北京市野生动物救护工作现状与研究

介绍了北京地区野牛动物救护工作的发展历程和现状,野生动物救护种类和伤病情况.根据在工作中遇到的实际情况,提出了野生动物救护中存在的问题和不足,并从野生动物管理和救护技术两个方面提出了相关建议和解决措施.     

北京地区黑鹳救助及受伤原因初探

随着农村经济产业结构的调整,人为活动的增加,北京地区黑鹳的野外栖息环境受到不同程度的破坏,造成黑鹳采食困难,患病、受伤情况时有发生。本文主要通过对北京地区野外黑鹳的直接调查和救护黑鹳的伤病原因分析,查明北京地区黑鹳野外生存的主要受胁因素,并提出了相应的保护对策。     

北京发现蓑羽鹤

2006年5月至2009年9月,北京市野生动物救护中心陆续救助4只蓑羽鹤(Grus virgo),接收具体时间及测量数据见表1.4只蓑羽鹤都具有如下特征:体型略小(105 cm)而优雅的蓝灰色鹤.头顶白色,白色丝状长羽的耳羽簇与偏黑色的头、颈及修长的胸羽成对比.三级飞羽形长但不浓密,不足覆盖尾部.胸部的黑色羽较灰鹤的更为长垂.虹膜雄鸟红色,雌鸟橘黄,嘴黄绿,脚黑色;叫声如号角似灰鹤,但较尖而少起伏.     

气候变化下大兴安岭地区鹤类潜在分布及优先保护区

为了解气候变化对大兴安岭地区鹤类潜在分布的影响,促进其有效保护,本文以大兴安岭地区6种鹤为研究对象,基于Pearson相关性分析和Jackknife分析,筛选气候、地形和植被类型等关键环境因子,采用MaxEnt模型模拟了当前和未来两种气候变化情景(RCP4.5和8.5)下6种鹤的潜在分布区域,通过Zonation和ArcGIS软件确定了其优先保护区域并分析了目标优先保护区域.结果表明:当前气候条件下,6种鹤的潜在适宜生境集中分布于大兴安岭中部和西北部;RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下,6种鹤的高适宜生境将缩减.白头鹤、丹顶鹤、白枕鹤、灰鹤和蓑羽鹤的潜在适宜生境整体呈缩减趋势,而白鹤的潜在适宜生境将比当前扩张5.4%~6.3%;当前及未来气候条件下,6种鹤的优先保护区域主要分布于大兴安岭的西北部、东南部以及中部偏西地区,目标优先保护区域的保护率达20.1%~23.8%,保护空缺主要分布于漠河县西部、额尔古纳市中部偏北地区、根河市中东部、牙克石市东北部和鄂伦春自治旗南部,建议适当增加保护地面积,为鹤类的有效保护提供保障.     

中国鹤类现状及其保护对策

中国有9种鹤类,其中灰鹤（Grus grus）、黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）、赤颈鹤（Grus antigone）、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo）在中国进行繁殖。中国政府为保护鹤类采取了大量有效措施。本文在结合当前鹤类数量和保护现状的基础上,对中国鹤类的保护对策进行探讨。     

珍稀鹤类巢址的空间聚类识别方法

依据2003年到2005年松嫩平原西部地区珍稀鹤类巢址调查数据,利用三种不同类型的指数进行分析研究:(1)拓扑指数,Voronoi图面积;(2)统计指数,Morishita指数;(3)空间指数,分维数.结果表明珍稀鹤类巢址空间格局具有明显的空间聚类分布,这三个指数使我们对珍稀鹤类巢址的聚类现象有了定量的认识,加深对自然保护区资源保护的重要性.     

蓝蓑羽鹤的人工饲养繁育

蓝蓑羽鹤主要分布于非洲南部,北京动物园2001年开始饲养展出,2005年繁殖成功.在我国北方饲养蓝蓑羽鹤冬季需要保温设施,还需要适当的耐寒训练,提高对寒冷的适应能力.蓝蓑羽鹤选择植物性食物多,全年在繁殖期和非繁殖期饲料蛋白含量分别为34.9%和21.6%,平均能量16.6 kJ/kg.精液澄清、透明.雌鹤性成熟年龄早于雄鹤.北京地区繁殖期3～6月,平均窝卵数2枚.雏鹤生长高峰期在35～60日龄.     

