天然常绿阔叶林改造为板栗林对土壤有机碳库的影响

天然林改造为人工林后,由于植被覆盖类型和经营管理措施发生改变,从而显著影响土壤有机碳库的特征.测定浙江省临安市相邻的天然常绿阔叶林和板栗林(板栗林由常绿阔叶林改造而来,集约经营10年)表层(0～20 cm)和亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤有机碳储量和不同形态活性有机碳库,用固态核磁共振方法分析土壤有机碳的化学结构特征,研究天然常绿阔叶林改造为板栗林对土壤有机碳库的影响.结果表明: 常绿阔叶林改造为板栗林后,土壤表层有机碳储量、水溶性有机碳、热水溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳和易氧化碳含量分别下降19.7%、34.4%、25.8%、30.4%和25.2%,土壤亚表层的各指标分别下降13.5%、38.4%、19.8%、34.1%和22.2%.土壤表层烷氧碳含量、芳香碳含量以及芳香度显著降低,而烷基碳含量、羰基碳含量以及A/O-A值均显著增加;土壤亚表层烷氧碳含量显著降低,而烷基碳含量和A/O-A值显著增加,而芳香碳含量、羰基碳含量以及芳香度无显著变化.天然常绿阔叶林改造为板栗林并长期集约经营后,土壤有机碳储量和活性有机碳库均显著下降,有机碳的化学结构发生显著变化.     

浙江天童土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

以浙江天童地区的栲树群落为参照,选择了木荷林、灌丛、马尾松林、杉木林、金钱松林、竹林、茶园和裸地等土地利用类型,测定了土壤有机碳含量,以及在25 ℃和60%饱和含水量条件下培养33 d的有机碳矿化速率.结果表明:土壤有机碳含量与矿化速率均以常绿阔叶林最高,针叶林、竹林和茶园次之,裸地最低;相反,土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C比例以栲树林最低.可见,常绿阔叶林土壤的固碳能力高于其它类型,常绿阔叶林被改为其它类型后,土壤有机碳含量和矿化速率显著下降.     

天然灌木林改造成板栗林对土壤碳库和氮库的影响

在浙江省安吉县采集了相邻的天然灌木林和板栗林土壤,分析土壤水溶性碳(WSOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、水溶性有机氮(WSON)和微生物生物量氮(MBN),并利用核磁共振方法分析土壤总有机碳的波谱特征,研究天然灌木林改造成板栗林对土壤碳库和氮库的影响.结果表明： 天然灌木林改造成板栗林后,土壤中的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾显著增加,而WSOC、MBC、ROC、WSON和MBN显著下降.天然灌木林和板栗林土壤有机碳以烷基碳和烷氧碳为主.天然灌木林改造成板栗林后,土壤有机碳中的烷氧碳和羰基碳比例显著下降,而烷基碳和芳香碳比例以及A/O-A值和芳香度均显著增加.天然灌木林改造成板栗林并长期集约经营后,土壤活性碳库和氮库含量均显著下降,而土壤碳库的稳定性显著增加.     

发酵床猪粪腐解菌群筛选

在浙江省安吉县采集了相邻的天然灌木林和板栗林土壤,分析土壤水溶性碳(WSOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、水溶性有机氮(WSON)和微生物生物量氮(MBN),并利用核磁共振方法分析土壤总有机碳的波谱特征,研究天然灌木林改造成板栗林对土壤碳库和氮库的影响.结果表明： 天然灌木林改造成板栗林后,土壤中的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾显著增加,而WSOC、MBC、ROC、WSON和MBN显著下降.天然灌木林和板栗林土壤有机碳以烷基碳和烷氧碳为主.天然灌木林改造成板栗林后,土壤有机碳中的烷氧碳和羰基碳比例显著下降,而烷基碳和芳香碳比例以及A/O-A值和芳香度均显著增加.天然灌木林改造成板栗林并长期集约经营后,土壤活性碳库和氮库含量均显著下降,而土壤碳库的稳定性显著增加.     

