单端孢霉烯族毒素的产生及分子调控机制

禾谷镰刀菌复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex,FGSC)引起的赤霉病是小麦生产上危害最为严重的病害之一。赤霉病除了造成减产外,感病籽粒中含有多种镰刀菌毒素,如单端孢霉烯族的呕吐毒素,可引起人畜中毒和重大疾病,给食品安全构成严重威胁。过去20年,随着禾谷镰刀菌全基因组序列的公布和遗传转化体系的成熟,禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum的功能基因组学的研究取得了较大进展,单端孢霉烯族毒素的产生、调控机制及网络研究成为热点。本文综述国内外单端孢霉烯族毒素的生物合成和分子调控机制,包括合成基因簇及决定不同产毒化学型的基因、产毒调控元件、环境因子调控产毒的分子机制,可为小麦抗赤霉病的育种提供新思路,为新型药剂的研发提供分子靶标,为赤霉病的持续防控和毒素污染的有效治理提供理论依据。     

小麦DON毒素研究进展

近年来,由于全球气候急剧变化以及栽培、耕作制度的转变,导致禾谷镰刀菌引起的赤霉病频繁发生,不仅使小麦大面积减产,严重影响其品质,也造成经济上的重大损失。受赤霉菌侵染的小麦会在籽粒中产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol, DON）毒素,该毒素广泛污染小麦及其制品、粮油食品和饲料等,是世界上污染面积最大、污染量最高,对小麦危害最严重的真菌毒素之一。DON可以产生广泛的毒性效应,具有很强的细胞毒性,有明显胚胎毒性和一定致畸作用,严重威胁食品安全、人和动物健康。因此,对DON毒素调控机理及防控的研究已成为当前高度关注的热点问题之一。通过综述DON的理化性质、毒性机理、污染特征、分布规律、检测方法以及小麦抗DON毒素积累机制等方面的进展,以期为小麦抗DON毒素育种提供参考依据。     

小麦赤霉病镰孢菌毒素的生物合成及其分子调控

禾谷镰刀菌是小麦赤霉病的主要致病菌,其真菌次生代谢产生的单端孢霉烯类B型毒素,如雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol,NIV)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)和其它乙酰化衍生物等污染小麦籽粒后对人畜健康构成威胁。综述了近年来国内外对小麦赤霉病镰孢菌单端孢霉烯类B型毒素生物合成的主要途径及分子调控研究进展,对毒素合成过程中的重要调控基因如TRI5、TRI7和TRI13在农业中的应用进行了阐述。     

有氧条件下污染禾谷镰刀菌的玉米品质变化规律和呕吐毒素的积累动态变化规律

【目的】试验旨在考察有氧条件下接种禾谷镰刀菌后玉米品质变化规律和呕吐毒素(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇Deoxynivalenol,DON;15乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇15-acetyldeoxynivalenol,15AC-DON)的积累动态变化规律。【方法】单因素试验设计,禾谷镰刀菌接种量分别为1×10~5、1×10~6、1×10~7个/g,玉米水分22%,三角瓶中培养,通氧量为1020 m~2/m~3,温度25±2°C,湿度75%±5%,时间60 d,测定不同时间点玉米培养物中的品质指标和二毒素含量。【结果】结果表明,禾谷镰刀菌接种量对为禾谷镰刀菌提供N源的粗蛋白质含量无影响(P0.05),随着培养时间的延长,提供N源的氨基酸含量呈二次曲线变化(P0.01),提供C源的粗脂肪、淀粉、粗纤维呈线性降低(P0.01)。酸价呈线性增加(P0.01),蛋白质溶解度、能量呈线性降低(P0.01),霉菌总数和毒素DON、15AC-DON呈二次曲线变化(P0.01)。禾谷镰刀菌产DON的动态规律为,0–15d毒素产量范围为0.17–0.23mg/kg,16–20d毒素产量范围为0.14–0.41mg/kg,21–60d毒素产量范围为0.06–0.15mg/kg;禾谷镰刀菌产15AC-DON的动态规律为,0–5 d毒素产量范围为1.11–5.28 mg/kg,6–15 d毒素产量范围为5.55–10.05 mg/kg,16–60 d毒素产量范围为4.68–12.06mg/kg。【结论】玉米品质随禾谷镰刀菌接种量增加和培养时间延长逐渐降低,DON和15AC-DON产量与禾谷镰刀菌接种量呈剂量依赖关系,60 d内二毒素积累存在前期、中期和后期的动态变化规律。     

