Ⅳ型膜蛋白插入内质网膜的转运机制研究

Ⅳ型膜蛋白是一种特殊的尾部锚定的膜蛋白,如囊泡运输相关的Syb2、负责蛋白转运的SRP受体和Sec61、调节细胞凋亡的Bcl-2等,在细胞中发挥了重要的作用。同大部分膜蛋白的翻译同步转运机制相比,Ⅳ型膜蛋白插入内质网膜的过程属于翻译后转运机制。Ⅳ型膜蛋白从核糖体中翻译结束并释放后,经过一系列的多分子协同作用转运到内质网膜上,再由内质网上的通道蛋白或整合酶整合转运进入内质网。近年来,基于体外翻译与重组实验的不断创新,鉴定出了一些非常重要的转运分子,如TRC复合物的40KD亚基,为了解这类特殊膜蛋白的合成转运机制提供了大量可靠的证据,但仍然有许多关键的内容与机制需要进一步的探索与发现。     

红球菌R04苯甲酸转运相关膜蛋白RHOGL009301的生理功能

【目的】探究红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)R04膜蛋白RHOGL009301的生理功能和突变菌株的代谢特性,确定该膜蛋白的生理功能与苯甲酸转运的关系。【方法】将RHOGL009301基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因在Rhodococcus erythropolis进行融合表达,Delta Vision观察该基因蛋白产物的定位。通过基因同源重组敲除RHOGL009301基因,并对比野生型菌株和缺陷型菌株在不同碳源培养下的生长情况。HPLC测定红球菌R04野生型菌株和缺陷型菌株代谢联苯和苯甲酸时细胞内外代谢物,分析不同生长条件下代谢物的浓度变化。【结果】RHOGL009301基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因在Rhodococcus erythropolis中实现共表达,并定位在细胞膜上。获得了RHOGL009301基因的缺陷型菌株R04ΔMP,与野生型菌株相比,缺陷型菌株在联苯和苯甲酸培养条件下的生物量明显降低,生长速度减慢。HPLC分析表明RHOGL009301基因的缺失抑制了苯甲酸的转运。【结论】膜蛋白RHOGL009301是苯甲酸代谢和转运相关的蛋白,基于序列同源性分析,该膜蛋白是一种新型的苯甲酸转运蛋白。     

原核生物信号识别颗粒（SRP）介导蛋白识别转运途径的研究进展

SRP介导的蛋白识别转运过程首先在真核细胞中发现,作用机制已经研究清楚;而SRP在原核细胞中的发现较晚,虽然该途径主要功能蛋白的序列同真核细胞相似,进化上比较保守,但作用机制还未完全揭示,而且SRP体系在原核生物物种间有一定差别,预示着其机制既有统一性,又具有物种特异性。目前原核生物SRP途径的研究主要集中在Ffh、FtsY和4.5SRNA结构与功能,以及这一过程中能量物质GTP的代谢和作用;文章以此为着眼点,概括总结了原核生物中SRP介导蛋白识别转运的研究进展,同时简单介绍了链霉菌中SRP介导蛋白识别转运的研究近况。希望通过链霉菌的相关研究,从进化角度完善和统一原核生物SRP途径的作用机制。     

膜蛋白原核表达的基因序列优化北大核心CSCD

膜蛋白的结构与功能研究是当前的热点之一。目前获取膜蛋白的最主要途径是通过原核系统进行表达。但是膜蛋白在原核系统中表达水平相对较低,通过对基因序列进行优化促使膜蛋白正确高效表达是一项非常重要的技术手段。归纳了近些年来膜蛋白原核表达技术在基因序列优化研究上的最新进展,并从稀有密码子的优化、m RNA的稳定性与翻译起始、m RNA与核糖体行为、翻译的效率与膜蛋白的折叠4个方面对基因序列上影响膜蛋白表达的因素进行了总结,旨在为膜蛋白的原核表达提供一定的思路和参考。     

肽链的翻译后加工2．新生肽链穿越粗面内质网系膜

肽链的翻译后加工２．新生肽链穿越粗面内质网系膜王克夷（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词翻译后加工,信号肽很多分泌蛋白、膜蛋白和一些细胞器膜上的蛋白质的肽链在核糖体上合成后,还要经过一系列的加工,才能被定位在机体内的特定部位。这一...     

