一种新的肉苁蓉甙类化合物的分离方法

简单介绍了一种从肉苁蓉中提取得到肉苁蓉甙类化合物的方法,避免了乙酸乙酯和正丁醇的萃取,便于工业化应用,同时还可获得纯度较高有甜菜碱。     

肉苁蓉脂溶性成分分析

采用气相-质谱联用法分析了肉苁蓉的脂溶性提取物中的化学成分。通过柱色谱将脂溶性提取物分为三部分:非极性、弱极性和极性,共73种化合物得到鉴定,总鉴定比例为97.22%,并用面积归一法确定其相对含量。本实验使肉苁蓉脂溶性成分得到全面分析,并发现含有多种活性化合物。     

基于HPLC-QQQ-MS技术探讨炮制对肉苁蓉中5个活性成分的含量影响

炮制一般会对中药材的成分及药效产生重要作用,本文为了探讨炮制加工对肉苁蓉成分的影响,建立了同时测定炮制前后肉苁蓉中肉苁蓉苷F、毛蕊花糖苷、毛蕊花糖苷、2′-乙酰基毛蕊花糖苷和松果菊苷的含量的高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, HPLC-QQQ-MS)的检测方法。采用50%甲醇溶液提取药物粉末,在Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C₁₈(2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.8μm)的色谱柱上,以0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,选取负离子多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式,以木通苯乙醇苷为内标成分,以进样量1μL,流速0.3 mL/min,柱温35℃,样品管理器温度8℃于HPLC-QQQ-MS进行同一批次炮制前后肉苁蓉中这五种成分的含量测定。结果显示5种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)在0.992 9～...     

国产肉苁蓉属(列当科)花粉及种皮的形态研究

本文借助扫描电镜,对国产肉苁蓉属Cistanche植物的花粉外壁及种皮纹饰进行了观察,并讨论了它们的分类学意义。结果表明：该属各个种之间在花粉外壁纹饰及种皮纹饰上的差异可为种的区 分提供依据。     

中药肉苁蓉商品药材和原植物资源调查

报道了全国肉苁蓉类药材的使用情况,经实地调查和收集资料,发现目前肉苁蓉类药材来源于同属的4种植物,主流品种为肉苁蓉,管花肉苁蓉产销量仅次于肉苁蓉。     

肉苁蓉多糖对大黄脾虚模型大鼠的影响

肉苁蓉多糖（１５０ｍｇ、３００ｍｇ／１００ｇ）连续灌胃１周对大黄脾虚模型大鼠的饲料消耗量减少和体重增长率减慢有显著改善作用。另对脾虚模型所致的胃蛋白酶及唾液淀粉酶活性降低有明显升高作用。     

肉苁蓉有效成分提取集成方法的研究

研究了肉苁蓉(CistanchedeserticolaY.C.Ma)中有效成分苯乙醇糖甙类化合物、甜菜碱和肉苁蓉多糖提取的集成方法。肉苁蓉先后用甲醇和水超声破碎提取,然后经大孔吸附树脂AB-8柱和强酸型阳离子交换树脂001×7柱洗脱以及SephadexG-75凝胶柱层析,可以分别得到苯乙醇糖甙类化合物52.3mg、甜菜碱125.6mg和肉苁蓉多糖24.5mg,其回收率分别为64.4%、92.9%和53.5%。该法的优点是将肉苁蓉中3种有效成分的提取方法集成起来,具有经济、高效的特点。     

内蒙古肉苁蓉属肉苁蓉一新变种——扇形肉苁蓉

报道并描述了肉苁蓉属(列当科)一新变种——扇形肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola Ma var.flabellata R.Cao & Q.Ma).该变种与肉苁蓉相比,其茎为扇形,扁平;下部的鳞片状叶线形或线状披针形,长12～15 mm,宽1～3 mm.标本存放于内蒙古大学植物标本馆(HIMC).     

管花肉苁蓉(Cistanche tubulosa)在内蒙古栽培成功

肉苁蓉为历代补肾壮阳处方中使用频度最高的中药材,也是著名的补益药物之一,有"沙漠人参"之称,亦称大芸,已成为我国西部地区著名的中药材.国产肉苁蓉药材为肉苁蓉属中肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)、管花肉苁蓉(Cistanche tubulosa)和盐生肉苁蓉(Cistanche salsa)的原植物.目前我国肉苁蓉产品的年销售额已突破亿元(包括外销于日本、东南亚等国),肉苁蓉产业已形成一定规模,必将在我国西部大开发中起着重要作用.     

