桑椹肥大性菌核病病原菌生物学特性及流行性

【目的】对桑椹灾害性真菌病害——桑椹肥大性菌核病病原菌,即桑实杯盘菌(Ciboria shiraiana)的生物学特性进行研究,分析其流行性。【方法】采用人工接种、调查等研究方法,对C.shiraiana在无性生长阶段中菌丝侵染能力,菌核的休眠期,有性生长阶段中子囊孢子的结构、释放、数目以及萌发等进行研究,并对菌核萌发的物候期进行调查。【结果】C.shiraiana菌丝对桑雌花没有侵染能力;C.shiraiana菌核具有休眠期,低温处理6周以上的菌核才能萌发形成子囊盘;1个菌核可萌发1–15个子囊盘,直径为1.5 cm的子囊盘能产生高达(5.6–6.3)×10~7个子囊孢子;C.shiraiana子囊孢子在酸性环境中的萌发率明显高于在中性和碱性环境中的萌发率;C.shiraiana菌核萌发形成子囊盘产生子囊孢子的物候期,从1月下旬开始到4月中旬结束,其中在3月中旬萌发子囊盘的数目达到最高值。【结论】桑椹肥大性菌核病属于典型的流行性侵染病,在果桑栽培上容易造成毁灭性危害,生产上必须高度重视该病的防控。     

中国叶生地衣型真菌2新种和1新记录种

基于形态、解剖、化学等研究方法,报道了中国的地衣型真菌2个新种和1个新记录种,分别是黄绿浅盘衣Calenia flavescens、多疣浅盘衣Calenia verrucosa和黑盘刺衣Echinoplaca fusconitida。黄绿浅盘衣的主要特征是地衣体浅黄绿色,具不明显的白色疣体,盘面黄色,子囊含2或4个孢子,子囊孢子(2～) 3～7隔,15. 5～22.5×4.0～8.5μm,分生孢子柱刚毛状,长约0.15 mm,白色。多疣浅盘衣的主要特征是地衣体浅橄榄绿色,具与地衣体同色且密集的疣体,盘面褐色,子囊含(6～) 8个孢子,子囊孢子(2～) 3～5隔,15.5～25.0×6.5～8.5μm,分生孢子柱刚毛状,长0.4～1.5 mm,白色至浅黄色。黑盘刺衣的地衣体为壳状,具白色疣状突起和黄白色刚毛,子囊盘直径0.2～0.5 mm;盘面平坦,灰褐色至黑褐色,子囊含1个孢子,子囊孢子无色,砖壁型,35～65×15～20μm。文中详细描述了3个种的形态特征并提供了图片。     

采集自贵州的两个稀有虫草

1994年6月采集自贵州梵净山和荔波茂兰保护区的虫草属真菌,中国新记录种──螳螂虫草（CordycepsmantidaecolaKob.etShim.）和属于蛇形虫草亚属头状组的一新种──贵州虫草（CordycepsguizhouensisLiu,LiangetLiusp.nov）。贵州虫草寄生于刺蛾茧上,茧表面褐色,椭圆形,大小为4～6×5～9mm,在一个茧上可长1～2根子座,子座单生,不分枝,圆柱形,高1．5～5cm;柄和可孕部分界线不明,粗细相当,直径1～2mm,均为淡黄色,可孕部分皮层为丝状细胞的伪柔组织,有的柄部为白色;子囊壳散埋生,梨形,黄色,230～250×160～180μm;子囊为棍棒状或纺锤形,60～140×5～8μm,头部3～4μm;每个子囊中有8个子囊孢子,子囊孢子梭形,具3～4个隔膜,40～60×0．8～1．7μm,不断裂成次生子囊孢子。     