以SecA蛋白为“动力泵”的细菌Sec蛋白转运途径

细菌细胞中,三分之一的蛋白质是在合成后被转运到细胞质外才发挥功能的.其中大多数蛋白是通过Sec途径(即分泌途径secretion pathway)进行跨膜运动的.Sec转运酶是一个多组分的蛋白质复合体,膜蛋白三聚体SecYEG及水解ATP的动力蛋白SecA构成了Sec转运酶的核心.整合膜蛋白SecD,SecF和vajC形成了一个复合体亚单位,可与SecYEG相连并稳定SecA蛋白的膜结合形式.SecB是蛋白质转运中的伴侣分子,可以和很多蛋白质前体结合.SecM是由位于secA基因上游的secM基因编码的,可调节SecA蛋白的合成量,维持细胞在不同环境条件下的正常生长.新生肽链的信号肽被高度保守的SRP特异性识别.伴侣分子SecB通过与细胞膜上的SecA二聚体特异性结合将蛋白质前体引导至Sec转运途径,起始转运过程.结合蛋白质前体的SecA与组成转运通道的SecYEG复合体具有较高的亲和性.SecA经历插入和脱离细胞内膜SecYEG通道的循环,为转运提供所需的能量,每一次循环可推动20多个氨基酸的连续跨膜运动.     

针对蛋白质转运的研究方法进展

蛋白质在核糖体被翻译出来后通过转运在细胞内的区室形成特殊定位和极化分布,这对于蛋白质发挥正常功能至关重要。新型标记技术和成像策略的出现能够直接观察到细胞内蛋白质的转运过程,以及用于研究转运调控的分子机制。该文着重于综述研究蛋白质转运的技术与方法策略。     

小鼠Cidea蛋白N端缺失异构体的鉴定和研究

Cidea蛋白调节脂肪代谢,在机体能量平衡过程中起重要作用,在转录和翻译后水平受到严格调控,但在翻译水平的调节还不清楚．通过对CIDEA基因敲除小鼠模型研究,鉴定了小鼠棕色脂肪组织内源性表达Cidea蛋白N端缺失异构体mCidea-22．定点突变等研究表明其产生机制为选择性起始翻译．并且,在异位表达时,N端缺失异构体和全长异构体的比例呈现细胞系特异性．此外,蛋白质稳定性实验表明mCidea-22半衰期很短．亚细胞定位研究显示mCidea-22是内质网和脂滴定位蛋白．为深入理解Cidea蛋白的功能和精细调节提供了新的思路和方向．     

肿瘤多药耐药性中的ABC转运蛋白及其调节

ABC转运蛋白是一类利用ATP水解能量,逆浓度方向将一系列化合物转运通过膜结构的膜蛋白,这一类蛋白能转运离子,糖,氨基酸,维生素,多肽,多糖,激素,脂类及生物异源物质.P-糖蛋白(P-gp)、多药耐药相关蛋白(MRP)和乳腺癌耐药蛋白(BCRP)等ABC转运蛋白还具有转运抗癌药物的能力,因此对化疗的有效性有负面的影响.近年来,许多研究涉及到如何逆转由ABC转 运蛋白引起的肿瘤多药耐药性.本文概述了近年来在蛋白水平,mRNA水平或DNA水平上对ABC转运蛋白调控的研究.     

神经元维持不对称性新机制

科学家发现在接近神经元胞体的轴突起始段存在一个由肌动蛋白和Ankyrin G构成的分子筛,像滤网一样限制了大分子蛋白在轴突和胞体之间的扩散,但允许某些依赖特定马达蛋白转运的膜蛋白通过。马达蛋白驱动力的强弱,以及膜蛋白-马达蛋白复合体运输效能的高低,是膜蛋白能否通过分子筛的决定条件。     

Mammalian and Escherichia coli signal recognition particles

Recent evidence from both biochemical and genetic studies indicates that protein targeting to the pro-karyotic cytoplasmic membrane and the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum membrane may have more in common than previously thought. A ribonucleo-protein particle was identified in Escherichia coli that consists of at least one protein (P48 or Ffh) and one RNA molecule (4.5S RNA), both of which exhibit strong sequence similarity with constituents of the mammalian signal recognition particle (SRP). Like the mammalian SRP, the E. coli SRP binds specifically to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins. Depletion of either P48 or 4.5S RNA affects translation and results in the accumulation of precursors of several secreted proteins. This review discusses these recent studies and speculates on the position of the SRP in the complex network of protein interactions involved in translation and membrane targeting in E. coli.     