南亚热带森林土壤微生物量碳对氮沉降的响应

研究了鼎湖山自然保护区3种森林生态系统土壤微生物量碳对氮沉降增加的响应.选取南亚热带代表性森林类型马尾松林、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)建立野外模拟氮沉降试验样地.2003年7月开始每月进行氮处理.这些处理分别为对照、低氮处理、中氮处理和高氮处理,即0、50、100 kg N hm-2 a-1 和150 kg N hm-2 a-1.在2004年11月和2006年6月用氯仿熏蒸浸提法分别测定土壤微生物量碳和土壤可浸提有机碳.土壤微生物量碳和可浸提有机碳含量均表现为2006年6月高于2004年11月;季风林高于马尾松林和混交林.随着氮沉降增加季风林土壤微生物量碳减少,但可浸提有机碳含量则增加,且此趋势在高氮处理下表现明显.然而,氮沉降增加对马尾松林和混交林土壤微生物量碳和可浸提有机碳含量的影响不显著.以上结果表明,氮沉降增加可能提高季风林土壤有机碳的固持能力.     

南亚热带森林植被恢复演替序列的土壤有机碳氮矿化

采用室内培养的方法,分析了南亚热带鼎湖山森林植被恢复演替序列不同阶段代表性森林—马尾松林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林土壤(0~10cm)CO2、CH4排放/吸收和有机氮矿化的差异.结果表明:3种森林土壤培养52周的CO2-C累积排放量分别为(30.66±3.36)、(58.17±7.25)和(59.31±13.58)mg·kg-1,而其中的65.12%、64.41%和64.12%均在前9周被排放;马尾松林土壤的CO2-C累积排放量一直显著小于针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;用相符的二库动力学模型模拟的活性库和惰性库的碳矿化速率均呈递减趋势;土壤培养52周吸收CH4的累积量、培养20周有机氮净矿化量和净硝化量均为马尾松林<针阔叶混交林<季风常绿阔叶林(P<0.05),净矿化的有效氮以硝态氮为主.说明森林植被类型的变化改变了土壤有机碳的分解速率,这是其影响土壤有机碳含量的一种内在方式.     

马尾松人工林林窗对土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

以四川宜宾39年生马尾松人工林人工采伐形成的不同大小林窗为对象,研究林窗对土壤团聚体的组成、有机碳及活性有机碳含量和储量的影响.结果表明： 土壤团聚体组成以>2 mm团聚体为主,其含量占团聚体总量的51.7%～78.7%.>5 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和活性有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳和总活性有机碳含量相关性最高,且有机碳及活性有机碳含量和储量均较高,是该地区土壤有机碳固定的特征团聚体.马尾松林窗形成后,土壤总有机碳及各团聚体有机碳含量普遍降低,但1225 m²林窗有机碳储量略高于林下;总活性有机碳含量仅225和400 m²林窗较马尾松林下高,总活性有机碳储量225、400、900和1225 m²林窗较马尾松林下高,其余面积林窗低于林下.这表明合适的林窗面积可以增加土壤有机碳及活性有机碳积累.林窗大小显著影响到团聚体的组成、有机碳及活性有机碳含量和储量.其中,1225 m²林窗土壤有机碳含量和储量均最高,活性有机碳储量也较高,且团聚体组成较好,是比较适宜的林窗面积.     