七种圈养鹤的部分血液生化指标分析

为探索圈养鹤类的血液生化指标差异,本研究对白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、丹顶鹤(G.japonensis)、黑冠鹤(Balearica pavonina)、黑颈鹤(G.nigricollis)、灰冠鹤(B.regulorum)、蓝鹤(Anthropoides paradiseus)和白枕鹤(G.vipio)的10项血液生化指标(总胆固醇、甘油三酯、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等)进行统计分析,并与国际物种信息系统(ISIS)提供的数据进行比较。结果表明,1)不同鹤类之间总胆固醇差异显著,而甘油三酯和血糖没有显著性差异,除了黑冠鹤和灰冠鹤的总胆固醇以及蓝鹤的血糖外,其余鹤类的常值均高于ISIS的平均值。2)不同鹤类之间的总蛋白、球蛋白和白蛋白的浓度差异显著,但总蛋白、球蛋白和白蛋白均在ISIS的正常范围内。3)不同鹤类间肌酐和尿酸不具有显著性差异,其中尿酸低于ISIS平均值,但仅尿素氮差异显著。不同鹤类之间血液生化指标存在差异,与圈养鹤的营养水平和环境有关。因此血液生化指标对于圈养鹤类营养状态和健康情况的判断具有重要参考价值,对圈养动物饲养管理具有重要的指导作用。     

中国鹤类的研究和保护现状

1987年5月3日在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市扎龙自然保护区召开了“国际鹤类学术讨论会”。这是第一次在中国召开的大型野生动物保护和学术交流会。这标志着我国鹤类研究和保护工作进入到一个崭新的阶段。     

基于环志数据探讨兴凯湖水鸟的迁徙规律

黑龙江兴凯湖位于中俄交界,该地区水鸟的迁徙路线及其保护状况受到我国及相邻国家政府和保护组织的高度关注。我们整理了兴凯湖水鸟的环志回收数据,对水鸟的迁徙规律进行了分析。结果表明,从2010年至2019年兴凯湖共环志鹤鹳类和雁鸭类968只,回收记录共29只次,其中白枕鹤（Grus vipio）6只次、东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）8只次、斑嘴鸭（Anas poecilorhyncha）3只次、绿头鸭（A. platyrhynchos）3只次、琵嘴鸭（A. clypeata）7只次、凤头潜鸭（Aythya fuligula）1只次和豆雁（Anser fabalis）1只次。水鸟环志回收数据揭示了兴凯湖鹤鹳类和雁鸭类的主要迁徙规律,证实了兴凯湖作为东北亚水鸟迁徙廊道的重要性,为我国与相邻国家开展水鸟的联合保护提供科学依据。     

1800例女性阴道分泌物检测分析

目的分析北京丰台地区女性阴道感染情况。方法随机抽取2010年1月至2010年8月期间在北京市丰台区铁营医院就诊女性1800例,采用湿片镜检方法对就诊者的阴道分泌物进行检测。结果通过对1800患者的阴道分泌物进行检测发现,检出细菌性阴道病(BV)患者、外阴阴道念珠菌病(VVC)患者、滴虫性阴道炎(TV)患者共计887例(占总数的49.28%),其中单一性感染718例(占发病人数的80.95%),混合感染169例(占发病人数的19.05%)。结论细菌性阴道病的发病率较高,阴道混合感染日趋严重。及时正确的检测出阴道感染的病原菌、合理用药,是阴道感染提高治愈率、降低复发率的有效手段。     

北京市房山区野生植物资源及濒危植物保护策略

北京市房山区植被丰富,以暖温带落叶阔叶林为主,并混生温带针叶林,表现出明显的垂直地带性分布。通过对北京市房山区进行野生植物资源调查,统计出共有野生植物80科,259属,409种,同时分析了房山区野生植物资源在园林中的潜在应用价值;另外,通过对比相关濒危植物资料,总结出房山区的濒危植物21种,并就重点保护植物保护策略进行探讨。     