肉苁蓉寄生对梭梭幼苗保护酶活性及渗透调节物质的影响

以寄生和未寄生肉苁蓉的梭梭为对象,分别测定其同化枝的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量,同时测定了2种条件下梭梭的渗透调节物质（可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸）含量,并采用隶属函数法对各个指标进行综合评定。结果显示：2种处理的梭梭在6—9月3种保护酶活性的变化趋势均为先升后降,且寄生肉苁蓉梭梭的保护酶活性在前期均高于未寄生的梭梭。梭梭在被肉苁蓉寄生后,MDA含量显著增加,且植株体内的主要渗透调节物质——可溶性蛋白质及脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的升高,但可溶性糖含量却有所降低。各指标的相关分析和综合评定结果表明,肉苁蓉的寄生给寄主梭梭造成了胁迫的环境,对寄主保护酶系统及渗透调节系统产生了明显的伤害,并降低了寄主梭梭的抗旱性。     

一种刺激肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的方法

以3种肉苁蓉属（Cistanche）植物种子为材料,研究了氟啶酮对肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的影响。结果表明：氟啶酮处理10天后种子开始萌发,然后,胚根顶端膨大,发育出吸器。管花肉苁蓉种子萌发率最高,达到82％;盐生肉苁蓉吸器诱导率最高,达到52％;对照处理的种子不萌发。这说明氟啶酮是有效刺激肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的信号物质。     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology and Seed Coat of the Genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in China

In the present paper pollen grains of 5 species and seed coat of 4 species of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) from China were examined by scanning electron microscope As a result, two types of the pollen exine sculpture are distinguished: (1) tuberculate, C. salsa and C. lanzhouensis; (2) rugulate or fine reticulation formed by the fusion of rugae, C. sinensis, C. deserticola and C. tubulosa. Chinese Cistanche was classified into two sections based on the gross morphology by the present author (Zhang, 1984). C. lanzhouensis and C. sinensis were included in one section. This classification is in conflict with the pollen type, which indicates that the characters of pollen grains and external morphology in this genus have evolved at different rates. The differences in pollen morphology of Chinese Cistanche can serve as characters for delimitating species. According to our abservation, C. lanzhouenis Z. Y. Zhang differs from the other members of Cistanche not only in external morphology but also in pollen morphology. Pollen grains are subprolate in this species, while prolate in the other four species, and exine sculpture is tuberculate. The present study provides the establishment of this new species (Zhang, 1984) with palynological evidence. The seed coat sculpture in Chinese Cistanche are constantly alveolate, but there are some slight differences, by which the sculpture can be divided into two types: (1) testa cells have or have not thickenings on the inner anticlinal walls; cavernulous sculpture is present on outer periclinal wall of some cells: C. sinensis; (2) testa cells have striate thickenings on the inner anticlinal walls: C. salsa, C. deserticola and C. tubulosa. The characters of seed coatof some significance for the delimitation of species.     

The intestinal microflora of farmed Dover sole (Solea solea) at different stages of fish development

The bacterial flora in the intestines of farmed Dover sole ( Solea solea L.) was investigated at different stages of fish development in relation to different diets fed under farming conditions. The flora of water and diets were also analyzed. The dominant generic group isolated from all water samples examined was Pseudomonas Gp IV/ Alcaligenes. The same generic group was dominant in homogenized pelagic larvae indicating a relationship between the microflora of those young fish and that of tank water. In older fish a steady increase in the percentage incidence of Vibrio / anaerogenic Aeromonas was observed in the intestines as fish grew and diets changed. The Vibrio /anaerogenic Aeromonas group was dominant in Lumbricillus rivalis used as an intermediate diet and the increased incidence of this group in fish intestines occurred after fish were fed this diet. The composite pellet used for ongrowing carried a high percentage of Gram positive micro-organisms and there was no relationship between the pellet microflora and that found in the fish intestines.     

Distribution of Aeromonas Species in the Intestinal Tracts of River Fish

Aeromonas isolates were obtained from fish intestines, water, and sediments from an urban river and identified by the DNA-DNA microplate hybridization method. The isolates were Aeromonas veronii (22%), Aeromonas caviae (18%), Aeromonas hydrophila (13%), Aeromonas sobria (8%), Aeromonas jandaei (7%), and other Aeromonas spp. (33%). Aeromonas species occurred at high densities with high incidences, regardless of season. The results strongly suggest that aeromonads are indigenous in fish intestines, water, and sediments of rivers and have the potential to be predominant in aquatic environments.     