南方红壤丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳分布特征及其与草本生物量的关系

不同土地利用方式下不同粒径土壤有机碳含量的变化可以在一定程度上反映土壤碳的变化,对揭示土壤有机碳循环过程具有重要意义.本研究在长期水土流失监测的基础上,采用土壤颗粒分级的方法,以南方红壤丘陵区不同土地利用方式(荒地、松林、草地)坡地土壤为研究对象,探讨了不同土地利用方式对不同粒径土壤有机碳分布特征的影响及其与草本生物量的关系.结果表明:土地利用方式和坡位对不同粒径土壤有机碳含量的影响较明显,研究区不同粒径土壤有机碳含量均表现为草地＞松林＞荒地;不同粒径土壤有机碳所占比例主要取决于土地利用方式,与坡位关系不大;由颗粒有机碳/矿物结合态有机碳(POC/MOC)值可知,草地土壤有机碳较易矿化,而荒地和松林土壤有机碳较稳定;红壤丘陵区坡地土壤砂粒有机碳对草本生物量的影响较大.     

鼎湖山三种主要林型水文学过程中总有机碳浓度对比

为了解碳在森林内部以及群落演替过程中的转运动态 ,对鼎湖山 3种主要林型 (马尾松林 ,马尾松针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林 )森林水文学过程中总有机碳 (total organic carbon,TOC)浓度进行了一个雨季的观测 ,结果发现 :(1)穿透水中 TOC浓度相对大气降水中 TOC浓度的增量为 :季风常绿阔叶林 >马尾松针阔混交林 1>马尾松针阔混交林 2 >马尾松林 ;(2 )树干茎流平均 TOC浓度为 :马尾松林 >马尾松针阔混交林 2 >马尾松针阔混交林 1>季风常绿阔叶林 ;(3)各林内土壤水 TOC浓度差异不明显 ,但根系层 (2 5～ 30 cm)土壤水 TOC浓度均大于母质层 (5 0～ 80 cm) TOC浓度 ;(4 )马尾松林的溪水具有较高的 TOC浓度和较大的月际波动 ;(5 )总体上 ,整个森林水文学过程中 ,3种林型 TOC浓度变化趋势相似 ,均为 :树干茎流 >穿透水 >根系层土壤水 >母质层土壤水 >溪水 ,但变化幅度不同 :马尾松林的变化幅度最大 ,季风林的最小 ,而两个混交林居中。这表明 ,(1)森林演替过程中 ,林冠层结构、树种构成等的改变可能引起森林水文学过程中 TOC浓度的变化 ;(2 )森林水文学过程转运的碳主要储存在森林内部 ;(3)成熟森林的抗干扰能力高于先锋群落     

常绿阔叶林与杉木林的土壤碳矿化潜力及其对土壤活性有机碳的影响

采用室内土壤培养法,比较分析了湖南省会同地区常绿阔叶林、杉木纯林土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累计矿化量,分析了有机碳矿化量与土壤活性有机碳初始含量的关系。结果表明:常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳矿化速率和累计矿化量均显著高于杉木纯林。在培养的第21天,在培养温度为9℃和28℃条件下,常绿阔叶林0～10和10～20cm土层的土壤有机碳累计矿化量为杉木纯林的1.7～2.7倍。常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例高于杉木纯林。林地土壤有机碳矿化量受土壤微生物碳、可溶性有机碳初始含量的影响(P<0.01)。土壤有机碳矿化使土壤微生物碳增加而可溶性有机碳下降,但变化幅度均不大。温度从9℃升高到28℃后,林地土壤有机碳矿化速率提高3.1～4.5倍;2林地有机碳矿化对温度的敏感性无显著差异。     

