我国野生稻资源的抗病性鉴定与利用研究进展

野生稻广泛分布于亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲和澳洲的77个国家,目前公认有21个野生种,我国有3个野生种。野生稻具有大量栽培稻目前缺乏的的优良特性(基因),成为栽培稻遗传改良的丰富基因源和重要的物质基础。我国是水稻生产大国,但白叶枯病、稻瘟病、纹枯病等各种病害一直严重影响着水稻生产。从我国野生稻挖掘和利用抗病材料(基因),是培育抗病品种的重要途径。本文综述了我国野生稻资源的抗病性鉴定与利用研究进展,提出了存在的问题和加强研究的建议。     

Understanding the genetic and molecular constitutions of heterosis for developing hybrid rice

The wide adoption of hybrid rice has greatly increased rice yield in the last several decades. The utilization of heterosis facilitated by male sterility has been a common strategy for hybrid rice development. Here, we summarize our efforts in the genetic and molecular understanding of heterosis and male sterility together with the related progress from other research groups. Analyses of F₁ diallel crosses show that strong heterosis widely exists in hybrids of diverse germplasms, and inter-subspecific hybrids often display higher heterosis. Using the elite hybrid Shanyou 63 as a model, an immortalized F₂ population design is conducted for systematic characterization of the biological mechanism of heterosis, with identification of loci controlling heterosis of yield and yield component traits. Dominance, overdominance, and epistasis all play important roles in the genetic basis of heterosis; quantitative assessment of these components well addressed the three classical genetic hypotheses for heterosis. Environment-sensitive genic male sterility (EGMS) enables the development of two-line hybrids, and long noncoding RNAs often function as regulators of EGMS. Inter-subspecific hybrids show greatly reduced fertility; the identification and molecular characterization of hybrid sterility genes offer strategies for overcoming inter-subspecific hybrid sterility. These developments have significant implications for future hybrid rice improvement using genomic breeding.     

新型四倍体水稻创制及其杂种优势利用研究进展

新型四倍体水稻是本研究团队创制的一类高育性多倍体水稻新种质,携带有多种优异基因。该类材料与同源四倍体水稻杂交获得的杂种F₁产量优势明显,具有应用前景。本文首先概述了同源四倍体水稻的研究进展,并重点阐述了新型四倍体水稻创制过程、主要特点、杂种优势表现及其涉及的分子遗传机理,最后提出未来研究的思路及需要解决的问题,为加快新型四倍体水稻在多倍体水稻育种中的利用提供依据。     

Production of transgenic rice with agronomically useful genes: an assessment

Rice is the most important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Yield enhancement to increase rice production is one of the essential strategies to meet the demand for food of the growing population. Both abiotic and biotic features limit adversely the productivity of rice growing areas. Conventional breeding has been an effective means for developing high yielding varieties, however; it is associated with its own limitations. It is envisaged that recent trends in biotechnology can contribute to the agronomic improvement of rice in terms of yield and nutritional quality as a supplement to traditional breeding methods. Genetic transformation of rice has demonstrated numerous important opportunities resulting in the genetic improvement of existing elite rice varieties and production of new plant types. Significant advances have been made in the genetic engineering of rice since the first transgenic rice plant production in the late 1980s. Several gene transfer protocols have been employed successfully for the introduction of foreign genes to rice. In more than 60 rice cultivars belonging to indica, japonica, javanica, and elite African cultivars, the protocol has been standardized for transgenic rice production. Selection and use of appropriate promoters, selectable markers, and reporter genes has been helpful for development of efficient protocols for transgenic rice in a number of rice cultivars. The present review is an attempt to assess the current state of development in transgenic rice for the transfer of agronomically useful genes, emphasizing the application and future prospects of transgenic rice production for the genetic improvement of this food crop.     

利用SSR标记构建萝卜种质资源分子身份证

为了保护我国特有的优异萝卜资源,促进资源的有效区分和合理利用,保障我国萝卜产业发展,目前需积极开展萝卜种质资源的特异性鉴定和种质识别技术研究。本研究基于SSR分子标记、信息处理和图像处理技术,筛选出22对SSR引物对75份来源和特征不同的代表性萝卜种质进行鉴定,共扩增出153条带,其中多态性条带为87条,平均多态性位点百分率为55.49%,平均每对引物可扩增出6.95条带和3.95条多态性带,有效地显示出每份萝卜种质的特异性。基于最少引物鉴定最多种质的原则,利用MATLAB程序筛选出8对SSR引物,依据8对引物的扩增数据,经过多态性谱带的有序编码转换,构建出75份萝卜种质分子身份证。结果显示利用SSR标记构建萝卜种质分子身份证进行种质资源的鉴定和保护是可行的。     

