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噬菌体作为肠道微生物群落的重要组成部分,自生命初期即定植于肠道,在不同生命时期均以较为稳定的状态存在于人体。目前已知的肠道噬菌体主要是DNA噬菌体,且大多以前噬菌体形式存在。肠道噬菌体可通过多种机制优化其宿主微生物群的结构和组成,并以多种方式直接或间接影响人体的生理状态,其结构变化与多种疾病相关。利用测序方法,能够直接获取噬菌体组信息。本文基于噬菌体组的相关研究,综述了肠道噬菌体组与人体健康相关的研究进展,并对该领域的研究方法和发展方向做出展望。 相似文献
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【背景】噬菌体裂解酶具有良好的安全性与抑菌特性,有望替代抗生素作为一种饲料添加剂应用于改善畜禽肠道菌群和预防动物疾病。【目的】以白羽肉鸡为饲喂对象,分别饲喂复合噬菌体裂解酶与抗生素制剂,评估噬菌体裂解酶对畜禽肠道菌群的影响及其作为替抗饲料添加剂的应用潜能。【方法】以3日龄健康白羽肉鸡为饲喂对象,在基础饲粮上添加由噬菌体裂解酶TSPphg和噬菌体裂解酶MMPphg获得的复合噬菌体裂解酶制剂(200 mg/kg)与50μg/g的金霉素制剂,分别进行比较饲喂管理。利用第三代测序技术对28 d时白羽肉鸡肠道菌群进行高通量测序,借助生物信息学分析肠道菌群多样性和优势菌群(丰度前10)相对丰度,揭示各分组组间与组内差异,并对肝脏主要氧化酶活性进一步比较。【结果】饲喂复合噬菌体裂解酶和金霉素制剂对白羽肉鸡肠道菌群有一定影响,均降低了肠道菌群相对丰度与多样性,而且Shannon指数与空白组相比存在显著差异(P0.05)。优势菌群中,复合噬菌体裂解酶组相较于金霉素组和空白组,拟杆菌门的相对丰度发生了显著上升,而厚壁菌门的相对丰度发生了显著下降(P0.05)。同时,在属水平上,粪杆菌属的相对丰度发生了显著上升,而螺杆菌属的相对丰度发生了显著下降(P0.05),这一趋势与多数替代抗生素产品饲喂家禽后肠道菌群变化趋势类似,更有利于家禽肠道的健康。此外,饲喂复合噬菌体裂解酶组相较于金霉素组和空白组,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)活性均发生了显著上升(P0.05)。【结论】噬菌体裂解酶能够有效改善畜禽肠道菌群,促进畜禽肠道菌群的微生态健康及提高机体免疫力,将噬菌体裂解酶替代抗生素应用于畜禽养殖具有较好的前景,值得进一步研究。 相似文献
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人体的肠道不仅仅是消化吸收场所,也是大量微生物生存的家园。肠道作为人体最大的“储菌库”,其多种生理功能离不开复杂多变的肠道菌群和菌群代谢物(如短链脂肪酸等)的参与。短链脂肪酸是肠道菌群发酵膳食纤维产生的一类重要的信号分子,研究发现短链脂肪酸除参与维持人体肠道黏膜免疫屏障、调节体液及电解质平衡以及为肠上皮细胞提供能量外,还与肠道动力调节有关。本文就短链脂肪酸在肠道动力调节中的作用进行综述,旨在深入理解短链脂肪酸与肠道的互作关系,维持肠道的机械屏障,从而为探索肠道相关动力疾病的治疗提供新思路。 相似文献
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粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)是一种创新的方法,通过将健康供体的粪便微生物群移植到疾病患者体内,达到重建肠道微生态平衡的目的,为治疗疾病提供帮助。粪菌移植技术在复发性艰难拟梭菌感染(recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, rCDI)的治疗中效果很好,并且其治疗潜力不仅局限于胃肠道疾病,而且在其他与微生物相关的疾病中被不断挖掘。探索FMT成功治疗疾病的影响因素,除了肠道细菌的恢复,还涉及肠道噬菌体的调节。肠道噬菌体是肠道微生物群的重要组成部分,在细菌的复杂动力学中发挥着重要作用,其转移可能与FMT的疗效有关。本综述回顾了肠道噬菌体的生物学特性和主要的生物信息学分析策略,总结了FMT中肠道噬菌体作用的临床研究,探讨了FMT中肠道噬菌体群落的变化和可能的作用机制,讨论了肠道噬菌体与FMT疗效的关系及其存在的安全性问题,既能提高对FMT中肠道噬菌体作用的理解,也能推动FMT的临床应用。 相似文献
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肠道菌群数量庞大,种类繁多,被认为是一个独立的器官系统,是人体生理和代谢稳态的重要组成部分,肠道菌群的稳态失调以及某些代谢产物的分泌已被证实可以参与人体多种疾病的发生发展。同样,非编码RNA(ncRNA)数量庞大,种类较多,主要包括微小RNA(miRNA)、长链RNA(lncRNA)、环状RNA(circRNA)。ncRNA早期因无蛋白质编码能力未引起重视,随着研究的深入,认识到了其对多种疾病都具有重要的调控作用,近些年获得了更多的关注。目前,多项研究揭示了肠道菌群-ncRNA互作对多种疾病的发生、发展、诊断、治疗等方面的影响,二者互作可能是未来疾病防治的重要突破口。本文就肠道菌群与ncRNA的互作对不同疾病的作用进行综述,以期为疾病的防治提供参考。 相似文献
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粪便菌群移植早在半个世纪前就有报道应用于临床治疗,但一直没有受到人们的重视。过去的几年间,粪便菌群移植又在针对Clostridium difficile(艰难梭状芽胞杆菌)感染的治疗中逐渐兴起,并且有非常良好的治疗效果,对Clostridium difficile感染性肠炎的病症完全消失。因此,越来越多的患者开始尝试粪便菌群移植的治疗方法,以代替传统的药物治疗方法。肠道菌群的研究逐渐深入我们意识到,肠道菌群已经不仅仅是人体肠道共生微生物而已,而是可以视为人体一个独立且密不可分的人体器官,承担着免疫系统与代谢系统中重要的生理活动。这些关于肠道菌群的研究对粪便菌群移植有着强有力的推动。许多疾病的发病根源,尤其是与微生物紊乱有直接联系的代谢疾病,都可以从微生物与人体的互作模式中寻找答案。本课题综述了国内外近年来粪便菌群移植在人体疾病研究中的应用研究。 相似文献
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噬菌体是感染细菌的病毒,广泛存在于各类环境中。由于传统实验研究的局限性及噬菌体基因的特异性,导致对肠道噬菌体的研究很少。随着宏基因组测序技术的发展和各种生物信息分析软件的开发,可以通过噬菌体组学,加深对肠道噬菌体的认识。噬菌体组分析流程主要包括原始数据质量控制和预处理,病毒基因组序列的拼接组装,类病毒颗粒的筛选和系统分类注释以及进化分析和预测相应宿主细菌。本文对噬菌体组分析流程和其中所需要的常用生物信息分析工具和数据库进行详细的介绍,可以为肠道噬菌体研究以及相关的研究人员提供参考。 相似文献
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Alison S Waller Takuji Yamada David M Kristensen Jens Roat Kultima Shinichi Sunagawa Eugene V Koonin Peer Bork 《The ISME journal》2014,8(7):1391-1402
