围隔藻类水华演替过程中二甲基硫化物的含量动态

于2005年6月至7月,研究了海洋围隔不同藻类水华演替过程中二甲基硫化物的含量动态,并考察了相关环境参数对二甲基硫化物含量的影响。2个围隔实验组均出现未知藻水华-硅藻水华-甲藻水华的演替过程,这3次不同藻类水华分别对应了二甲基硫化物含量的3次高峰,表明藻类水华对二甲基硫化物含量有重要贡献。不同藻类水华的贡献有较大差异,甲藻水华的贡献最大,硅藻次之,未知藻类水华的贡献最小。实验结果还表明PO4^3-、NO2^-和NH4^＋主要通过影响藻类生长状态,进而影响DMSP和DMSO的含量;NO2^-和NH4^＋亦可能通过调节DMSP和DMSO在藻细胞内的生理功能,影响DMSP和DMSO的含量;PO4^3-、NO2^-和NH4^＋与DMS含量无显著相关。     

太湖西岸沉积物中典型挥发性硫化物的分布特征研究

挥发性硫化物是微囊藻死亡分解产生的主要藻源性嗅味污染物, 伴随微囊藻水华的暴发而大量产生, 不仅严重影响了水体的水质状况, 也给沿湖居民以及水生生物带来危害。本研究分析了夏季太湖西岸近岸带上覆水以及沉积物中三种典型挥发性硫化物二甲硫醚(DMS)、二甲二硫醚(DMDS)、二甲三硫醚(DMTS)的分布特征及其与营养盐之间的关系。结果表明, 挥发性硫化物(VSCs)在沉积物表层含量最高, 其中DMDS 浓度最高达262.25 ng·g^–1, DMTS 浓度最高达50.90 ng·g^–1。空间分布上: 在近岸带, 表层沉积物(0 cm-4 cm)自然芦苇带内挥发性硫化物的含量低于人工挖掘的漕沟内; 近岸带嗅味物质明显高于湖区内。研究认为, 藻类大量聚集死亡沉积至湖泊底部, 降低沉积物的氧化还原电位, 促进了致嗅物质的产生, 为湖泛的暴发留下隐患。建议在近岸带蓝藻聚集区适时打捞, 底泥疏浚等生态治理措施, 降低湖泛风险。     

鱼类饲养对地下水中溶解态磷酸酶的影响

比较了鱼类养殖前后 ,地下水中正磷酸盐 (o P)浓度、碱性磷酸酶活性 (APA)在不同大小颗粒之间的分布、溶解态APA对pH、温度、CuSO4、ZnSO4、EDTA 2Na与表面活性剂 (CTAB与TritonX 10 0 )的应答方式及其动力学特征。养鱼之后 ,玻璃缸水中碱性磷酸酶表现出明显较高的活性 ,且以溶解态为主要存在形式 ,这种效应与鱼类的品种有关 ,溶解态APA的最大反应速度 (Vmax)与米氏常数 (Km)均明显提高 ,最适温度与pH值以及对于Zn2 的应答方式亦发生明显改变 ,颗粒结合态APA甚微或不可监测 ,藻类极少 ,故非溶解态APA的主要贡献者。因此 ,鱼类饲养与溶解态APA之间具有密切联系。养鱼缸底颗粒的蒸馏水提取液与同缸水中的溶解态APA对pH值的应答方式十分接近 ,这一结果暗示养殖产生的固体废物是溶解态APA的来源之一。     

海水中沙海蜇消亡对水体碳、氮、磷的释放与补充

水母暴发频率在中国海域逐渐增加,暴发后的消亡对海洋生态环境有重大影响.本试验通过对沙海蜇消亡进行模拟,研究了水母消亡过程中碳、氮、磷的释放特征.结果表明:水母消亡是一个快速的生源要素释放过程,水母消亡时碳、氮、磷的释放速率与浓度均在消亡初期达到最大.水母消亡释放的溶解态物质远高于颗粒态.其中,溶解态有机碳与颗粒态有机碳的最大净释放速率分别为(103.77±12.60)与(1.52±0.37)mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1).整个消亡过程中溶解态氮主要为NH_4~+-N,约占总溶解氮的69.6%-91.6%;消亡初期,溶解态磷主要以溶解有机磷为主约占总溶解磷的63.9%-86.7%,消亡后期则主要为PO_4~(3-)-P,约占50.4%-60.2%.相反颗粒态氮则主要以颗粒有机氮为主,占总颗粒氮的(88.6±6.9)%,颗粒态磷则以颗粒无机磷为主,占总颗粒磷的(73.9±10.5)%.总体上,水母消亡释放的生源要素量为碳氮磷.同时,水母消亡使水体中C/N降低,N/P升高,表明水母消亡可导致水体相对的高碳、高氮负荷.     