转基因技术改良稻米淀粉品质的研究进展

淀粉是稻米胚乳的主要组成成分, 而淀粉含量和性质的差异又直接决定稻米的品质。早期关于稻米淀粉的研究局限于其组成成分、品种间含量的差异以及稻米淀粉合成的经典遗传学方面。随着现代分子生物学和转基因技术的发展, 稻米品质、淀粉的生物合成及其分子调控成为研究热点。随着淀粉合成相关基因的克隆、分子特性及其表达调控的研究取得了较大进展, 人们也开始尝试利用现代基因工程技术, 高效地改良稻米品质, 如提高或降低淀粉含量及改变支链淀粉的结构。本文从综述稻米淀粉的组成、结构和淀粉合成相关酶的研究进展入手, 探讨了转基因技术改良稻米品质的研究进展和发展前景。     

我国食用菌遗传学的发展及展望

食用菌遗传学是食用菌学科体系的重要分支之一,40年来我国食用菌遗传学研究紧密围绕为育种服务、最新分子生物学技术的应用和生产实践中的科学问题的解决等主题开展了众多科学活动。为了促进食用菌遗传学研究的系统性和全面性,本文梳理出9个方面的研究主题,主要包括食用菌种质资源调查和地方品种研究、食用菌农艺性状控制基因定位和分子辅助育种技术研究、食用菌杂交育种的遗传学规律研究、食用菌菌种的遗传稳定性研究和变异风险监控、栽培基质分解利用和储存转运的分子机制、食用菌应对环境因素变化的分子机制、子实体发育的分子调控机制、食用菌次级代谢产物生物合成的分子机制以及食用菌鲜品采摘后代谢生理的分子机制等,目前这些研究主题有些正在成为研究热点,有些在研究的系统性上还有待完善,有些还缺少足够的关注兴趣。希望食用菌遗传学在未来的发展中,能够把一些源头和底层的科学规律弄清楚,形成完整的知识体系和理论体系,为推动食用菌产业高质量发展提供科学基础。     

Genome-wide Introgression Lines and their Use in Genetic and Molecular Dissection of Complex Phenotypes in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Tremendous efforts have been taken worldwide to develop genome-wide genetic stocks for rice functional genomic (FG) research since the rice genome was completely sequenced. To facilitate FG research of complex polygenic phenotypes in rice, we report the development of over 20 000 introgression lines (ILs) in three elite rice genetic backgrounds for a wide range of complex traits, including resistances/tolerances to many biotic and abiotic stresses, morpho-agronomic traits, physiological traits, etc., by selective introgression. ILs within each genetic background are phenotypically similar to their recurrent parent but each carries one or a few traits introgressed from a known donor. Together, these ILs contain a significant portion of loci affecting the selected complex phenotypes at which allelic diversity exists in the primary gene pool of rice. A forward genetics strategy was proposed and demonstrated with examples on how to use these ILs for large-scale FG research. Complementary to the genome-wide insertional mutants, these ILs opens a new way for highly efficient discovery, candidate gene identification and cloning of important QTLs for specific phenotypes based on convergent evidence from QTL position, expression profiling, functional and molecular diversity analyses of candidate genes, highlights the importance of genetic networks underlying complex phenotypes in rice that may ultimately lead to more complete understanding of the genetic and molecular bases of quantitative trait variation in rice. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-005-8519-3     

复杂的农业景观系统中植物物种多样性的评价方法-PLEC农业生物多样性指导小组（PLEC-BAG）对资料搜集与分析的指南

农业生物多样性已成为国际关注的热点领域之一。本文根据郭辉军等中国专家提出的农业生物多样性评价（Agobiodiyersity Assessment,ABA）方法为基础,提出了景观水平农业生物多样性评价相关术语、基本用词的定义,一系列用于搜集PLEC植物物种多样性核心资料的基本原理与实用指南,以及资料分析与报告指南,以指导全球环境基金/联合国环境署/联合国大学PLEC项目计划20多个国家的研究。图表可于实地调查时用于搜集及分析核心资料;这些资料最终将会包括于PLEC物种多样性数据库。正文则提供辅助的咨询解释。     

褐飞虱生物型研究进展:致害性变异的遗传机制

能够“克服”水稻抗性的褐飞虱生物型的出现 ,是目前水稻育种及害虫防治工作中面临的重大难题。为探明褐飞虱生物型的形成机制 ,许多学者致力于生物型致害性的遗传学研究 ,然而得出的结论却不尽一致。该文综述了有关褐飞虱生物型研究中争论较多的 3个方面 ,即生物型致害性的稳定性 ,致害性的遗传机制 ,以及生物型的形成机制 ,并介绍了最新的研究进展 ,展望了该领域的研究方向     