Bacteriophages have key roles in microbial communities, to a large extent shaping the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiome, but data on the connections between phage diversity and the composition of communities are scarce. Using taxon-specific marker genes, we identified and monitored 20 viral taxa in 252 human gut metagenomic samples, mostly at the level of genera. On average, five phage taxa were identified in each sample, with up to three of these being highly abundant. The abundances of most phage taxa vary by up to four orders of magnitude between the samples, and several taxa that are highly abundant in some samples are absent in others. Significant correlations exist between the abundances of some phage taxa and human host metadata: for example, ‘Group 936 lactococcal phages'' are more prevalent and abundant in Danish samples than in samples from Spain or the United States of America. Quantification of phages that exist as integrated prophages revealed that the abundance profiles of prophages are highly individual-specific and remain unique to an individual over a 1-year time period, and prediction of prophage lysis across the samples identified hundreds of prophages that are apparently active in the gut and vary across the samples, in terms of presence and lytic state. Finally, a prophage–host network of the human gut was established and includes numerous novel host–phage associations. 相似文献
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Bacteriophage translocation 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Górski A Wazna E Dabrowska BW Dabrowska K Switała-Jeleń K Miedzybrodzki R 《FEMS immunology and medical microbiology》2006,46(3):313-319
The occurrence of phages in the human body, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, raises the question of their potential role in the physiology and pathology of this system. Especially important is the issue of whether phages can pass the intestinal wall and migrate to lymph, peripheral blood, and internal organs and, if so, the effects such a phenomenon could have (such passage by bacteria, known as bacterial translocation, has been shown to cause various disturbances in humans, from immune defects to sepsis). Available data from the literature support the assumption that phage translocation can take place and may have some immunomodulatory effects. In addition, phages of the gut may play a protective role by inhibiting local immune reactions to antigens derived from gut flora. 相似文献
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M. Dwivedi S. Powali S. Rastogi A. Singh D.K. Gupta 《Letters in applied microbiology》2021,73(5):553-568
The interest in the working and functionality of the human gut microbiome has increased drastically over the years. Though the existence of gut microbes has long been speculated for long over the last few decades, a lot of research has sprung up in studying and understanding the role of gut microbes in the human digestive tract. The microbes present in the gut are highly instrumental in maintaining the metabolism in the body. Further research is going on in this field to understand how gut microbes can be employed as potential sources of novel therapeutics; moreover, probiotics have also elucidated their significant place in this direction. As regards the clinical perspective, microbes can be engineered to afford defence mechanisms while interacting with foreign pathogenic bodies. More investigations in this field may assist us to evaluate and understand how these cells communicate with human cells and promote immune interactions. Here we elaborate on the possible implication of human gut microbiota into the immune system as well as explore the probiotics in the various human ailments. Comprehensive information on the human gut microbiome at the same platform may contribute effectively to our understanding of the human microbiome and possible mechanisms of associated human diseases. 相似文献
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Sari Mntynen Elina Laanto Hanna M. Oksanen Minna M. Poranen Samuel L. Díaz-Muoz 《Open biology》2021,11(9)