五种典型藻类对C，N，P吸收动力学分析及种间竞争模拟

目的:获得五种典型藻类(甲藻属微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea),赤潮硅藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)以及绿藻属杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)和青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica tsingtaoensis))对C,N,P营养的吸收动力学参数,并利用经典藻类种间竞争模型,构建一个藻类混合共存的生态平衡体系,揭示藻类种间竞争规律,为赤潮爆发机制和预测的研究提供一个新思路。方法:监测批次培养过程中藻体的生长规律以及培养基中C,N,P营养的消耗,计算出藻类营养吸收动力学参数,将参数代入Huisman-Weissing竞争模型,模拟藻类种间竞争。结果:(1)在单独培养条件下,杜氏藻具有最高的比生长率(0.834 d~(-1))和最大细胞浓度(3.4×10~6 cells/mL),锥状斯氏藻和微小亚历山大藻的比生长率μ和最大细胞浓度与其它三种藻相比均明显偏低,p0.01;(2)随着环境总碳浓度从5 mM提高到20 mM,五种藻的比生长率和最大细胞浓度均显著上升,其中杜氏藻和青岛大扁藻对C浓度改变的响应更加敏感;(3)杜氏藻和中肋骨条藻理论最大比生长率(μmax)明显高于其它三种藻类,锥状斯氏藻和微小亚历山大藻对C,N,P营养盐的需求量相比于其它三种藻明显偏高,p0.01;(4)藻类共生平衡系统中,N营养添加有利于杜氏藻和中肋骨条藻发挥更好的种间竞争优势,P营养添加有利于微小亚历山大藻和锥状斯氏藻发挥种间竞争优势;结论:不同环境条件下,五种藻类最大比生长速率μmax和营养吸收半饱和常数Ks直接影响它们的种间竞争能力,基于藻类动力学参数的种间竞争模型为赤潮爆发机制和预测的研究提供一个新思路。     

武汉大莲花湖异味化合物日变化及其相关因子分析

大莲花湖位于武汉市汉阳区莲花湖公园内,是以休闲娱乐为主的景观水体,面积约为64000m2。近年来,该湖不断出现蓝藻水华,每到夏季湖区臭不可闻,损害了莲花湖旅游度假景区的景观生态价值和经济收入。本文对大莲花湖藻类及其异味化合物与环境因子的日变化进行了研究。结果表明,夏季大莲花湖藻类以微囊藻占优势。据GC-MS鉴定,该湖水中存在着2-MIB、-βCyclocitral和-βIonone等3种异味化合物。水中溶解性2-MIB、-βCyclocitral和-βIonone日最高浓度分别可达69.1ng/L3、2.6 ng/L和453.9ng/L,与各自的嗅觉异味阈值浓度比较可知,2-MIB和β-Ionone对该湖异味的类型和强度均有较大影响,分别产生强烈土霉味和腐臭味,而-βCyclocitral对该湖异味的贡献则较小。水中日平均颗粒态的2-MIB、-βCyclocitral和-βIonone分别占各自总含量的70.9%、74.4%和81.4%,说明这3种异味化合物在水中均主要以颗粒态存在。这3种异味化合物的日变化与总藻、微囊藻、鱼腥藻及水面光强日变化相关性分析显示,溶解性、颗粒态、总-βCyclocitral均与总藻、微囊藻日变化显著相关,颗粒态-βCyclocitral和颗粒态-βIonone与总藻及水面光强显著相关,大莲花湖水中颗粒态2-MIB的浓度与鱼腥藻数量有显著相关性。     