Signal recognition particle mediated protein targeting in Escherichia coli

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a conserved ribonucleoprotein complex that binds to targeting sequences in nascent secretory and membrane proteins. The SRP guides these proteins to the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in eukaryotes via an interaction with its cognate receptor. The E. coli SRP is relatively small and is currently used as a model for fundamental and applied studies on translation-linked protein targeting. In this review recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the E. coli SRP and its receptor are discussed. In particular, the interplay between the SRP pathway and other targeting routes, the role of guanine nucleotides in cycling of the SRP and the substrate specificity of the SRP are highlighted     

Co-translational protein targeting to the bacterial membrane

Co-translational protein targeting by the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) is an essential cellular pathway that couples the synthesis of nascent proteins to their proper cellular localization. The bacterial SRP, which contains the minimal ribonucleoprotein core of this universally conserved targeting machine, has served as a paradigm for understanding the molecular basis of protein localization in all cells. In this review, we highlight recent biochemical and structural insights into the molecular mechanisms by which fundamental challenges faced by protein targeting machineries are met in the SRP pathway. Collectively, these studies elucidate how an essential SRP RNA and two regulatory GTPases in the SRP and SRP receptor (SR) enable this targeting machinery to recognize, sense and respond to its biological effectors, i.e. the cargo protein, the target membrane and the translocation machinery, thus driving efficient and faithful co-translational protein targeting. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.     

Compaction of a Prokaryotic Signal-Anchor Transmembrane Domain Begins within the Ribosome Tunnel and Is Stabilized by SRP during Targeting

Cotranslational targeting of membrane proteins is mediated by the universally conserved signal recognition particle (SRP). In eukaryotes, SRP attenuates translation during targeting; however, in prokaryotes, a simplified SRP is believed to carry out targeting during continuing translation. Here, we show a detailed stepwise analysis of the targeting of subunit c of the F₀ component of the bacterial ATP synthase (F₀c) to the inner membrane. We show that the first transmembrane (TM) signal-anchor domain of F₀c forms a compacted structure within the distal portion of the ribosome tunnel. This structure is formed just prior to the interaction with SRP. In the absence of SRP this structure is lost as the TM domain exits the tunnel; however in the presence of SRP it is stabilized. Our results suggest differences in early protein folding of substrates for prokaryotic SRP‐dependent membrane protein targeting pathways, from that of eukaryotic SRP targeting. These results imply that early TM domain recognition by targeting factors acts to ensure that the efficiency of membrane targeting is maintained.     

Membrane Protein Biogenesis in Ffh- or FtsY-Depleted Escherichia coli

Background

The Escherichia coli version of the mammalian signal recognition particle (SRP) system is required for biogenesis of membrane proteins and contains two essential proteins: the SRP subunit Ffh and the SRP-receptor FtsY. Scattered in vivo studies have raised the possibility that expression of membrane proteins is inhibited in cells depleted of FtsY, whereas Ffh-depletion only affects their assembly. These differential results are surprising in light of the proposed model that FtsY and Ffh play a role in the same pathway of ribosome targeting to the membrane. Therefore, we decided to evaluate these unexpected results systematically.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We characterized the following aspects of membrane protein biogenesis under conditions of either FtsY- or Ffh-depletion: (i) Protein expression, stability and localization; (ii) mRNA levels; (iii) folding and activity. With FtsY, we show that it is specifically required for expression of membrane proteins. Since no changes in mRNA levels or membrane protein stability were detected in cells depleted of FtsY, we propose that its depletion may lead to specific inhibition of translation of membrane proteins. Surprisingly, although FtsY and Ffh function in the same pathway, depletion of Ffh did not affect membrane protein expression or localization.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that indeed, while FtsY-depletion affects earlier steps in the pathway (possibly translation), Ffh-depletion disrupts membrane protein biogenesis later during the targeting pathway by preventing their functional assembly in the membrane.     

Use of synthetic signal sequences to explore the protein export machinery

The information for correct localization of newly synthesized proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes resides in self-contained, often transportable targeting sequences. Of these, signal sequences specify that a protein should be secreted from a cell or incorporated into the cytoplasmic membrane. A central puzzle is presented by the lack of primary structural homology among signal sequences, although they share common features in their sequences. Synthetic signal peptides have enabled a wide range of studies of how these "zipcodes" for protein secretion are decoded and used to target proteins to the protein machinery that facilitates their translocation across and integration into membranes. We review research on how the information in signal sequences enables their passenger proteins to be correctly and efficiently localized. Synthetic signal peptides have made possible binding and crosslinking studies to explore how selectivity is achieved in recognition by the signal sequence-binding receptors, signal recognition particle, or SRP, which functions in all organisms, and SecA, which functions in prokaryotes and some organelles of prokaryotic origins. While progress has been made, the absence of atomic resolution structures for complexes of signal peptides and their receptors has definitely left many questions to be answered in the future.     