抗病小麦对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的脱毒及产物的生物活性

抗赤霉病小麦品种苏麦3号、繁9能转化镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)成产物X,而感病小麦品种宁麦6号、徐州21无转化能力。产物X对小麦黄化芽鞘的伸长生长无抑制作用,而对禾谷镰刀菌分生孢子的萌发有明显抑制。说明抗性小麦品种对赤霉病菌毒素的脱毒是小麦重要的抗赤霉病机制。     

壳寡糖诱导小麦种胚细胞抗脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇抑制的效应

用壳寡糖和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）以不同方式处理小麦（Triticum aesivum L.）种子,测定从G1期启动进入S期和G2－M遥胚细胞百分率和小麦黄化苗的生长。结果表明：壳寡糖可促进小麦肿胚细胞周期启动并促进小麦根数目增加,说明壳寡糖对小麦种子的胚细胞分裂有促进作用;壳寡糖预处理小麦种子可解除DON对小麦黄化苗生长及胚细胞启动的抑制作用,表明寡聚糖可提高植物对病原基本菌毒素的抗耐性,这可能是寡聚糖诱导植物提高抗病性的重要机制之一。     

γ射线紫外线对镰刀攻产生玉米赤霉烯酮毒素的影响

镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ）经γ射线、紫外线辐射诱变后,接种于大米培养基中,经１０℃低温产毒培养,采用薄层层析方法定性定量分析培养物中的镰刀菌毒素－玉米赤霉烯酮（ｚｅａｒａｌｅｎｏｎｅ简称ＺＥＡ）。结果表明：不同蓖株对诱变剂的反应不同。产毒菌株ＮＦ５２３２、ＮＦ５９４６在较大剂量γ射线处理后,ＺＥＡ产是显著增加,但其产生的色素量下降。或者用紫外线处理,仍然产生ＺＥＡ。不产毒菌株ＮＦ６１２７、ＮＦ６１     

雪腐镰刀菌烯醇产生菌株的筛选

本文对镰刀菌3个种的47个菌株用豌豆发芽抑制和鸽子呕吐试验筛选雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Nivalenol)的产生菌株。化学分析的结果表明雪腐镰刀菌M-24和禾谷镰刀菌M-46能够产生雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。菌株M-24适宜的产毒温度为25-30℃;25℃条件下,M-24的产毒高峰出现在接种后的第三、四周,雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的含量分别达到447.9mg/kg和538.0mg/kg;五种培养基上产毒量也有所不同,在大麦和大米上产毒量最高(毒素含量分别为819.7mg/kg和780.5mg/kg),玉米和小麦上次之(521.9mg/kg,402.4mg/kg),绿豆上产毒量最低(167.6mg/kg)。菌株M-46在上述条件下产毒量均低于5mg/kg。     

胶孢镰刀菌单孢分离子角变形成原因初探*

胶孢镰刀菌Fusarium subglutinans Wollenw & Reinking可以产生串珠镰刀菌素（moniliformin,MON）。该毒素主要危害温血动物的心脏,有较强毒性(Kriek et al.,1977)。章红和李季伦（1989）首先提出MON可能是克山病的主要致病因子。本实验室曾分离到一株产生MON的胶孢镰刀菌单孢分离子,其产毒能力经多次传代后发生显著变化。同时,此单孢分离子在培养过程中经常发生角变,表现出很强的遗传不稳定性。据报道,胶孢镰刀菌产毒特性的变化与其单核变异性有一定的关系（章红等,1995）,而单孢分离子的角变现象在以往对其它异核体真菌的研…     