The canonical lytic–lysogenic binary has been challenged in recent years, as more evidence has emerged on alternative bacteriophage infection strategies. These infection modes are little studied, and yet they appear to be more abundant and ubiquitous in nature than previously recognized, and can play a significant role in the ecology and evolution of their bacterial hosts. In this review, we discuss the extent, causes and consequences of alternative phage lifestyles, and clarify conceptual and terminological confusion to facilitate research progress. We propose distinct definitions for the terms ‘pseudolysogeny’ and ‘productive or non-productive chronic infection’, and distinguish them from the carrier state life cycle, which describes a population-level phenomenon. Our review also finds that phages may change their infection modes in response to environmental conditions or the physiological state of the host cell. We outline known molecular mechanisms underlying the alternative phage–host interactions, including specific genetic pathways and their considerable biotechnological potential. Moreover, we discuss potential implications of the alternative phage lifestyles for microbial biology and ecosystem functioning, as well as applied topics such as phage therapy. 相似文献
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Ogilvie LA Caplin J Dedi C Diston D Cheek E Bowler L Taylor H Ebdon J Jones BV 《PloS one》2012,7(4):e35053
Bacteriophage associated with the human gut microbiome are likely to have an important impact on community structure and function, and provide a wealth of biotechnological opportunities. Despite this, knowledge of the ecology and composition of bacteriophage in the gut bacterial community remains poor, with few well characterized gut-associated phage genomes currently available. Here we describe the identification and in-depth (meta)genomic, proteomic, and ecological analysis of a human gut-specific bacteriophage (designated φB124-14). In doing so we illuminate a fraction of the biological dark matter extant in this ecosystem and its surrounding eco-genomic landscape, identifying a novel and uncharted bacteriophage gene-space in this community. φB124-14 infects only a subset of closely related gut-associated Bacteroides fragilis strains, and the circular genome encodes functions previously found to be rare in viral genomes and human gut viral metagenome sequences, including those which potentially confer advantages upon phage and/or host bacteria. Comparative genomic analyses revealed φB124-14 is most closely related to φB40-8, the only other publically available Bacteroides sp. phage genome, whilst comparative metagenomic analysis of both phage failed to identify any homologous sequences in 136 non-human gut metagenomic datasets searched, supporting the human gut-specific nature of this phage. Moreover, a potential geographic variation in the carriage of these and related phage was revealed by analysis of their distribution and prevalence within 151 human gut microbiomes and viromes from Europe, America and Japan. Finally, ecological profiling of φB124-14 and φB40-8, using both gene-centric alignment-driven phylogenetic analyses, as well as alignment-free gene-independent approaches was undertaken. This not only verified the human gut-specific nature of both phage, but also indicated that these phage populate a distinct and unexplored ecological landscape within the human gut microbiome. 相似文献
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噬菌体展示技术是一种将外源肽或蛋白质与特定噬菌体衣壳蛋白相融合,展示于噬菌体表面来构建蛋白质或多肽文库,并从中筛选目的蛋白、多肽或抗体的基因工程高新技术。噬菌粒/辅助噬菌体系统是最常用的噬菌体展示系统,此系统中辅助噬菌体对噬菌粒的复制和组装发挥着至关重要的作用。本文结合当今该领域的最新研究动态,概述了噬菌粒和辅助噬菌体双基因组系统,着重介绍了不同辅助噬菌体的特点及其突变机制,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期为该技术的进一步完善提供一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献