竹茶混交模式对表层土壤有机碳储量及组分的影响

为探究毛竹林下种植茶树对土壤有机碳储量与碳组分的影响,该研究以毛竹纯林、竹茶混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采集这3种林分类型的表层(0～10 cm)土壤,测定土壤有机碳(SOC)、碳组分、生物与非生物因素指标。结果表明:(1)竹茶混交林林下植物多样性相较于毛竹纯林显著降低,但其土壤有机碳密度(22.54±2.09)t·hm^-2、碳组分与毛竹纯林无显著差异(P>0.05)。竹茶混交林的矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)为(20.13±1.83)g·kg^-1,占总有机碳的92.66%。常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳密度比竹茶混交林和毛竹纯林高土壤有机碳密度分别高41.15%和41.00%(P<0.05)。(2)3种林分类型土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量范围为0.58～3.08 g·kg^-1,土壤16S rRNA丰度范围为2.18×10¹⁰ ～5.65×10¹⁰copies·g^-1,固碳基因cbbL丰度范围为0.37×10⁸～ 1.10 ×10⁸ copies·g^-1,土壤微生物碳利用效率范围为0.03～0.28; 3种林分类型之间微生物相关指标不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)3种林分类型SOC与土壤pH、砂粒含量和地上凋落物生物量呈显著负相关,与土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量、总氮、C:N、总磷和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。(4)就不同碳组分而言,颗粒有机碳(POC)和MOC均与土壤pH、砂粒含量和根系生物量呈显著负相关,与土壤含水量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、总氮、C:N、总磷和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上表明,竹茶混交改造会造成原生毛竹纯林林下植被多样性下降,但并未造成土壤碳储量下降; 而相较于常绿阔叶林,毛竹经营措施需要改进,以提升其碳汇效益。     

Stabilization of recent soil carbon in the humid tropics following land use changes: evidence from aggregate fractionation and stable isotope analyses

Quantitative knowledge of stabilization- and decomposition processes is necessary to understand, assess and predict effects of land use changes on storage and stability of soil organic carbon (soil C) in the tropics. Although it is well documented that different soil types have different soil C stocks, it is presently unknown how different soil types affect the stability of recently formed soil C. Here, we analyze the main controls of soil C storage in the top 0.1 m of soils developed on Tertiary sediments and soils developed on volcanic ashes. Using a combination of fractionation techniques with ¹³C isotopes analyses we had the opportunity to trace origin and stability of soil carbon in different aggregate fractions under pasture and secondary forest. Soil C contents were higher in volcanic ash soils (47–130 g kg⁻¹) than in sedimentary soils (19–50 g kg⁻¹). Mean residence time (MRT) of forest-derived carbon in pastures increased from 37 to 57 years with increasing silt + clay content in sedimentary soils, but was independent from soil properties in volcanic ash soils. MRTs of pasture-derived carbon in secondary forests were considerably shorter, especially in volcanic ash soils, where no pasture-derived carbon could be detected in any of the four studied secondary forests. The implications of these results are that the MRT of recently incorporated organic carbon depends on clay mineralogy and is longer in soils dominated by smectite than non-crystalline minerals. Our results show that the presence of soil C stabilization processes, does not necessarily mean that recent incorporated soil C will also be effectively stabilized.     

广西岑溪县七坪林区土壤微生物生态分布及生化活性的研究

广西气候温和,雨量充沛,亚热带和热带森林资源十分丰富。为了合理利用和开发广西梧州、玉林等地区南亚热带的土地资源和充分发挥该地区森林资源的经济效益,1987年我们     

Population Increase of Pratylenchus hexincisus on Corn as Related to Soil Temperature and Type

Population increase of Pratylenchus hexincisus on corn was tested over 3 months at 15, 20, 25, and 30 C in Marshall silt loam, Clarion silt loam, Buckner coarse sand, and Haig silty clay loam soils. The optimum temperature for increase was 30 C in all soils. The nematode population was significantly larger in Buckner coarse sand than in other soil types at 50 C. The recovered P. hexincisus populations equaled or exceeded initial inoculum levels at the two higher temperatures in Marshall silt loam and Haig silty clay loam and at 30 C in Clarion silt loam and Buckner coarse sand. P. hexincisus required 32,400 heat units in Haig silty clay loam and more than 40,000 heat units in the three other soil types to reach a level that is known to cause significant height and biomass reduction in corn under controlled condition.     