仓储小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测技术的优化

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol,DON）是小麦仓储过程中的重要危害因子，其污染水平是仓储公司定期检测的重要指标。为提高DON检测的平行性和准确度，文章对仓储小麦DON检测过程中样品制备和酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测关键技术进行优化。结果表明：样品制备过程中，将扦样后的样品先粉碎再分样的处理方法（方法 2）明显优于先分样再粉碎的方法（方法 1），测定样品的相对标准偏差由25.28%降至7.42%。另外，将ELISA检测过程中两种不同的移液枪使用方法（前进移液法和反向移液法）进行比较，发现前进移液法在10次测定中结果相对标准偏差较小，平行性较好；且加样过程中，采用不贴壁加样方式会使检测值更加准确，平行性也较好。优化后的仓储小麦中DON毒素ELISA快速检测技术具有较好的平行性和准确度，可用于实际仓储小麦中DON毒素的准确、快速检测。     

Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity

Trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins are the major Fusarium mycotoxins occurring on a worldwide basis in cereal grains, animal feeds and forages. Other important Fusarium mycotoxins include moniliformin and fusaric acid. Spontaneous outbreaks of Fusarium mycotoxicoses have been recorded in Europe, Asia, New Zealand and South America and, in addition, chronic exposure occurs on a regular and more widespread scale. The metabolism and adverse effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins are considered in this review with particular reference to recent data on specific and proposed syndromes and to interactions among co-occurring mycotoxins. Within the trichothecene group, deoxynivalenol (DON) is associated with emesis, feed refusal and depressed feed intake in pigs, while T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) are now clearly linked with oral lesions in poultry. The gut microflora of farm livestock are able to transform DON to a de-epoxy derivative. In contrast, the ovine metabolism of ZEN results in the production of five metabolites and relatively high levels of these forms may be excreted in the urine as glucuronides. There is now undisputed evidence that ZEN and its metabolites possess estrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, but T-2 toxin has also been implicated in reproductive disorders in farm livestock. Fumonisins are positively linked with pulmonary edema in pigs, leukoencephalomalacia in equines and with deranged sphingolipid metabolism in these animals. Fusarium mycotoxins have also been provisionally implicated in ovine ill-thrift, acute mortality of poultry and in duodenitis/proximal jejunitis of horses. Several Fusarium mycotoxins may co-occur in a particular feed ingredient or in compound feedingstuffs. In general, combinations of Fusarium mycotoxins result in additive effects, but synergistic and/or potentiating interactions have been observed and are of greater concern in livestock health and productivity. Synergistic effects have been reported between DON and fusaric acid; DON and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁); and DAS and the Aspergillus-derived aflatoxins. Limited evidence of potentiation between FB₁ and DON or T-2 toxin has also emerged recently. Additive and synergistic effects between known and unidentified mycotoxins may account for enhanced adverse effects observed on feeding Fusarium-contaminated diets. The potential for transmission of DON into eggs and of ZEN into porcine kidney and liver has been demonstrated. However, lactational carry-over of FB₁ appears not to occur, at least in cows and sows. It is concluded that livestock health, welfare and productivity may be severely compromised by consumption of DON, T-2 toxin, DAS, ZEN and fumonisins and by interactions among these mycotoxins. Safety of some animal products may also be at risk. Furthermore, in view of the limited options available for remediation, it is concluded that exploitation of crops resistant to Fusarium infection offers the most viable strategy for reducing mycotoxin contamination of grain and animal feed.     

Potential of fungal antagonists for biocontrol of Fusarium spp. in wheat and maize through competition in crop debris

Pathogenic Fusarium spp. cause head blight in wheat or ear rot in maize leading to yield losses and also a reduction in quality due to mycotoxin contamination of the grain. Infected crop residues are the main inoculum source for epidemics. Saprophytic fungi, obtained from cereal tissues or necrotic tissues of other crops, were screened for their ability to colonise wheat straw and maize stalks and to suppress sporulation of pathogenic Fusarium spp. Results of bio-assays conducted under controlled conditions were variable among Fusarium spp. and host substrates for most antagonists tested, such as yeasts, Trichoderma spp. and non-pathogenic Fusarium spp. Isolates of Clonostachys rosea consistently suppressed sporulation of F. culmorum and F. graminearum on wheat straw, and of F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides on maize stalks. Isolates of C. rosea, C. cladosporioides and F. equiseti were applied to pieces of maize stalks or flowering ears in preliminary experiments conducted under field conditions. The colonisation of stalk pieces by pathogenic Fusarium spp. was assessed after 9 months. Colonisation of stalk pieces by pathogenic Fusarium spp. was significantly reduced at several sampling dates. However, results obtained with the antagonists were not consistent for all sampling dates and between experiments.     

