基于1公顷样地的上海崇明岛人工林草本植物多样性及其对林冠结构的响应

为了研究城市森林草本植物多样性及其与冠层结构的关系,本文对上海崇明岛人工林1公顷样地的草本植被结构进行了调查分析,结果表明:(1)样地内共有草本植物40种,分属20科39属,以菊科种为主。(2)不同群落林下草本植被组成有明显差异,各群落林下草本植被优势种不同,物种多样性指数也不一样。香樟群落林下草本植物多样性指数最大,重阳木群落林下草本植物多样性指数最低。各指数变化趋势一致,均表现为常绿阔叶林(香樟林)落叶针阔混交林(水杉-重阳木林)落叶阔叶林(梧桐林)落叶阔叶林(重阳木林)。(3)同一群落林下草本植被组成有差异,不同密度梯度以及不同郁闭度梯度下各草本植被物种多样性指数均呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

山西霍山森林群落林下物种多样性研究

在野外获得样方的基础上,采用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等对山西霍山森林群落林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明,多数森林群落林下灌木层多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于草本层,而丰富度指数则相反。灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数的顺序为:针阔叶混交林>针叶林>落叶阔叶林,主要是由于针阔叶混交林兼有针叶林和落叶阔叶林的共同特征,因而具有较高的多样性。灌木层和草本层多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数在海拔梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势,即中海拔(1500 m)高度上物种多样性最大,这主要是由于在这一海拔范围内水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致。     

重庆缙云山针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律研究

 研究了重庆缙云山大面积分布的亚热带次生性针阔混交林林隙树木更替规律,预测了该类型林林隙演替趋势。结果表明：马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种群表现出强烈的相互更替模式,四川大头茶(Gordonia acuminata)、四川山矾(Symplocos setchuanensis)等常绿阔叶树种自我更替与相互更替两种模式共存;林隙现实树木更替过程不能维持群落现有组成;Markov转移矩阵分析表明未来林冠层组成中马尾松种群将失去优势地位,整个群落将由针阔混交林向常绿阔叶林方向演替。     

长白山北坡植物群落组成、结构及物种多样性的垂直分布

通过沿海拔梯度的系统调查,运用TWINSPAN分类方法,划分出长白山北坡的主要植物群落类型,对这些群落的组成和结构进行了分析。利用物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性等指标,研究了群落多样性随海拔梯度的变化趋势。结果表明,乔木层植物可分为4个群落类型：从低海拔到高海拔依次为红松(Pinus koraiensis)针阔混交林、红松针阔叶树种与云冷杉组成的过渡群落、云冷杉暗针叶林以及岳桦林(Betula ermanii)。乔木层优势种重要值的分析清楚地反映出长白山北坡植被垂直带谱的优势成分。径级频度分布的分析表明该区域主要群落的自我更新状况良好。植物物种多样性随海拔梯度的变化趋势为：随海拔升高,乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度呈下降趋势,但草本层的变化趋势不明显;乔木层和灌木层的α多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数)呈下降趋势,草本层则变化不明显;无论是木本层还是草本层的Pielou均匀度指数均没有明显的变化;乔木层、灌木层和草本层植物的β多样性(Cody指数)均随着海拔的升高而下降。     

天目山保护区森林群落植物多样性对毛竹入侵的响应及动态变化

为探讨毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)入侵对周围森林群落的影响,作者于2005-2011年在天目山自然保护区进行了7年长期定位观测实验,研究了毛竹入侵地森林群落的植物物种多样性变化.结果表明:毛竹入侵对周围森林群落植物物种多样性产生了不利影响:毛竹林乔木层和灌木层植物的Simpson指数小于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林,而草本层的Simpson指数则大于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林.植物物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数随时间发生了较大变化:毛竹入侵的森林群落其乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数显著降低(P＜0.05),草本层的物种丰富度显著提高(P＜0.05),Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数未表现出明显的变化.毛竹-针阔混交林去除毛竹后,乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度和Simpson指数增加,草本层物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数明显下降.可见,毛竹入侵使森林群落植物多样性发生实质性的变化,对自然保护区植物群落造成了重大影响.由此可见,要使保护区物种多样性得到保护,除进行科学的管理外,还需要控制毛竹蔓延.     