SRP,FtsY, DnaK and YidC Are Required for the Biogenesis of the E. coli Tail-Anchored Membrane Proteins DjlC and Flk

Tail-anchored membrane proteins (TAMPs) are relatively simple membrane proteins characterized by a single transmembrane domain (TMD) at their C-terminus. Consequently, the hydrophobic TMD, which acts as a subcellular targeting signal, emerges from the ribosome only after termination of translation precluding canonical co-translational targeting and membrane insertion. In contrast to the well-studied eukaryotic TAMPs, surprisingly little is known about the cellular components that facilitate the biogenesis of bacterial TAMPs. In this study, we identify DjlC and Flk as bona fide Escherichia coli TAMPs and show that their TMDs are necessary and sufficient for authentic membrane targeting of the fluorescent reporter mNeonGreen. Using strains conditional for the expression of known E. coli membrane targeting and insertion factors, we demonstrate that the signal recognition particle (SRP), its receptor FtsY, the chaperone DnaK and insertase YidC are each required for efficient membrane localization of both TAMPs. A close association between the TMD of DjlC and Flk with both the Ffh subunit of SRP and YidC was confirmed by site-directed in vivo photo-crosslinking. In addition, our data suggest that the hydrophobicity of the TMD correlates with the dependency on SRP for efficient targeting.     

Translation elongation regulates substrate selection by the signal recognition particle

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a universally conserved cellular machinery responsible for delivering membrane and secretory proteins to the proper cellular destination. The precise mechanism by which fidelity is achieved by the SRP pathway within the in vivo environment is yet to be understood. Previous studies have focused on the SRP pathway in isolation. Here we describe another important factor that modulates substrate selection by the SRP pathway: the ongoing synthesis of the nascent polypeptide chain by the ribosome. A slower translation elongation rate rescues the targeting defect of substrate proteins bearing mutant, suboptimal signal sequences both in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with a kinetic origin of this effect, similar rescue of protein targeting was also observed with mutant SRP receptors or SRP RNAs that specifically compromise the kinetics of SRP-receptor interaction during protein targeting. These data are consistent with a model in which ongoing protein translation is in constant kinetic competition with the targeting of the nascent proteins by the SRP and provides an important factor to regulate the fidelity of substrate selection by the SRP.     

Predominant membrane localization is an essential feature of the bacterial signal recognition particle receptor

Background  

The signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor plays a vital role in co-translational protein targeting, because it connects the soluble SRP-ribosome-nascent chain complex (SRP-RNCs) to the membrane bound Sec translocon. The eukaryotic SRP receptor (SR) is a heterodimeric protein complex, consisting of two unrelated GTPases. The SRβ subunit is an integral membrane protein, which tethers the SRP-interacting SRα subunit permanently to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The prokaryotic SR lacks the SRβ subunit and consists of only the SRα homologue FtsY. Strikingly, although FtsY requires membrane contact for functionality, cell fractionation studies have localized FtsY predominantly to the cytosolic fraction of Escherichia coli. So far, the exact function of the soluble SR in E. coli is unknown, but it has been suggested that, in contrast to eukaryotes, the prokaryotic SR might bind SRP-RNCs already in the cytosol and only then initiates membrane targeting.     

Human autoantibodies against the 54 kDa protein of the signal recognition particle block function at multiple stages

The 54 kDa subunit of the signal recognition particle (SRP54) binds to the signal sequences of nascent secretory and membrane proteins and it contributes to the targeting of these precursors to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). At the ER membrane, the binding of the signal recognition particle (SRP) to its receptor triggers the release of SRP54 from its bound signal sequence and the nascent polypeptide is transferred to the Sec61 translocon for insertion into, or translocation across, the ER membrane. In the current article, we have characterized the specificity of anti-SRP54 autoantibodies, which are highly characteristic of polymyositis patients, and investigated the effect of these autoantibodies on the SRP function in vitro. We found that the anti-SRP54 autoantibodies had a pronounced and specific inhibitory effect upon the translocation of the secretory protein preprolactin when analysed using a cell-free system. Our mapping studies showed that the anti-SRP54 autoantibodies bind to the amino-terminal SRP54 N-domain and to the central SRP54 G-domain, but do not bind to the carboxy-terminal M-domain that is known to bind ER signal sequences. Nevertheless, anti-SRP54 autoantibodies interfere with signal-sequence binding to SRP54, most probably by steric hindrance. When the effect of anti-SRP autoantibodies on protein targeting the ER membrane was further investigated, we found that the autoantibodies prevent the SRP receptor-mediated release of ER signal sequences from the SRP54 subunit. This observation supports a model where the binding of the homologous GTPase domains of SRP54 and the α-subunit of the SRP receptor to each other regulates the release of ER signal sequences from the SRP54 M-domain.