蛋白激酶FgBud32参与禾谷镰刀菌的生长发育、致病和胁迫应答

由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是一种毁灭性的小麦真菌病害,在世界范围内造成小麦产量和质量的巨大损失。实验室前期在禾谷镰刀菌中共鉴定到116个蛋白激酶,其中FgBUD32基因的缺失会造成营养生长和有性生殖方面的严重缺陷,但其在禾谷镰刀菌中的详细功能尚未报道。本研究通过系统比较Fgbud32突变体与野生型PH-1及互补菌株的表型差异,对FgBud32在禾谷镰刀菌中的生物学功能进行了解析。研究结果显示Fgbud32突变体在多个表型方面存在缺陷,与野生型菌株以及互补菌株相比,其生长速率急剧下降,菌丝弯曲且分支减少;分生孢子的产量显著降低,形态变短,隔膜减少,萌发率降低且萌发速率延迟;在有性生殖时期不能产生子囊壳或子囊壳前体;对小麦穗和胚芽鞘的致病力以及DON毒素的合成能力均显著下降。进一步胁迫试验表明,FgBUD32基因的缺失导致禾谷镰刀菌对氧化胁迫(H₂O₂)以及DNA损伤胁迫(羟基脲和甲磺甲酯)的敏感性增加。此外,我们还发现FgBud32在细胞核和细胞质中均有定位,且在一定时期或条件下会从细胞质向细胞核内聚集。综上所述,FgBUD32基因参与了禾谷镰刀菌的营养生长、极性生长、无性/有性生殖、DON毒素合成、致病以及对氧化胁迫和DNA损伤胁迫的应答等多种生命活动,但其具体的作用机制还有待深入研究。     

Uronic acid-containing glycopeptides from Fusarium oxysporum: Possible significance as chemotypes

Hot aqueous extraction of mycelia of Fusarium oxysporum, followed by fractionation on an anionic resin column gave glycopeptides FL-2 and FL-3. Methylation analysis and 1D and 2D NMR data demonstrated β-d-Manp units and partial hydrolysis gave -d-GlcpA(1→2)-d-Gal, arising from β-d-Galf-containing groups. Both are chemotaxonomic markers of Fusarium spp. FL-3 contained 2,6-di-O-substituted Manp, as well as 2,6-di-O-substituted Galf units, raising the possibility that the former are main-chain constituents, as well as the expected latter structure. The carbohydrate structures of FL-2 and FL-3 differ from those of previously examined polysaccharides of Fusarium spp., which are in turn all different from each other, so that they can serve as fingerprints. Possible variations in their main-chain structures can occur as well as those of their side-chains.     

镰刀菌所致皮肤感染的文献回顾

镰刀菌主要为植物致病菌,但也可引起严重人类感染。镰刀菌病临床表现形式多样,本文主要综述相关的皮肤感染,分为局限性皮肤感染及播散性感染,诊断多较困难。由于该属真菌对抗真菌药物存在天然耐药,播散性镰刀菌病死亡率可达80%-90%。本文对Medline和中文文献数据库中的相关文献进行了系统查阅和分析,综合归纳了镰刀菌所致皮肤感染的致病种、地域分布、危险因子、临床表现形式、药物敏感性及其诊疗方案等,该综述对全面了解镰刀菌病的特征及对临床医师对本病的诊断具有重要的意义。     

Biodegradation of cyanide by Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium spp.