Association of Soil Aggregation with the Distribution and Quality of Organic Carbon in Soil along an Elevation Gradient on Wuyi Mountain in China

Forest soils play a critical role in the sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ and subsequent attenuation of global warming. The nature and properties of organic matter in soils have an influence on the sequestration of carbon. In this study, soils were collected from representative forestlands, including a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), a coniferous forest (CF), a subalpine dwarf forest (DF), and alpine meadow (AM) along an elevation gradient on Wuyi Mountain, which is located in a subtropical area of southeastern China. These soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory to examine the distribution and speciation of organic carbon (OC) within different size fractions of water-stable soil aggregates, and subsequently to determine effects on carbon sequestration. Soil aggregation rate increased with increasing elevation. Soil aggregation rate, rather than soil temperature, moisture or clay content, showed the strongest correlation with OC in bulk soil, indicating soil structure was the critical factor in carbon sequestration of Wuyi Mountain. The content of coarse particulate organic matter fraction, rather than the silt and clay particles, represented OC stock in bulk soil and different soil aggregate fractions. With increasing soil aggregation rate, more carbon was accumulated within the macroaggregates, particularly within the coarse particulate organic matter fraction (250–2000 μm), rather than within the microaggregates (53–250μm) or silt and clay particles (< 53μm). In consideration of the high instability of macroaggregates and the liability of SOC within them, further research is needed to verify whether highly-aggregated soils at higher altitudes are more likely to lose SOC under warmer conditions.     

O/N-alkyl and alkyl C are stabilised in fine particle size fractions of forest soils

Carbon stocks and organic matter composition in bulk soils and particle size fractions of Ah horizons from Luvisols, Leptosols and Phaeozems under European beech (Fagus silvatica L.) forest were investigated by elemental analysis, solid state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy and lignin analysis (CuO-oxidation). Radiocarbon age was used as an indicator for C turnover. The SOM of bulk soils and particle size fractions is dominated by O/N-alkyl C and alkyl C. Compared to sand and silt fractions, clay fractions had lower C/N ratios and ¹⁴C abundances. Aryl C and more specifically phenolic components (O-aryl C) decreased from sand to clay fractions. The concomitant decrease of lignin, determined by CuO oxidation, suggests that a major proportion of O-aryl C can be attributed to lignin. Positive nonlinear relations between the O-aryl C and the C/N ratio reveal the trend of decreasing O-aryl C proportions with increasing decomposition. Although lignin is believed to be highly recalcitrant, only low amounts of lignin are found in the stable clay fractions. In contrast to O-aryl C, the O/N-alkyl C contribution decreased from sand to silt fractions, but increased again in the clay fractions, whereas alkyl C contents exhibited lowest values in the sand fractions. These results are indicative of stabilisation processes operating specifically on polysaccharides and alkyl C, but not on aryl C, through association with the clay fraction.     

滇中退化山地不同植被恢复下土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量特征

植被恢复对土壤营养元素的存赋及其生态化学计量特征的影响广受关注,为了深入了解不同植被恢复类型下土壤碳、氮、磷储量与生态化学计量特征,选择滇中地区退化山地飒马场流域具有代表性的4种不同修复阶段的典型植被(荒坡灌草丛、云南松林、针阔混交林和次生常绿阔叶林)为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下不同深度土壤中有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)储量和化学计量变化特征。结果表明,退化山地的植被恢复显著改变土壤碳氮磷储存能力和化学计量比,这种改变作用整体上随土壤深度增加而降低。其中,在0—60 cm土层上,SOC储量在次生常绿阔叶林最高,达123.41 t/hm~2,其次是针阔混交林(115.69 t/hm~2)和云南松林(93.08 t/hm~2),荒坡灌草丛(89.56 t/hm~2)最低;TN储量针阔混交林(4.91 t/hm~2)次生常绿阔叶林(4.58 t/hm~2)云南松林(4.43 t/hm~2)荒坡灌草丛(3.98 t/hm~2),4种植被类型间差异显著;TP储量云南松林最高(2.57 t/hm~2),次生常绿阔叶林(2.2 t/hm~2)最低;4种植被类型下土壤C/N介于15.77—30.18,C/P介于29.24—65.33,N/P介于1.28—2.68之间,在0—60 cm土层上均以次生常绿阔叶林最高。植被类型和土壤深度及其交互作用显著影响研究区的SOC、TN和TP储量和化学计量比。分析认为,退化山地不同植被类型对土壤碳氮磷储量和化学计量的影响过程复杂,修复演替进入到次生常绿阔叶林阶段土壤理化性质显著提升,该地区植被修复主要受到氮的限制。研究表征了滇中退化环境植被恢复过程中土壤主要元素变化特征,为揭示植被恢复与土壤生态功能演变关系提供数据支持。     

