多镜联合治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石的技术优势

目的探讨十二指肠镜、胆道镜、腹腔镜等多镜联合治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石的技术优势。方法采用腹腔镜胆总管探查术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LCBDE+LC)和内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术+内窥镜下括约肌切开取石术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(ERCP+EST+LC)两种术式治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者。结果有两组病例,其中LCBDE+LC组36例,本组术后胆道残余结石2例,后经T管窦道行胆道镜取石治愈。ERCP+EST+LC组54例,本组术后并发一过性高淀粉酶血症3例,发生急性轻型胰腺炎2例。结论多镜联合治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石具有创伤小、效果好、并发症少、恢复快的优点,多镜联合发挥出其独特技术优势,避免了因接受传统开腹手术而造成较大创伤的不合理治疗模式。     

不同术式的经内镜下行乳头括约肌切开术（EST）对肠胆反流的影响

目的：目前认为,十二指肠胆道反流是引起胆道反复感染,进而导致胆道结石再发和胆道狭窄的原因之一。近年来应用以内镜下逆行胆胰管造影术（endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography,ERCP）为基础的微创治疗胆总管结束的技术开展颇为广泛。它主要包括ERCP、Oddi括约肌切开术（endoscopicsphincterotomy,EST）、十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术（endoscopicpapillarybal—Iondilation,EPBD）、胆管结石碎石取石术、胆总管支架植入术和鼻胆管引流术六大技术。本文主要研究了采用不同术式的EST,即EST中切口和EST小切口＋EPBD术,在术后早期对患者十二指肠胆道反流的影响。方法：63例胆总管结石患者,男30例,女33例,予行经内镜下逆行的胆胰管造影（ERCP）后分别采用不同术式EST,术后安放胆总管引流管。术后l周留取胆汁采用口服核素和测定胆汁中的胃蛋白酶I、II的浓度,对十二指肠胆道反流进行定量和定性的测定。结果：EST中切口术组、EST小切口＋球囊扩张（EPBD）组分别与无EST组相比,年龄和性别无统计学意义（P=0．07,P=0．416）。行EST中切开和小切开＋球囊扩张患者胆汁中的锝计数明显高于无EST组,且这两组不同术式的患者锝计数存在显著的统计学差异（P〈0．05）。行EST中切口者、EST小切口＋球囊扩张术者胆汁中的PGII质量浓度明显低于无EST组（P〈0．05）,但是EST中切口者和EST小切口＋球囊扩张术后两组间胆汁中PGII的质量浓度无统计学差异。结论：行EST中切口取胆总管结石的患者在手术早期较易发生十二指肠胆道的反流。因此,建议对于胆总管结石患者尽量选择行EST小切口＋球裳扩张术（EPBD）的手术方式。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术在内镜取石失败后的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗内镜取石失败的胆总管结石的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2005年-2013年实施腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)的患者共89例,分为两组,其中A组为患者在内镜取石失败后再行LCBDE术(n=47),B组为诊断胆总管结石后立即行LCBDE术(n=42),比较两组之间手术时间、中转开腹率、结石残留率、术后并发症率(包括胆瘘、胰腺炎以及其他)、住院时间、结石复发率。结果:A组和B组相比在手术时间、中转开腹率、结石残留率、术后并发症率、住院时间、结石复发率上并没有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:针对内镜取石失败的胆总管结石患者,腹腔镜胆总管探查术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

LC+LCBDE+PS治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的效果分析

本研究主要是探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合胆总管探查(LCBDE)联合一期缝合(PS)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果。选取我院(2014年1月至2016年1月)手术治疗的85例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者进行回顾性分析,根据手术方法分为A组41例(LC+LCBDE+PS治疗)、B组44例采用内镜逆行性胆管造影/内镜下括约肌切开取石术(ERCP/EST)联合LC治疗,对比两组患者的手术效果。A组和B组患者的手术时间差异无统计学意义(P <0. 05); A组患者的出血量、住院时间、手术费用均低于B组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P <0. 05);术后1天,两组患者的血清IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、ALT、AST、TBIL较本组术前均显著的提高(P <0. 05);术后3天,两组患者的血清IL-6、TNF-α、CRP较本组术前显著的提高(P <0. 05);手术后,A组患者手术并发症率12. 20%(5/41)与B组的22. 73%(10/44)比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。结果表明,LC+LCBDE+PS治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石效果与ERCP/EST联合LC效果相当,但是具有术后恢复较快、费用更低的特点。     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石现代外科治疗方式探析

：胆石症在消化外科发生率较高,我国发病率约为7％-10％。胆石症以胆囊结石为主,部分可合并胆总管结石。胆石症的既往 主要治疗方式是开腹胆囊切除+胆总管探查+T 管引流术（OC+OCH+TD)。但近年来随着微创外科的不断发展,其治疗模式已有 长足的进步。我国目前用于治疗胆石症尤其是胆囊结石合并胆总管内结石的微创治疗模式包括2 种：阶梯治疗方案：内镜逆行胰 胆管造影(ERCP)／内镜下括约肌切开取石术(EST)+ 二期腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC),即ERCP／EST+LC;同期治疗方案：LC+ 腹腔 镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE),即LC+LCBDE。本文通过探析两种治疗方案的适应症、禁忌症和并发症,为临床在胆囊结石合并胆总 管结石治疗方法的选择上提供依据。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术在有上腹部手术史患者中的应用