晶杯菌科3个新种（英文）

对来自四川、甘肃和青海的晶杯菌科盘菌采集物进行分类研究,发现了3个新种,它们隶属于黄杯菌属和绒被盘菌属。竹黄杯菌的子囊盘直径0.2-0.5mm,子实层表面米色至米灰色;子囊具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,58-68×4.5-5.5μm;子囊孢子梭形,具一个分隔,8-12×2.3-3μm。单胞黄杯菌的子囊盘盘状,直径1mm,子实层表面污黄色;子囊具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,82-92×6-8μm;子囊孢子梭形,14-21×2-3.5μm。隔孢绒被盘菌的子囊盘盘状,直径0.5-1mm,子实层表面白色至淡灰色,子层托表面具短棒状细胞延伸物;子囊棒状至近圆柱形,具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,73-84×6.8-7.5μm;子囊孢子柱梭形,具3个分隔,18-20.5×2.5-3.3μm。     

中国叉丝单囊壳属一新记录种

叉丝单囊壳属（Podosphaera）是Kumze1823年在SphaeriamprtifinaSchubert基础上建立的新属。迄今,我国已报道7种[3,4,5]。本文报道我国叉丝单囊壳属一新记录种。卷曲叉丝单羹壳新记录图1PodosphaerasplralisMiyabe,inIdetyJap．Phytopath,p．199,1911菌丝体叶背生,近存留,形成无定形薄而边缘不清楚的斑块。子囊果散生至近聚生,深褐色,球形或扁球形,直径70—90μm,壁细胞不规则多角形,直径7．9～22．4μm,附属丝3～4（～7）根,生于子囊果顶部,长（710～）750～126．2（～142．0）μm,为子囊果直径的0．9～16倍,下部直或…     

黑蛋巢菌属-中国新纪录种

包被倒圆锥状,高5～6mm,宽3～5mm,基部有菌丝垫,红褐色,絮状;壁3层,厚140μm,中间层泡状,厚70μm,内外两层均由直径2～3μm、壁厚0．4～0．8μm的菌丝所组成;外侧褐色,不具条纹,由直径4～10μm,壁厚1～1．5μm,具隔的黄褐色菌丝所组成,其上布以伸展或有时成簇的     

炭角菌属一新种

报道了采自藏东南林区的炭角菌属一新种──委陵菜生炭角菌（XylariapotentillaeA．SXusp．nov．）。该种子座直立,头部分叉或柄基分枝,地上部分高2～4．5cm,顶端可孕。子囊座柱状或圆锥状或扁平,长1～3cm,宽3～7mm,表面精糙,桑葚状,黑色5内部蜡质,中实,白色。柄柱状,直或扭转,具纵皱折,地下具延伸的假根。子囊壳卵圆形,450～500×200～300μm,孔口突出,盾状或疣状。子囊棒状,70～100×6～8μm,8孢子,顶端遇Melzer's试剂变蓝部分为长方体状,6×2．5μm。子囊孢于单行排列,梭形、不等边椭圆形至半球形,10～163×5～7．5μm,成熟后褐至黑褐色,光滑,芽缝不明显,直,稍短于孢子长度。侧丝多,细长,径15μm,无色,无隔。地下假根寄生在蕨麻委陵菜（Potentillaanserina）的活根上。模式标本保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室（HXZE）。     

热带地区的膜盘菌属一新种（英文）

对采自我国热带地区的柔膜菌科标本进行了研究,发现膜盘菌属1个新种,命名为海南膜盘菌,该种子囊盘盘状、具柄,外囊盘被为矩胞组织、厚60~160μm,盘下层为交错丝组织、厚80~400μm,子囊长棒状、8孢、(58~)61~70×5~6(~7)μm,子囊孢子梭椭圆形、7~8×2.5~3.0μm。对其形态解剖学特征进行了详尽描述和图示,对与相近种的差异进行了讨论。     