淡水鱼池土腥异味物质含量与浮游藻类和放线菌生物量的关系

通过顶空固相微萃取-气质联用色谱测定北京市精养鱼池中两种主要土腥异味物质(土臭味素和二甲基异莰醇)含量,同时测定鱼池中浮游藻类和放线菌生物量,研究了土腥异味物质含量与浮游藻类和放线菌生物量之间的关系。结果表明,试验鱼池中土腥异味物质以土臭味素为主,土臭味素在精养鱼池中普遍存在,含量为1.22～35.58ng·L-1,二甲基异莰醇在部分鱼池中被检出,含量1.39～6.00ng·L-1。精养鱼池中共检出浮游藻类6门22属,生物量17.33～178.34mg·L-1,以硅藻和裸藻为主。放线菌共测到4个属,其中链霉菌Streptomyces sp.是主要种类,放线菌总生物量0～76×104ind.L-1。鱼池中浮游藻类总生物量与土臭味素含量正相关。浮游藻类中的颗粒直链藻Melosira granulata和条纹小环藻Cyclotella striata可能是北京地区夏秋季节淡水精养鱼池中能够产生土臭味素的主要藻类,裸藻和其他鞭毛藻类对池中异味化合物的产生可能作用较小。     

样品制备过程对测定水中溶解态微囊藻毒素的影响简

系统比较了5种不同材质滤膜对于制备溶解态微囊藻毒素的影响,发现了影响藻毒素测定样品前处理的关键操作步骤。结果表明,醋酸纤维滤膜(CA filter)最多可吸附样品中79%的藻毒素,导致测得的MCs浓度严重偏低。玻璃纤维(GF/C)滤膜和聚醚砜(PES)材质滤器对制备溶解态微囊藻毒素过程影响很小。另外,发现离心法无法完全去除野外水华样品中藻细胞,反而可能导致藻细胞破裂,释放藻毒素,影响水中溶解态微囊藻毒素的测定。研究结果将对发展水体中溶解态藻毒素测定标准方法提供依据。     

尿素对中肋骨条藻与米氏凯伦藻生长的影响

采用实验室一次性培养,研究了尿素对我国东海赤潮优势藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)生长的影响。结果表明,中肋骨条藻和米氏凯伦藻均能在不同比例尿素的条件下较好地生长。随着培养液中尿素比例的增大,中肋骨条藻细胞生长速率(0.91—0.82/d)逐渐减小,平台期最大生物量(2.0×10~5—1.2×10~5个/m L)也逐渐减小,而米氏凯伦藻细胞的生长速率(0.36—0.51/d)逐渐增大,最大生物量基本不变(约1.1×10~4个/m L)。在平台期中肋骨条藻培养液中氮盐浓度最低下降到2.5μmol/L左右维持不变,而米氏凯伦藻氮盐浓度最低下降到1.0μmol/L左右。在指数生长期,随着细胞的生长溶解有机氮(DON,Dissolved Organic Nitrogen)含量迅速增加,中肋骨条藻介质中DON的浓度达到最大值(5—6μmol/L),然后浓度基本不变。米氏凯伦藻介质中DON在指数生长阶段达到最大值(2—3μmol/L)后开始下降。中肋骨条藻单细胞颗粒氮的含量(约为10~(-6)μmol,平台期约为10~(-7)μmol)要远远小于米氏凯伦藻(指数期约为10~(-4)μmol,平台期约为10~(-6)μmol)。研究表明,两种藻对尿素的吸收利用存在明显差异,在较低的溶解无机氮和较高的溶解有机氮环境中,甲藻有更好的适应性,该研究对于解释我国长江口春季硅藻和甲藻赤潮的演替有借鉴的意义。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮不同发育阶段中藻类的变化