目的:探讨有上腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胆总管探查术的可行性和临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2007年-2013年实施腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)患者共90例,分为两组,A组为有上腹部手术史行LCBDE术(n=45),B组为既往无手术史行LCBDE术(n=45),比较两组之间手术时间、中转开腹率、结石残留率、术后并发症率、住院时间、结石复发率。结果:A组和B组在中转开腹率、结石残留率、术后并发症率、住院时间、结石复发率上并没有统计学差异(P0.05),而A组手术时间长于B组(P0.05)。结论:有上腹部手术史患者行LCBDE是安全可行的。成功的关键在于合适的病例选择、全面的术前评估、合理的穿刺点选择和精确的术中操作。     

微创式治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜与十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床应用价值。方法:74例胆囊结合并胆总管结石患者随机分为EST+LC组(44例)和OC+OCHTD组(30例),其中EST+LC组行十二指肠镜Oddi括约肌切开术(EST)加腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC),OC+OCHTD组行开腹胆囊切除术(OC)加胆总管切开取石T管引流术(OCHTD),比较两组手术过程、术后恢复、并发症情况等。结果:①EST+LC组手术时间长于OC+OCHTD组,切口长度与术中出血量少于OC+OCHTD组(P<0.01或0.05)。②EST+LC组手术成功率90.91%,取石成功率100%,OC+OCHTD组手术成功率100%,取石成功率93.33%,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。③EST+LC组镇痛药使用率低于OC+OCHTD组,术后引流时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气时间和平均住院时间短于OC+OCHTD组(P<0.01或0.05)。④EST+LC组与OC+OCHTD组均并发症少,无结石复发。结论:十二指肠镜Oddi括约肌切开术联合加腹腔镜下胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石和胆总管结石具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少、住院时间短等优势,值得进一步临床推广。     

小切开EST联合EPBD与单纯EST对85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者疗效的比较

目的:对比内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌(expressed sequence tags,EST)小切开术联合内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilation,EPBD)与单纯EST对85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者的疗效。方法:选择我院于2014年1月～2020年2月收治的85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者150例,根据入院顺序随机分成两组,每组各75例,给予对照组单纯小切开EST术治疗,给予研究组小切开EST+EPBD术治疗。对比两组的一次取石成功率、机械碎石、结石复发率等指标;术中操作时间、术中出血量、住院天数、术后排便天数等临床指标;术后胆道感染、急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症、术后腹痛等并发症的总发生率。结果:研究组一次取石成功率显著高于对照组,机械碎石、结石复发率均显著低于对照组(P0.05);研究组的术中操作时间、术中出血量、住院天数、术后排便天数均显著低于对照组(P0.05);研究组术后胆道感染、急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症、术后腹痛、术后迟发性出血等并发症的总发生率为9.33%(7/75),显著低于对照组37.33%(28/75),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:小切开EST联合EPBD对85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者的疗效显著,该方法可有改善患者临床指标,降低术后并发症发生率,值得推荐至临床广泛应用。     

微创式治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的临床研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜与十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床应用价值。方法：74例胆囊结合并胆总管结石患者随机分为EST＋LC组（44例）和OC＋OCHTD组（30例）,其中EST＋LC组行十二指肠镜Oddi括约肌切开术（EST）加腹腔镜下胆囊切除术（LC）,OC＋OCHTD组行开腹胆囊切除术（OC）加胆总管切开取石T管引流术（OCHTD）,比较两组手术过程、术后恢复、并发症情况等。结果：①EST＋LC组手术时间长于OC＋OCHTD组,切口长度与术中出血量少于OC＋OCHTD组（P〈0.01或0.05）。②EST＋LC组手术成功率90.91%,取石成功率100%,OC＋OCHTD组手术成功率100%,取石成功率93.33%,两组间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。③EST＋LC组镇痛药使用率低于OC＋OCHTD组,术后引流时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气时间和平均住院时间短于OC＋OCHTD组（P〈0.01或0.05）。④EST＋LC组与OC＋OCHTD组均并发症少,无结石复发。结论：十二指肠镜Oddi括约肌切开术联合加腹腔镜下胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石和胆总管结石具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少、住院时间短等优势,值得进一步临床推广。     

三镜联合手术方案治疗胆道结石患者的临床疗效及预后情况分析

目的:研究三镜联合手术方案治疗肝外胆道结石患者的临床疗效及预后情况分析。方法:选择从1999年5月至2014年5月在我院接受治疗的肝外胆道结石患者300例进行回顾性分析。所有患者均接受三镜联合手术方案治疗,290例患者成功接受手术,其中先行经内镜十二指肠乳头造影/切开术(ERCP/EST),然后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)(先ERCP/EST后LC组)103例,先行LC,然后行ERCP/EST(先LC后ERCP/EST组)73例,同时行LC和ERCP/EST(LC与ERCP/EST同时组)114例。分析患者整体手术情况,对比各组手术相关指标、结石取出情况及并发症。结果:300例患者中,10例因结石过大、缩窄乳头炎、出血及怀疑胆囊癌因素中转开腹。三组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间与住院费用指标相比,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),成功取出结石率及并发症发生率三组相比,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:通过不同手术顺序的三镜联合手术方案治疗肝外胆道结石,临床疗效及患者的预后情况均较好,值得在临床推广应用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.