四爪陆龟血细胞形态学参数的初步研究

对四爪陆龟的血细胞进行了显微观察 ,并对红细胞和白细胞及其细胞核的大小和面积、血红蛋白含量以及红细胞渗透脆性等参数进行测量。结果表明 :( 1 )四爪陆龟红细胞含量平均值为 62 ( 5 2～ 83 )万个 mm3 血液 ;( 2 )红细胞的平均长度为 ( 1 6 70± 1 2 5 ) μm ,范围 1 5 60～ 1 7 5 2 μm ;( 3 )红细胞宽度为 ( 9 5 3± 0 92 ) μm ,范围 7 2 0～ 1 0 8μm ;( 4 )红细胞核长度为 ( 5 5 9± 0 5 9) μm ,范围 4 80～ 6 48μm ;( 5 )红细胞核宽度为 ( 3 65± 0 5 6) μm ,范围 2 64～ 4 5 6μm ;( 6)血红蛋白含量为 ( 7 3 0± 0 66)g 1 0 0ml血液 ( 6 5 0～8 5 0 ) ;( 7)红细胞渗透脆性 ,开始溶血浓度为 0 2 4%NaCl溶液 ,完全溶血浓度为 0 1 6%NaCl溶液 ;( 8)红细胞平均大小 (长径×短径 )为 ( 1 6 70× 9 5 3 ) μm2 ;( 9)白细胞平均值 0 5 6( 0 42～ 0 70 )万 mm3 ,其中嗜中性粒细胞大小为 ( 1 2 0 8± 1 86) μm ,嗜酸性粒细胞大小为 ( 9 2 5± 2 3 ) μm ,嗜碱性粒细胞大小为 ( 8 75±0 2 3 ) μm ,单核细胞大小为 ( 1 1 40± 1 0 6) μm ,淋巴细胞大小为 ( 7 5 0± 2 1 ) μm ,凝血细胞大小为 ( 4 2 0±1 40 ) μm。     

小梁切除术中应用丝裂霉素C对角膜内皮细胞的影响

目的：观察小梁切除术中应用丝裂霉素C（MMC）对角膜内皮细胞的影响。方法：收集2010年9月2011年5月在我院行小梁切除术的青光眼患者60例（78眼）,随机分为术中应用丝裂霉素c的36例（46眼）患者为A组,术中不用丝裂霉素c的24例（32眼）为B组。分别观察术前、术后1个月和术后3个月两组眼压（10P）、角膜内皮细胞的密度（co）、平均细胞面积（AVG）及细胞面积变异系数（cv）,分析其数量的改变及两组间的差异。结果：A组术前眼压为（35．4±13．7）mmHg,B组术前眼压为（32．5±13．5）mmHg差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,A组术后1个月及术后3个月眼压分别为（15．7±3．7）mmHg、（17．0±3．2）mmHg,均低于B组的（19．4±3．7）mmHg、（20．2±2．1）mmHg,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组术前、术后1个月及术后3个月角膜内皮细胞密度分别为（2475±484）个／mm2、（2199±373）个／mm2、（2164±332）个／mm2;平均细胞面积分别为（431．4±67．6）μm2、（480．6±66．8）μm2、（463．8±46．2）μm2;细胞面积变异系数分别为（31．1±7．4）％、（34．4±6．3）％、（31．2±7．5）％;术后1个月及术后3个月各参数与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。B组术前、术后1个月及术后3个月角膜内皮细胞密度分别为（2342±94）个／mm2、（2185＋215）个／mm2、（2074218）个／mm2;平均细胞面积分别为（453．9土94．8）μm2、（516.3±100．8）μm2、（499．81＋106．4）μm2;细胞面积变异系数分别为（30．2土3．0）％、（32．7±2．9）％、（31．4±4．3）％;除术后3个月角膜内皮细胞与术前比较有意义（P〈0．05）外,余参数术后1个月及术后3个月与术前比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后1个月A组的角膜内皮细胞丢失率为10．4％高于B组的6．1％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后3个月A组的角膜内皮细胞丢失率为11．1％高于B组的10．0％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：小梁切除术中用丝裂霉素C的降压效果比不用丝裂霉素C的效果好,但短期内前者角膜内皮细胞的丢失率高于后者。     

Isolation and characterization of the unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium Group C TW3 from the tropical western Pacific Ocean

A unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium strain of Group C, designated TW3, was isolated from the oligotrophic Kuroshio Current of the western Pacific Ocean. To our knowledge, this represents the first successful laboratory culture of a Group C unicellular diazotroph from oceanic water. TW3 cells are green rods, 2.5-3.0 μm in width and 4.0-6.0 μm in length. Phylogenetic analyses of both 16S rRNA and nifH gene fragments indicated that the TW3 sequences were over 98% identical to those of the previously isolated Cyanothece sp. ATCC51142 and Gloeocapsa sp., suggesting that TW3 is a member of the Group C unicellular diazotrophs. In addition, both TW3 and Cyanothece sp. ATCC51142 share morphological characteristics; both strains are sheathless and rod-shaped, display binary fission in a single plane, and possess dispersed thylakoids. TW3 grows aerobically in nitrogen-deficient artificial seawater, and exhibited the highest observed growth rate of 0.035 h(-1) when cultured at 30°C and 140 μmol m(-2) s(-1) of light intensity. The nitrogen fixation rate, when grown optimally using a 12 h/12 h light-dark cycle, was 7.31 × 10(-15) mol N cell(-1) day(-1) . Immunocytochemical staining using Trichodesmium sp. NIBB1067 nitrogenase antiserum revealed the existence of diazotrophic cells sharing morphological characteristics of TW3 in the Kuroshio water from which TW3 was isolated.     

Developmental stages of Hepatozoon hemprichii sp. nov. infecting the skink Scincus hemprichii and the tick Hyalomma impeltatum from Saudi Arabia

The life cycle of Hepatozoon hemprichi n. sp. is described; the vertebrate host is Scincus hemprichii and it is vectored by Hyalomma impeltatum. Erythrocytic stages of 18 ± 1.8 × 4 ± 0.8 μm developed in the hemocoel of ticks to sporozoites within 16-18 days. Schizogony occurred in the liver parenchyma and the endothelial cells of blood capillaries in lung and spleen. Mature schizonts measuring 27 ± 3.11 × 20.13 ± 3.0 μm produced 28 merozoites (on average). The merozoites were 13 ± 1.21 × 1.21 ± 0.72 μm with nuclei 5 ± 0.65 × 2.1 ± 0.51 μm. Syzygy and differentiation of gamonts took place in tick's hemocoel up to the third day post-infection (PI). The microgamont (16 ± 0.31 × 18 ± 0.42 μm) produced 4, uniflagellated microgametes at 4-5 days PI. The microgamete measured 15.2 ± 0.31 μm while the flagellum was always at least 26 μm. The macrogamete was very large in size (31 ± 3.11 μm) with a central nucleus. After fertilization, (5-6 days PI) zygotes developed into oocysts (55 ± 3.41 × 52 ± 4.11 μm) in which repeated mitotic divisions with centripetal invaginations occurred; each contained 18 banana-shaped sporozoites, 13.61 ± 0.8 × 1.2 ± 0.31 μm in size. Experimental transmission was successfully carried out by oral administration or by intra-peritoneal inoculation of the infective stages (sporozoites) to uninfected skinks and led to the appearance of blood stages after 5 wk and 4 wk, respectively.     

A new Isospora species of passerines in the family Turdidae from Costa Rica

Seven thrush species (Turdidae) from Costa Rica were examined for intestinal parasites; 21 of the 84 (25%) birds sampled were positive for a new species of Isospora. Oocysts of Isospora zorzali n. sp. have thin, smooth, double, and colorless walls; they measure 19.7 ± 1.5 μm × 18.6 ± 1.4 μm (16-24 μm × 15-21 μm), with an average length-width ratio of 1.1 μm. Sporocysts are ovoid, measure 8.5 ± 1.1 μm × 14.5 ± 1.7 μm (7-11 μm × 11-18 μm) with an average length-width ratio of 1.7 μm. A nipple-like stieda body continuous with the sporocyst wall is present, but no substieda body was observed. A sporocyst residuum consisting of large equal sized granules was observed either clumped together or diffusely. The sporocysts fill the entire oocysts with little to no open space observed. This is the first report of Isospora species from any of the sampled host species and also the first report from any species of thrush in Costa Rica.     