通过在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘相同的地貌部位,选择裸沙、藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮4种不同演替阶段中的生物结皮,研究了藻类的种类组成、优势种和生物量的变化.结果表明:(1)在结皮的不同演替阶段,藻类种类组成不同,其常见物种有一定的差异,如裸沙中藻类常见种是脆杆藻2(Fragilaria sp.2)、威利颤藻(Oscillatoria willei)和奥克席藻(Phormidium okenii),藻结皮的常见种是小聚球藻(Synechococcus parvus)、颗粒常丝藻 (Tychonema granulatum)、韧氏席藻(Phormidium retzli);同时在不同发育阶段亦存在一些特有种.(2)在裸沙发育到成熟生物结皮的过程中,藻类的优势物种也发生相应的变化.裸沙、藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮的优势种分别是脆杆藻1(Fragilaria sp.1)、具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)、具鞘微鞘藻、眼点伪枝藻(Scytonema ocellatum)或集球藻(Palmellococcus miniatus).(3)藻类生物量在生物结皮不同演替阶段差异极显著(P<0.01),在裸沙中藻类生物量最低,随着生物结皮的逐渐发育,藻类生物量明显升高,地衣结皮最高,约是裸沙的8.3倍,当发育至苔藓结皮时,藻类生物量又有所下降.(4)在裸沙中基本为松散的沙粒,随着生物结皮的演替,丝状种类占明显的优势,尤其是具鞘微鞘藻,另外真菌菌丝和苔藓假根分别在地衣结皮和苔藓结皮中起着重要作用.     

Anaerobic degradation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate to 3-S-methylmercaptopropionate by a marine Desulfobacterium strain

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, an osmolyte of marine algae, is thought to be the major precursor of dimethyl sulfide, which plays a dominant role in biogenic sulfur emission. The marine sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfobacterium strain PM4 was found to degrade dimethylsulfoniopropionate to 3-S-methylmercaptopropionate. The oxidation of one of the methyl groups of dimethylsulfoniopropionate was coupled to the reduction of sulfate; this process is similar to the degradation betaine to dimethylglycine which was described earlier for the same strain. Desulfobacterium PM4 is the first example of an anaerobic marine bacterium that is able to demethylate dimethylsulfoniopropionate.Abbreviations DMSP dimethylsulfoniopropionate - DMS dimethyl sulfide - MMPA 3-S-methylmercaptopropionate     

Coupling of dimethylsulfide oxidation to biomass production by a marine flavobacterium

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is an important climatically active gas. In the sea, DMS is produced primarily by microbial metabolism of the compatible solute dimethylsulfoniopropionate. Laboratory growth of Bacteroidetes with DMS resulted in its oxidation to dimethyl sulfoxide but only in the presence of glucose. We hypothesized that electrons liberated from sulfur oxidation were used to augment biomass production.     

Production of volatile sulfur compounds during the decomposition of algal mats.

Blue-green algal mats incubated anaerobically rapidly produce large amounts of volatile sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. The major organic sulfur compound is methyl mercaptan, in contrast to previous results with marine eucaryotic algae. Light inhibited production of volatile sulfur compounds, apparently because the algae then produced O2, rendering the system aerobic.     

Production of volatile sulfur compounds during the decomposition of algal mats.

Blue-green algal mats incubated anaerobically rapidly produce large amounts of volatile sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. The major organic sulfur compound is methyl mercaptan, in contrast to previous results with marine eucaryotic algae. Light inhibited production of volatile sulfur compounds, apparently because the algae then produced O2, rendering the system aerobic.     

C1-cycle of sulfur compounds

C₁ organic sulfides are part of many ecosystems and play an important role in the global sulfur budget and climate regulation. At this point, fluxes and conversions of these compounds are only superficially understood. Understanding of the regulating mechanisms will be necessary to quantify the role of these compounds in the global sulfur budget at their climatic role. In this review, the current knowledge of fluxes and conversions of C₁ organic sulfides in different ecosystems is presented.Abbreviations CCN cloud condensation nuclei - COS carbonylsulfide - DMS dimethylsulfide - DMDS dimethyldisulfide - DMSO dimethylsulfoxide - DMSO₂ dimethylsulfurdioxide - DMSP dimethylsulfoniopropionate - MA methylamine - 3-MPA 3-mercaptopropionate - MPPA 3-methiolpropionate - MT methanethiol     

Methylated sulfur compounds in microbial mats: in situ concentrations and metabolism by a colorless sulfur bacterium.

