyme was 14.4%. The purified enzyme gave an apparent single protein band on an SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass of purified enzyme as estimated by SDS-PAGE and by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B was found to be 30 and 28kDa, respectively, indicating that the acetylxylan esterase from T. fusca NTU22 is a monomer. The pI value of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 6.55 by isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified esterase was ANPYERGP. The optimum pH and temperature for the purified enzyme were 8.0 and 80°C, respectively. The Zn(2+), Hg(2+), PMSF and DIPF inhibited the enzyme activity. The K(m) value for p-nitrophenyl acetate and acetylxylan were 1.86μM and 0.15%, respectively. Co-operative enzymatic degradation of oat-spelt xylan by purified acetylxylan esterase and xylanase significantly increased the acetic acid liberation compared to the acetylxylan esterase action alone.     

Structural and Catalytic Properties of the D-3-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

To put forward BDH from Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s enzymatic properties, we report a two-step purification of BDH and its gene sequencing allowing the investigation of its structural properties. Purification of BDH was achieved, using ammonium sulfate fractionation and Blue Sepharose CL-6B affinity chromatography. SDS–PAGE analysis reveals a MM of 29 kDa, whereas the native enzyme showed a MM of 120 kDa suggesting a homotetrameric structure. BDH encoding gene sequence shows a nucleotide open reading frame sequence of 771 bp encoding a 265 amino acid residues polypeptide chain. The modeling analysis of the three dimensional structure fits with the importance of amino acids in the catalysis reaction especially a strictly conserved tetrad. Amino-acid residues in interaction with the coenzyme NAD⁺ were also identified.     

Purification and partial amino acid sequencing of rat bone tumor (UMR106) alkaline phosphatase

Cultured rat osteosarcoma (UMR106) alkaline phosphatase was purified to apparent homogeneity by sequential application of polyclonal antibody affinity, DEAE-cellulose, and Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme preparation treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol showed the presence of a dominant band (using silver staining) corresponding to a molecular weight of 80,000. The amino acid composition was similar to those of various alkaline phosphatases. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined as follows: Phe-Val-Pro-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys- Asp-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Trp-Arg-Gln-Gln-Ala-Gln-Glu-Thr-Leu- Lys-Asn-Ala-Leu-Lys-?-Gln-Lys-?-Asn-Val-Asn-Ala-Lys.