黑颈鹤越冬生态初步研究

黑颈鹤为我国特产珍稀动物,作者于1975和1978至1984年间,对它的越冬生态进行了观察。观察得知,黑颈鹤每年10月中、下旬迁来草海,翌年8月中下旬离去,越冬期为5个月左右。越冬期,有3种不同的集群形式,即家族群、同种集群和混种集群。主要食物为植物。黑颈鹤在草海越冬的数量,已由1975年的35只,增加到1984年的305只。黑颈鹤除在草海越冬外,还发现于威宁东南的普安县,是迄今所知在我国分布最南和最东的纪录。     

Persistence of inclusion body disease of cranes virus

Persistence of inclusion body disease of cranes virus (IBDCV) was determined by monitoring virus shedding, serum antibody and in vitro cultivation of trigeminal ganglia from cranes. Samples were collected from captive cranes surviving the outbreak in 1978 and from cranes inoculated with the virus. Tissues and fluids from eggs of cranes that survived the outbreak were also tested for virus. Latent IBDCV was found in the trigeminal ganglion of one crane that was exposed to the virus in 1978. Spontaneous or induced (cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone) reactivation of viral shedding was not detected in any cranes tested. Five of six experimentally inoculated cranes died with lesions of an inclusion body disease, but virus was isolated from only three of them. One crane shed detectable levels of IBDCV prior to death. The surviving crane developed a transient antibody response without evidence of viral shedding, after five exposures to the virus. A latent infection was not detected in this crane. Serum antibody titers of cranes that survived the outbreak declined from 1980-1982. No virus was isolated from the eggs. Although IBDCV is capable of persisting in a latent form in the trigeminal ganglia of cranes, the low frequency of viral shedding suggests that this virus may be only a sporadic problem.     

Coccidia of whooping cranes

Coccidial oocysts were observed in 6 of 19 fecal samples from free-ranging whooping cranes (Grus americana) and 4 of 16 samples from captive whooping cranes. Eimeria gruis occurred in four free-ranging whooping cranes and E. reichenowi in two free-ranging and two captive whooping cranes. Fecal samples from two captive cranes contained oocysts of Isospora lacazei which was considered a spurious parasite. Oocysts of both species of Eimeria were prevalent in fecal samples collected from three free-ranging Canadian sandhill cranes (G. canadensis rowani) from whooping crane wintering grounds in Texas. These coccidia were prevalent also in fecal samples from 14 sandhill cranes (of 4 subspecies) maintained in captivity at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland.     

Changes in Agriculture and Abundance of Snow Geese Affect Carrying Capacity of Sandhill Cranes in Nebraska

ABSTRACT The central Platte River valley (CPRV) in Nebraska, USA, is a key spring-staging area for approximately 80% of the midcontinent population of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis; hereafter cranes). Evidence that staging cranes acquired less lipid reserves during the 1990s compared to the late 1970s and increases in use of the CPRV by snow geese (Chen caerulescens) prompted us to investigate availability of waste corn and quantify spatial and temporal patterns of crane and waterfowl use of the region. We developed a predictive model to assess impacts of changes in availability of corn and snow goose abundance under past, present, and potential future conditions. Over a hypothetical 60-day staging period, predicted energy demand of cranes and waterfowl increased 87% between the late 1970s and 1998–2007, primarily because peak abundances of snow geese increased by 650,000 and cranes by 110,000. Compared to spring 1979, corn available when cranes arrived was 20% less in 1998 and 68% less in 1999; consequently, the area of cornfields required to meet crane needs increased from 14,464 ha in 1979 to 32,751 ha in 1998 and 90,559 ha in 1999. Using a pooled estimate of 88 kg/ha from springs 1998–1999 and 2005–2007, the area of cornfields needed to supply food requirements of cranes and waterfowl increased to 65,587 ha and was greatest in the eastern region of the CPRV, where an estimated 54% of cranes, 47% of Canada geese (Branta canadensis), 45% of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), and 46% of snow geese occurred during ground surveys. We estimated that a future reduction of 25% in available corn or cornfields would increase daily foraging flight distances of cranes by 27–38%. Crane use and ability of cranes to store lipid reserves in the CPRV could be reduced substantially if flight distance required to locate adequate corn exceeded a physiological maximum distance cranes could fly in search of food. Options to increase carrying capacity for cranes include increasing accessibility of cornfields by restoring degraded river channels to disperse roosting cranes and increasing wetland availability in the Rainwater Basin to attract snow geese using the CPRV.     