The concentrations of the volatile organic sulfur compounds methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and the viable population capable of DMS utilization in laminated microbial ecosystems were evaluated. Significant levels of DMS and dimethyl disulfide (maximum concentrations of 220 and 24 nmol cm3 of sediment-1, respectively) could be detected only at the top 20 mm of the microbial mat, whereas methanethiol was found only at depth horizons from 20 to 50 mm (maximum concentration of 42 nmol cm3 of sediment-1). DMS concentrations in the surface layer doubled after cold hydrolysis of its precursor, dimethylsulfoniopropionate. Most-probable-number counts revealed 2.2 x 10(5) cells cm3 of sediment-1, in the 0- to 5-mm depth horizon, capable of growth on DMS as the sole source of energy. An obligately chemolithoautotrophic bacillus designated strain T5 was isolated from the top layer of the marine sediment. Continuous culture studies in which DMS was the growth-limiting substrate revealed a maximum specific growth rate of 0.10 h-1 and a saturation constant of 90 mumol liter-1 for aerobic growth on this substrate.     

Methylated sulfur compounds in microbial mats: in situ concentrations and metabolism by a colorless sulfur bacterium

The concentrations of the volatile organic sulfur compounds methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and the viable population capable of DMS utilization in laminated microbial ecosystems were evaluated. Significant levels of DMS and dimethyl disulfide (maximum concentrations of 220 and 24 nmol cm3 of sediment-1, respectively) could be detected only at the top 20 mm of the microbial mat, whereas methanethiol was found only at depth horizons from 20 to 50 mm (maximum concentration of 42 nmol cm3 of sediment-1). DMS concentrations in the surface layer doubled after cold hydrolysis of its precursor, dimethylsulfoniopropionate. Most-probable-number counts revealed 2.2 x 10(5) cells cm3 of sediment-1, in the 0- to 5-mm depth horizon, capable of growth on DMS as the sole source of energy. An obligately chemolithoautotrophic bacillus designated strain T5 was isolated from the top layer of the marine sediment. Continuous culture studies in which DMS was the growth-limiting substrate revealed a maximum specific growth rate of 0.10 h-1 and a saturation constant of 90 mumol liter-1 for aerobic growth on this substrate.     

165 The Chloroplast Genome of the Toxic Stramenopile Heterosigma Akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

Many temperate green macroalgae contain secondary meatbolites that provide protection from grazing by some herbivores. These include the production of dopamine hydrochloride by the ulvoid green alga Ulvaria obscura and the production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by many species of Ulvales and Caulerpales. The dopamine hydrochloride defense was isolated using bioassay-guided fractionation and is effective against sea urchins ( Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ) and littorinid snails ( Littorina sitkana ). The DMSP activated defense system involves enzymatic cleavage of DMSP into dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and acrylic acid. It is found in many of the Ulvales and several species of Codium in the northeastern Pacific and Australasian regions. Many green algae such as Ulva fenestrata and Enteromorpha linza are avoided by urchins, which are deterred by DMS and acrylic acid in laboratory assays. However, these algae are often preferred foods of snails, which are deterred by DMS and acrylic acid. Snails may preferentially consume ulvoid green algae, despite being deterred by DMS and acrylic acid, because these algae contain relatively high nitrogen concentrations.     

The Structure of RdDddP from Roseobacter denitrificans Reveals That DMSP Lyases in the DddP-Family Are Metalloenzymes

Marine microbes degrade dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is produced in large quantities by marine algae and plants, with DMSP lyases into acrylate and the gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Approximately 10% of the DMS vents from the sea into the atmosphere and this emission returns sulfur, which arrives in the sea through rivers and runoff, back to terrestrial systems via clouds and rain. Despite their key role in this sulfur cycle DMSP lyases are poorly understood at the molecular level. Here we report the first X-ray crystal structure of the putative DMSP lyase RdDddP from Roseobacter denitrificans, which belongs to the abundant DddP family. This structure, determined to 2.15 Å resolution, shows that RdDddP is a homodimeric metalloprotein with a binuclear center of two metal ions located 2.7 Å apart in the active site of the enzyme. Consistent with the crystallographic data, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TRXF) revealed the bound metal species to be primarily iron. A 3D structure guided analysis of environmental DddP lyase sequences elucidated the critical residues for metal binding are invariant, suggesting all proteins in the DddP family are metalloenzymes.