高油酸油菜遗传育种研究进展

油酸（C18∶1）是双低菜籽油的主要脂肪酸之一,合理的高油酸菜籽油脂肪酸组分更有利于人体健康,因此提高油酸含量是双低油菜品质育种的一个重要方向。当前我国高油酸油菜品种选育相关研究进展缓慢,高油酸菜籽油产业化进程急需提速。围绕高油酸油菜主要从四个方面开展论述：国内外利用理化方法成功创建的油菜高油酸种质资源及其高油酸性状遗传模式;油菜高油酸性状的控制基因及其突变位点;世界上高油酸品种的培育以及我国高油酸品种的发展趋势;当前高油酸品种的不足及今后高油酸油菜品种的改良途径。为油菜育种工作者较全面地展示了国际上高油酸油菜在遗传育种方面的研究成果,也为今后我国高油酸油菜的进一步发展提供了参考。     

Rice genetic resources: history,conservation, investigative characterization and use in Japan

Rice has been grown in Japan for about 3000 years. Although both japonica and indica varieties have been grown in Japan, now japonica rices are grown. Japanese rice breeding has used an ecological breeding approach. While emphasis in rice breeding in the 1940's and 1950's focussed on yield in recent decades quality has been of major importance. Consumer preference and name recognition of high quality varieties, such as Koshihikari, has resulted in slow acceptance of new varieties.Rice germplasm was systematically collected throughout Japan between 1962 and 1963. Subsequent acquisition and collecting, in Japan and other countries, has resulted in 28,000 accessions being conserved in the National Genebank, based at the National institute of Agrobiological Resources (NIAR).Research on genetic diversity of rice using a range of techniques, for example esterase isozymes, has revealed clinal variation in rice radiating from the center of diversity of rice in and around southwest China. Newly found genes in traditional rice germplasm, such as genes for non-elongating mesocotyl, are now routinely identified on the rice genome. Pioneering studies on eco-genetic differentiation of species in the genus Oryza in Japan has revealed much about the complex genepool for which rice evolved.Pest and disease resistance sources, particularly to blast, bacterial blight and brown plant hopper, from many countries have been incorporated into Japanese varieties. Cold tolerance at the booting stage was found in the Indonesian variety Silewah. In the future in characterisation of rice germplasm and interaction between rice germplasm specialists and rice molecular scientists, both in Japan and internationally, will be corner stones to securing rice genetic diversity and rice improvement in the next century.     

Physical mapping of the rice genome with BACs

The development of genetics in this century has been catapulted forward by several milestones: rediscovery of Mendel's laws, determination of DNA as the genetic material, discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA and its implications for genetic behavior, and most recently, analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Each of these milestones has generated a huge wave of progress in genetics. Consequently, our understanding of organismal genetics now extends from phenotypes to their molecular genetic basis. It is now clear that the next wave of progress in genetics will hinge on genome molecular physical mapping, since a genome physical map will provide an invaluable, readily accessible system for many detailed genetic studies and isolation of many genes of economic or biological importance. Recent development of large-DNA fragment (>100 kb) manipulation and cloning technologies, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning, has provided the powerful tools needed to generate molecular physical maps for higher-organism genomes. This chapter will discuss (1) an ideal physical map of plant genome and its applications in plant genetic and biological studies, (2) reviews on physical mapping of the genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, and man, (3) large-insert DNA libraries: cosmid, YAC and BAC, and genome physical mapping, (4) physical mapping of the rice genome with BACs, and (5) perspectives on the physical mapping of the rice genome with BACs.     