Time-dependent expression of cytochrome p450 epoxygenases during human prenatal development

There is growing evidence that some members of cytochrome P450 enzymes contribute to regulation of normal prenatal development. CYP epoxygenases (CYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies) convert arachidonic acid into four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), biologically active molecules involved in mitogenesis and cell signaling. Almost nothing is known about localization of their expression in tissues during human prenatal development. The spatio-temporal expression pattern of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 in human embryonic/fetal intestines, liver, and kidney was investigated by immunohistochemical method. CYP epoxygenases are expressed already in early stages of development in these embryonic/fetal tissues (as early as 7th week of IUD in the intestines, 5th week of IUD in the liver, and 6th week of IUD in the kidney). In kidney, CYP epoxygenases are expressed in the metanephrogenic blastema (but not in the uninduced mesenchyme) and in the tubular system. In the intestines, diverse CYP epoxygenases distribution along crypt-villus axis could suggest role in cell differentiation. Moreover, we detected higher CYP2J2 level in these organs than in adult tissue samples.     

Time-dependent expression of cytochrome p450 epoxygenases during human prenatal development

There is growing evidence that some members of cytochrome P450 enzymes contribute to regulation of normal prenatal development. CYP epoxygenases (CYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies) convert arachidonic acid into four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), biologically active molecules involved in mitogenesis and cell signaling. Almost nothing is known about localization of their expression in tissues during human prenatal development. The spatio-temporal expression pattern of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 in human embryonic/fetal intestines, liver, and kidney was investigated by immunohistochemical method. CYP epoxygenases are expressed already in early stages of development in these embryonic/fetal tissues (as early as 7th week of IUD in the intestines, 5th week of IUD in the liver, and 6th week of IUD in the kidney). In kidney, CYP epoxygenases are expressed in the metanephrogenic blastema (but not in the uninduced mesenchyme) and in the tubular system. In the intestines, diverse CYP epoxygenases distribution along crypt-villus axis could suggest role in cell differentiation. Moreover, we detected higher CYP2J2 level in these organs than in adult tissue samples.     

Intestinal cholesterol synthesis and mobilisation to blood in sucrose-feeding and alcohol-intake

Small intestines synthesize cholesterol to a greater extent than liver. Between starch-fed and sucrose-fed rats, using (14C) glucose, it was found that the synthesis of cholesterol by the jejunum of small intestines was greater in the sucrose-fed group than starch-fed group. By a novel experimental technique and using (14C) glucose, it was found that the contribution towards buffer representing lymph was greater in the sucrose-fed group (13.3%) than the controls (11%). Hypercholesterolemia on sucrose feeding may be at least partly due to contribution by the small intestines. Regarding alcohol, using (14C) glucose it was found that total synthesis of cholesterol by the small intestines was decreased in alcohol-fed rats. There was no difference in the cholesterol retained by the intestinal tissue between the controls and alcohol-fed animals while, the secretion towards buffer (lymph) was 9% as against 11. This indicates that there is contribution of cholesterol to blood from small intestines in alcohol-intake also but due to overall decrease in the intestinal synthesis of cholesterol, contribution of intestines to hypercholesterolemia may not be substantial as in the case of sucrose feeding. This is because in sucrose-feeding there is increased cholesterol synthesis.     

Phage typing of Escherichia coli isolated from chickens.

Ten different bacteriophages were isolated from untreated city sewage water. These phages were stable at 57 degrees C for 40 min. A modified agar layer technique was used to obtain high titre phages. Ninety-four of a stock of 101 cultures of Escherichia coli, which were isolated from inflamed portions of intestines of chickens, were lysed by one or more of these phages. The E. coli of a known serological grouping were phage typed.     

Heligmosomoides polygyrus: Simple recovery of post-infective larvae from mouse intestines

Mice infected orally with third-stage larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus were killed at various times after infection. Their small intestines were removed, tied at each end and incubated at 37 C in dilute culture medium. When intestines were taken from mice infected for a period of between 1 and 7 days, a number of developing larvae comprising up to 20% of the infective dose emerged within 60 min through the intestinal wall into the medium. The recovery of emergent larvae was highest using intestines from mice infected 36 to 120 hr previously. The proportion of parasites emerging from the intestines of 48-hr-infected mice was similar for doses of 100 to 2400 larvae. Significantly fewer larvae emerged from the intestines of mice resistant to reinfection and challenged with third-stage larvae 36–72 hr before necropsy.