Allozyme evidence for crane systematics and polymorphisms within populations of Sandhill, Sarus, Siberian, and whooping cranes.

Electrophoretic analysis of proteins yielded evidence on the relationships of species of cranes and on genetic diversity within populations of some species. Diversity within the Greater Sandhill crane and a Florida population of the Florida Sandhill crane was similar to that of most other vertebrates, but diversity was low in the Mississippi Sandhill crane, in the Okefenokee population of the Florida Sandhill crane, and within the Siberian and Sarus cranes. Diversity was surprisingly high among whooping cranes, whose number dropped to less than 25 early in this century. Phylogenetic analysis, using both character state and distance algorithms, yielded highly concordant trees for the 15 species. The African crowned cranes (Balearica) were widely divergent from all other cranes. Species of Anthropoides, Bugeranus, and Grus clustered closely but sorted into two lineages: a Whooper Group consisted of the whooping, common, hooded, black-necked, white-naped, and red-crowned cranes of genus Grus; and a Sandhill Group included the Sandhill, Siberian, Sarus, and Brolga cranes of genus Grus, the wattled crane of genus Bugeranus, and the Demoiselle and blue cranes of genus Anthropoides.     

云贵高原黑颈鹤的种群数量和分布

云贵高原有黑颈鹤的两个越冬区：(1）云南西部;(2)云南东北部和贵州西北部。这两个地区的黑颈鹤数量占全球种群的1／4至1／3。国际鹤类基金会与云南省林业厅于2001／2002年冬季在云贵高原联合对黑颈鹤进行了一次同步计数,本次调查覆盖了17个已知或潜在的黑颈鹤越冬地点,其中15个地点有黑颈鹤分布。在2002年1月18日和19日,分别记录到3261和3182只黑颈鹤。本调查还统计了灰鹤、斑头雁和赤麻鸭,数量分别为：灰鹤804和1158只;斑头雁1759和2978只;赤麻鸭3442和5444只。与1991／1992年冬季进行的调查结果相比,黑颈鹤在这一地区的数量增加了90％以上。     

基于极坐标定位的丹顶鹤多尺度越冬生境选择研究——以江苏盐城自然保护区为例

丹顶鹤作为湿地环境的指示物种,其种群数量逐年下降引起了野生动物保护工作者的广泛关注。近年来,随着研究的深入,鸟类生境选择具有多尺度特征的观点逐渐成为研究者的共识。江苏盐城自然保护区是丹顶鹤大陆西线种群最重要的越冬栖息地,选择该区域进行多尺度越冬生境选择研究对于丹顶鹤保护具有重要的现实意义。基于遥感影像和丹顶鹤越冬分布的调查,本文用极坐标的方法在GIS软件中对丹顶鹤分布定位进行制图。借助Arc GIS 10.2和fragstats 4.2软件,从点缓冲、景观和区域3个尺度系统分析丹顶鹤越冬生境多尺度利用特征。在点缓冲尺度上,通过缓冲分析和叠置分析描述丹顶鹤生境利用的强度,发现丹顶鹤连续利用生境和经常利用生境的植被类型是碱蓬,偶尔在芦苇中活动,偏好生境区植被覆盖度在30%以下,植被高度在60 cm以下。在景观尺度上,丹顶鹤偏好程度较高的前三类生境为芦苇沼泽、碱蓬沼泽、明水,对互花米草沼泽具有负向选择。在区域尺度上,受道路和土地利用干扰影响,丹顶鹤主要分布于保护区核心区的低干扰区域;除了干扰之外还与生境面积、生境破碎程度密切相关。综合三个尺度,研究得出丹顶鹤生境选择具有明显的多尺度利用特征,丹顶鹤保护需要考虑多尺度生境保护问题。