Rice Resistance to Planthoppers and Leafhoppers

For over 50 years, host-plant resistance has been regarded as an efficient method to reduce yield losses to rice caused by delphacid and cicadelid hoppers. Already a number of resistant rice varieties have been developed and deployed throughout Asia. To date, over 70 hopper resistance genes have been identified in rice; however, less than 10 genes have been deliberately introduced to commercial rice varieties. Currently, due to recent brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens [Stål]) and whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera [Horvath]) outbreaks occurring at an unprecedented scale, researchers are working toward a second generation of resistant varieties using newly identified gene loci and applying new molecular breeding methods. This paper reviews advances in the identification of resistance genes and QTLs against hoppers in rice. It collates all published information on resistance loci and QTLs against the major rice planthoppers and leafhoppers and presents information on gene locations, genetic markers, differential varieties, and wild rice species as sources of resistance. The review indicates that, whereas progress in the identification of genes has been rapid, considerable tidying of the information is required, especially regarding gene nomenclature and resistance spectra. Furthermore, sound information on gene functioning is almost completely lacking. However, hopper responses to resistance mechanisms are likely to be similar because a single phenotyping technique has been applied by most national and international breeding programs during germplasm screening. The review classifies genes occurring at two chromosome regions associated with several identified resistance loci and highlights these (Chr4S: BphR-R and Chr12L: BphR-R) as general stress response regions. The review calls for a greater diversity of phenotyping methods to enhance the durability of resistant varieties developed using marker-aided selection and emphasizes a need to anticipate the development of virulent hopper populations in response to the field deployment of genes.     

香稻资源遗传多样性的比较

利用60个水稻SSR标记, 对来自国内外的370份香稻材料的遗传多样性进行了比较分析。结果共检测到361个等位基因, 每个位点的等位基因变幅为2~10个, 平均Nei基因多样性指数(He)为0.663, 变幅为0.104(RM308)~0.885(RM2634)。籼粳亚种间的遗传多样性具有明显差异, 籼稻的等位基因数和Nei基因多样性指数均高于粳稻。地方品种的遗传多样性高于选育品种, 选育品种等位基因数仅为地方品种的86.5%。分子方差分析表明, 香稻材料中总变异的43.08%是由于亚种间的遗传差异引起的。不同稻区的遗传分化程度总体介于1.69%~14.40%之间。其中, 华南与西南、华中与西南地方品种间遗传差异的分化程度达显著水平。聚类分析将参试材料明显分为籼粳两大类, 同时地域相同(稻区)、相邻省份的香稻材料基本归为同一类群。     

牦牛分子遗传多样性研究进展

遗传多样性研究可有效地揭示牦牛的遗传变异, 是牦牛群体遗传学研究的主要内容之一。自20世纪70年代以来, 人们已对牦牛的体形外貌特征、染色体核型(带型)、生理生化特性和DNA序列变异等进行了较为深入地研究。随着分子遗传学和DNA测序技术的迅猛发展, 近年来的研究主要集中在牦牛的分子遗传多样性。文章对近15年来牦牛mtDNA和核基因组分子标记及侯选基因多样性的研究现状进行了综述, 对前景进行展望, 以期为牦牛群体基因组学等研究提供依据。     

应用B.t.和SBTi基因提高水稻抗虫性的研究

用基因枪法将单个B.t.基因或与SBTi基因一起导入到两个华南地区优良籼稻品种中,获得21个转B.t.单基因的植株系,4个转B.t.和SBTi双基因的植株系。对R1代植株的分子杂交和遗传分析表明,3个转双基因系中多个拷贝的B.t.和SBTi基因均是整合在植株基因组同一染色体上相同或相近位点。Northern blot证明在R2代转基因植株中B.t.基因稳定表达。对稻纵卷叶螟的抗性实验表明,转B.t.单基因或B.t.和SBTi双基因的转基因植株均较原种对照有更强的抗性,而转双基因植株较转单基因植株又有更强的抗性。     

分子标记在茶树遗传育种上的应用

综述了近年来分子标记在茶树种质资源和品种鉴别、遗传多样性、遗传演化、遗传稳定性及分子遗传图谱构建等方面的应用 ,并展望了其应用前景。     

水稻籽粒灌浆速率的分子机制与遗传调控研究进展

水稻(Oryza sativa)的高产优质是我国粮食安全的重要保障,也是育种家一直追求的目标。水稻籽粒灌浆速率(GFR)是一个重要而复杂的农艺性状,直接影响籽粒充实度、粒重和米质。目前,快速灌浆的优良水稻品种缺乏,可供育种利用的相关优异基因资源有限,已成为制约水稻产量和品质进一步提高的瓶颈。相对于水稻的其它农艺性状,G...     

作物杂种优势遗传基础的研究进展

杂种优势是指两个遗传基础有差异的亲本杂交生成的杂合子在生长势和生物量等方面优于两个亲本的现象。虽然杂种优势在农业生产中已经得到很好的利用,但对于其形成的遗传机理仍没有统一的解释。目前,解释杂种优势遗传基础的模型主要有显性、超显性和上位性。分子数量遗传学的发展加快了杂种优势的研究。该文主要综述了近期在数量性状位点(QTL)水平的杂种优势遗传基础的研究进展,对作物杂种优势的QTL定位进行了回顾和展望。