峨眉山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的生物多样性及植物区系初探

对峨眉山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构﹑组成﹑生物多样性及植物区系等几方面进行了研究分析。结果显示峨眉山阔叶混交林由226种维管束植物组成,其中被子植物73科137属207种, 占总种数的91.6%,是峨眉山阔叶混交林的重要组成部分;群落分层现象明显,为乔木层﹑灌木层﹑草本层和层外植物4层,其中草本层发育情况差;科分布型是以热带—亚热带﹑热带—温带为主,各占22.7%, 在属的水平上则以温带分布占绝对优势(52.9%),揭示了峨眉山阔叶混交林的区系性质是以温带为主的亚热带类型;生物多样性指数处于较低的水平,在经过人为干扰后,群落处于稳定的恢复阶段。     

福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性及其海拔梯度格局

常绿阔叶林是福建梅花山国家级自然保护区地带性植被。采用样带与典型群落调查法对区内的常绿阔叶林14400m2样地展开调查,并对植物多样性海拔梯度格局进行分析,结果表明：（1） 群落植物物种丰富度、Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数的均值分别为64.42、10.75、5.75、3.50、0.58,且这5种指数在各样带间差异极为显著,并随海拔的升高均呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在海拔700m~900m。（2） 群落各层次的植物物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener指数均呈现灌木层（包括幼树和层间植物）〉乔木层〉草本层的特征。乔木、灌木层物种丰富度与乔木层Shannon Wiener指数在海拔梯度上的样带间差异极显著,变化趋势与群落相似;灌木层与草本层Shannon Wiener指数以及草本层物种丰富度随海拔梯度变化不明显。因此,梅花山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局呈现单峰分布,并支持中间高度膨胀模式（mid domain model）。     

浙江东白山次生针阔混交林群落组成及结构动态

次生针阔混交林是亚热带地区常见的森林类型,研究次生针阔混交林群落的演替特征及其更新规律,将为本地区植被恢复及森林经营管理提供重要依据。该文基于2013和2018年两次调查东白山次生针阔混交林1 hm²固定样地的数据,从木本植物组成、群落物种多样性、物种重要值、径级结构等方面,分析了东白山次生针阔混交林群落组成和结构的动态变化。结果表明:(1)2013—2018年间,群落内物种数和植株数均显著下降(P<0.05);(2)样地内DBH≥1 cm的个体死亡1 505株,年均死亡率6.40%,新增个体71株,年均补员率0.35%;(3)群落物种多样性指数均显著下降(P<0.05),其中Margalef丰富度指数下降最多,降低了25.03%,Shannon-Wiener指数降低了11.88%;(4)林冠层中常绿阔叶树种的优势地位在进一步加强,而针叶树种的优势度在逐渐下降;(5)5 a间,大、中径级的个体比例逐渐增加,小径级植株的存活个体比例逐渐下降。该研究表明,2013—2018年间,东白山次生针阔混交林群落组成和结构总体发生了较为显著的动态变化,群落处于次生针阔混交林向常绿阔叶林快速演替阶段。     

鼎湖山生物圈保护区层间植物物种多样性的研究

本文研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区的层间植物（含藤本植物和附生、寄生维管植物）的特点及其在8个自然植被类型的分布格局。结果表明,低海拔的河岸林和沟谷雨林中的层间植物不仅物种数和个体数多,而且多样性指数高。反映了层间植物与环境湿度呈正相关。季风常绿阔叶林中的藤本植物的种类和个体数最少,而且多样性指数最低,这与其郁闭度较大导致林下光照强度弱有关。就演替系列而言,附生植物物种多样性的顺序为：季风常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞针叶林＞稀树灌丛。但藤本植物多样性指数的顺序排列为：稀树灌丛＞针叶林＞针阔混交林＞季风常绿阔叶林。在没有人类干扰的条件下,随着群落演替的进行,藤本植物的物种多样性逐渐减少。因此在某些地区,可以将藤本植物物种多样性的高低作为衡量森林演替阶段的一个指标。     

鼎湖山针阔混交林演替过程中群落组成和结构短期动态研究

分析了鼎湖山针阔混交林永久样地在4a演变过程中群落的物种组成结构、空间结构、物种多样性以及生物量的动态变化。结果表明：群落乔、灌、草3层的物种个体数量有很大变化,但其物种组成结构变幅很小;针叶树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的优势地位逐步丧失,而阔叶树种荷木(Schima superba)和锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)等优势地位日益巩固,同时中生性树种的罗伞(Ardisia quinquegona)和九节(Psychotria rubra)等地位也在加强,整个群落向常绿阔叶林演变：群落乔木层的生物量增加而灌木层的生物量逐步减少,但群落总生物量仍在增加：群落各层次物种多样性的变化及其相互关系较为复杂,但各层次的物种多样性指数只表现微小的起伏,说明针阔混交林群落的演替是一种缓慢的、较为稳定的过程。同时,在群落的演替过程中,偶见种及珍稀植物的保护值得关注。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).