The rate of degradation of cyanide by certain strains of the Trichoderma spp. was evaluated. For comparison two Fusarium spp., which had previously been demonstrated to degrade metallocyanides were also studied. Studies were carried out to assess the rate of degradation using cyanide as the sole source of carbon or in the presence of glucose. Biodegradation was observed in flask cultures using cyanide as the sole carbon source. Strong evidence of cyanide biodegradation and co-metabolism emerged from studies with flask cultures where glucose was provided as a co-substrate. The rate of degradation of 2000 ppm CN⁻ was enhanced almost three times in the presence of glucose. A concomitant increase in fungal biomass was also observed in all the strains over the experimental period. Growth yield calculations performed provided values that were comparable to those reported in literature for one-carbon substrates.     

烟草内生真菌多样性和种群结构

从云南“世界烟草品种园”10种烟草的根、茎、叶中分离得到199株内生真菌,根据rDNA-ITS系统发育分析鉴定为17属25种,其中格孢腔菌目Pleosporales内生真菌的种类和数量最多;茎点霉属Phoma、链格孢属Alternaria和镰孢菌属Fusarium为主要优势属,相对频率分别为25.1%、24.6%和11.6%,优势度Y值分别为0.251、0.172和0.104。烟草不同组织内生真菌的种群结构存在显著差异,分离自根的内生真菌的主要优势属为Fusarium和Phoma,Y值分别为0.235和0.123;分离自茎的内生真菌的主要优势属为Phoma和Alternaria,Y值分别为0.186和0.155;分离自叶片的内生真菌的主要优势属为Alternaria,Y值为0.286。Phoma从烟草根茎叶中均可分离得到,而Alternaria只分布在地上部茎叶中,Fusarium只分布在根茎中,表明这3个优势属真菌对根茎叶组织的专化性不同。     

PCR-based strategy to detect contamination with mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in maize

Contamination of cereals with mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium is an important source of trichothecenes, fumonisins and other mycotoxins which cause serious diseases in human and animals. In addition, these species are phytopathogenic and produce severe losses in cereal yield. Methods for early detection of these Fusarium species are crucial to prevent toxins entering the food chain and are a useful tool in disease management practices. We have developed an integrated protocol for diagnosis of mycotoxigenic Fusarium contamination in maize which can also be used for other cereals. The protocol consisted in an easy and rapid DNA extraction from maize samples (grain and germ), and subsequent group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for genus Fusarium, Gibberella fujikuroi complex, and trichothecene-producing species of Fusarium, that orientate the search of the critical species. We have additionally developed a PCR assay for the identification of F. proliferatum. The primers were designed on the basis of IGS sequence (Intergenic Spacer of rDNA), a multi-copy region in the genome that permits to enhance the sensitivity of the assay in comparison with PCR assays based on single-copy sequences. The suitability of the protocol and the relative efficacy of single and multi-copy sequence-based PCR assays have been tested in a wide range of fumonisin-contaminated maize samples.     

套袋与未套袋苹果果实表皮及心部真菌种群结构与变化动态

2011年在山东海阳,2013年在蓬莱和栖霞选取当地常规管理的苹果园,采用传统组织分离法对套袋苹果、未套袋苹果的果实表皮及心部组织进行真菌分离并进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定。对不同时期采集的套袋及未套袋果实表皮与心部的真菌种类、菌落数量、组织分离率、多样性、相似性系数、相对分离频率等指标进行统计分析。结果表明,两个年度内从果实表皮共分离获得真菌43属,从心部获得真菌31属,相对分离频率较高的真菌包括：链格孢Alternaria spp.、枝状枝孢Cladosporium cladosporioides、镰孢菌Fusarium spp.、青霉菌Penicillium spp.等。研究结果表明：果实套袋后,在果实表皮定殖真菌的种类减少,多样性降低,而数量增加,组织带菌率升高;随果实生长,套袋果实表皮上的真菌种类与未套袋果实表皮真菌种类的相似度逐渐降低;7、8月份,套袋果实表皮上真菌种类明显减少,至8月底,套袋果实表面只有链格孢等少数几种优势真菌定殖。果实套袋后,定殖于果实心部的真菌种类和数量有所波动,套袋果和未套袋果上所分离真菌的相似度有所降低;5月底自果实心部分离真菌的种类和数量与9月底所分离真菌的种类和数量差异不大。