Molecular data and phylogenetic analysis of Myxobolus pseudonobilis n. sp. infecting the gill filaments of silver carp,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, 1844

In the present study, we combined morphological and phylogenetic methods to characterize Myxobolus pseudonobilis n. sp. infecting Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, 1844 from Chongqing, China. The morphology and molecular characteristics of M. pseudonobilis n. sp. were distinct from those of other previously described Myxobolus species. Mature myxospores were ovoid in frontal view with spore dimensions of 10.0 ± 0.4 (9.3–10.9) μm in length and 8.5 ± 0.2 (7.9–9.0) μm in width. Two polar capsules occupying approximately half of the myxospore length were unequal in size. The larger polar capsule containing 6 to 7 filament coils measured 5.2 ± 0.3 (4.5–5.8) μm in length and 3.6 ± 0.2 (3.2–3.9) μm in width, while the smaller capsule with 4 to 5 filament coils measured 3.9 ± 0.3 (3.0–4.4) μm in length and 2.5 ± 0.3 (2.1–3.6) μm in width. The comparison of molecular characteristics demonstrated similarities and genetic distances of 18S rDNA sequences of 95.19% - 98.20% and 1.82% - 5.46%, respectively, between M. pseudonobilis n. sp. and its morphologically similar species, and secondary structures were also distinctly different. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis showed that M. pseudonobilis n. sp. was clustered with other myxobolids possessing spores with a blunt anterior end and branched independently. In addition, the morphology of myxosporeans as an important indicator was discussed.     

A new Choleoeimeria species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the gall bladder of Scincus mitranus (Reptilia: Scincidae) in Saudi Arabia

Choleoeimeria mitranusensis n. sp. is described from the gall bladder of the lizard Scincus mitranus in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of the infection was 20% (6/30). Oocysts were ellipsoidal and measured 29 μm × 20 μm. Sporocysts were dizoic and elliptical in shape. The endogenous development was confined to the gall bladder epithelium. Meronts, gamonts, and young oocysts were detected.     

Rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of felbamate in mouse plasma and tissues and human plasma

Felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) is a second generation antiepileptic drug used to treat seizures refractory to other antiepileptic drugs. With approximately 3500 new patients exposed annually, several important pharmacologic interaction questions remain unanswered necessitating the need for rapid and accurate methods of felbamate analysis in biological matrices. To this end, a rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the measurement of felbamate in mouse plasma and tissues and human plasma. Plasma (100 μL) and tissues homogenates (100 μL of 100 mg/mL) were spiked with internal standard (carisoprodol) prior to protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Samples were chromatographed on a XBridge Phenyl, 2.5 μm, 4.6 mm×50 mm column with quantitation by internal standard reference monitoring of the ion transitions m/z 239→117 for felbamate and m/z 261→176 for carisoprodol. Calibration curves were linear from 2.5 to 500 ng/mL in mouse or human plasma and 25-5000 pg/mg in tissue homogenates. Recoveries were greater than 97% for plasma and homogenates with accuracies >92% in any of the mouse matrices and >88% in human plasma. Comparable accuracies and precision were found with and without the use of the internal standard in preparation of the calibration curves and suggest that the internal standard may not be required.     

Infections with Sarcocystis wenzeli are prevalent in the chickens of Yunnan Province, China, but not in the flocks of domesticated pigeons or ducks

The distribution and prevalence of infections with species of Sarcocystis in domestic fowl in Asia are poorly known. Here, ducks, pigeons, and chickens from Yunnan Province, China were examined for evidence of parasitic infection with Sarcocystis spp. One hundred and ninety one chickens, 514 ducks, and nine pigeons were investigated. Whereas the ducks and pigeons lacked tissue cysts in their muscle, brain or peripheral nervous system, cysts of Sarcocystis wenzeli were identified in 17 of 191 chickens (8.9%). Morphologically, the cysts were thread-like, ranging in size from 334-3169 × 41-117 μm (mean 1093 × 65 μm). Cysts were septate with dense, short finger-like protrusions which appeared radially striated. The cyst wall was 1.4-3.5 μm (mean 2.4 μm) thick. The bradyzoites were lancet shaped and measured 12.2-17.7 × 1.8-2.9 μm (mean 14.6 × 2.5 μm). Ultrastucturally, the primary sarcocyst wall had stubby villar protrusions, corresponding to the 'type 9' class previously designated. The protrusions measured 0.87-1.89 × 0.47-0.91 μm (mean 1.27 × 0.59 μm; n = 57). These findings confirm previous work from the vicinity of Kunming concerning the occurrence of S. wenzeli in chickens, and its use of both cats and dogs as definitive hosts, but indicate that corresponding infections may not occur in the regional domestic flocks of other types of fowl.     