A Quantitative Model of Soil Organic Matter Accumulation During Floodplain Primary Succession

Texture is an important influence on organic matter (SOM) dynamics in upland soils but little is known about its role in riverine soils. We hypothesized that texture might be especially important to SOM accumulation in young alluvial soils. We combined the soil component of the CENTURY ecosystem model, which uses sand, silt, and clay concentration as primary variables, with a simple simulation model of fluvial deposition, and forest production to predict changes in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during primary succession on floodplains and terraces of the Queets River, Washington. Simulated soil C accumulated to a plateau of about 4000 g m⁻² at 110 years, closely matching observed patterns in an empirical chronosequence. Although direct fluvial OM deposition had only a small and short-lived influence on soil C, fluvial silt and clay deposition were an important influence on equilibrium C. The model underestimated soil N by about 35%, which appears to be due to failure of the model to account for N enrichment of an OM pool after its initial formation. These results suggest that basic influences on SOM retention in these young soils are not functionally different than those that apply to upland soils, but occur within highly dynamic physical contexts. Overbank deposition of silt and clay establishes a basic capacity for SOM retention. SOM, in turn, facilitates N retention. In this way, silt and clay are instrumental in propagating N forward from N-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra) stands to mature conifer forests that are frequently N-limited.     

Soil organic matter dynamics after C3–C4 vegetation change of red soil in Southern, China: Evidence from natural 13C abundance

Soil samples from natural forests and adjacent farmland were analyzed to investigate the dynamics of soil organic matter of red soil in Southern, China. Based on the δ¹³C values and the content of soil organic matter, the data indicated that the turnover of soil organic matter under the virgin forest was slower than that under cultivation. Soil organic matter is fresh in coarse sand and oldest in fine silt and clay. Also, the soil light fraction contained the younger organic matter than soil heavy fraction and bulk soil. Deforestation has accelerated the decomposition rate of soil organic matter and reduced the proportion of active components in SOM and thus soil fertility.     

湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段森林土壤活性有机碳库特征

为了解天然次生林保护对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,采用空间替代时间研究方法,对湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段4种林分类型（杉木人工林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林）土壤活性有机碳及其与土壤养分相关性进行研究。结果表明：1）各土层总有机碳（TOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量均表现为：青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林 > 南酸枣落叶阔叶林 > 马尾松+石栎针阔混交林 > 杉木人工林,在0-30cm土层,马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林TOC含量比杉木人工林分别高出13.40%、19.40%和29.91%,MBC含量分别高出15.62%、32.89%和53.33%,DOC含量分别高出8.52%、8.75%和13.76%,EOC含量分别高出32.79%、38.48%和78.30%;2）天然次生林各土层MBC占TOC的比率以南酸枣落叶阔叶林最高,青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林为其次,马尾松+石栎混交林最低,均高于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林15-30cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层DOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而下降,均低于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林0-15cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层EOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而增加,且均高于同一土层杉木人工林;3）土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关性均达到极显著水平,且天然次生林土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关系数随着演替进展而增高,均高于杉木人工林;4）4种林分土壤TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC含量与土壤全N、碱解N、全P、有效P、全K、速效K含量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。