Two new Eimeria species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the yellow-crowned Amazon Amazona ochrocephala (Aves: Psittacidae) in Brazil

In this study, we describe 2 new species of Eimeria associated with the yellow-crowned Amazon Amazona ochrocephala. Eimeria amazonae n. sp. has bilayered, ellipsoidal, and smooth oocysts that measure 48.9 × 36.2 μm; the length/width ratio is 1.35. The micropyle and oocyst residuum are both absent, but the polar granule is present. Ovoidal sporocysts are 22.2 × 11.9 μm. Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies and sporocyst residuum are present. The 2 elongate sporozoites are curved and measure 18.1 × 3.4 μm; both have 2 refractile bodies. Eimeria ochrocephalae n. sp. has bilayered, ellipsoidal, and smooth oocysts that measure 43.8 × 27.7 μm; the length/width ratio is 1.58. The micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but the polar granule is present; ovoidal sporocysts are 20.6 × 10.1 μm. Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies and sporocyst residuum are present; 2 elongate and curved sporozoites are 15.8 × 3.4 μm, each of which has 2 refractile bodies.     

Myxobolus myleus n. sp. infecting the bile of the Amazonian freshwater fish Myleus rubripinnis (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae): morphology and pathology

Myxobolus myleus n. sp. is described from the gall-bladder of the freshwater fish Myleus rubripinnis collected near the city of Oriximiná in the Amazon System, Brazil. The spores obtained from the bile contained two equal symmetrical and smooth valves, each forming the spore wall. The spores were large, with a cone-like form, a semi spherical basal contour and measured (in μm) 19.3 ± 0.5 (n = 25) × 8.3 ± 0.5 (n = 25) × 4.0 ± 0.3 (n = 15). The apical end of the spores contained two elongate, equal and pointed conical polar capsules measuring 13.2 ± 0.4 μm (n = 25) in length and 3.0 ± 0.3 μm (n = 15) in width, each having a slightly tapering polar filament with 19 to 21 turns. The polar capsules were extended below at about 4/5 of the total length of the spores. The sporoplasm was binucleate and contained some sporoplasmosomes. All infected fish presented hypertrophy of the gall-bladder due to presence of the brownish parasite floating in the bile. In this paper we describe this new species of myxosporean based on light and ultrastructural observations, together with its associated pathology.     

A new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the eastern pipistrelle, Perimyotis subflavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in Arkansas

During November 2009 and March 2010, 20 adult eastern pipistrelles, Perimyotis (= Pipistrellus) subflavus, were collected from Polk County, Arkansas, and their feces were examined for coccidian parasites. Two (10%) of the bats were found to be passing oocysts of an undescribed species of Eimeria. Oocysts of Eimeria heidti n. sp. were ovoidal to ellipsoidal, 26.1 × 20.5 μm (23-31 × 18-23 μm), with a bilayered wall, externally rough, internally smooth, and with a shape index of 1.3. Micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but a subspherical polar granule was often present. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 13.0 × 8.8 μm (11-15 × 7-13 μm), the shape index was 1.6, a Stieda body was present and sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies were absent. A sporocyst residuum consisting of multiple globules dispersed along the perimeter of the sporocyst and between the sporozoites were present, sporozoites were elongate, with a subspherical anterior refractile body and elongate posterior refractile body; a nucleus not discernible. This is the second coccidian reported from this host and the fourth instance of a coccidian species reported from an Arkansas bat.