秦皇岛地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症的筛查及诊断分析

目的:分析秦皇岛地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症(congenital hypothyroidism,CH)患儿的筛查和诊断结果,为进一步提高新生儿筛查的管理及提高新生儿生命健康质量提供依据和参考。方法:回顾性分析秦皇岛地区2011年1月至2017年1月共184308例新生儿的CH筛查资料和诊断结果。统计确诊CH患儿的基本情况、体检情况、筛查检验情况、确诊检验情况及治疗随访情况。结果:共筛查184308例新生儿,其中92例为确诊CH患儿,发病率1/2003(0.499‰)。新生儿CH临床非特异性表现复杂多样,多表现为病理性黄疸,占72.8%,经治疗后黄疸消退时间17~48天;其次为前囟大、后囟未闭,占58.7%;少哭、喑哑次之,占51.1%;其他临床表现为消化道症状(腹胀、肠鸣减弱、便秘、脐疝)、特殊面容、粘液水肿等。CH患儿筛查检验促甲状腺激素(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone),TSH重度升高者占52.2%,中度升高者为26.1%,轻度升高者为21.7%。CH患儿绝大部分表现为TSH升高和甲状腺激素(thyroxine,T4)降低。经口服左旋甲状腺素钠片治疗2周后,患儿症状改善,并根据三碘甲状腺氨酸(Triiodothyronine,T3)、T4、TSH检测结果调整剂量,恢复后每三个月复查一次。36~48个月随访,患儿身高、体重基本达到正常参照标准。结论:秦皇岛地区新生儿CH发病率较全国水平(1/3120)稍高,需加强CH患儿非特异性临床表现的健康教育工作,通过新生儿CH筛查做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,提高新生儿的生命健康。     

串联质谱技术应用于新生儿遗传代谢病筛查,以甘肃省为例

为了明确甘肃省新生儿遗传代谢病的患病情况及分布情况。2017年1月1日至2018年10月31日期间,本研究应用串联质谱技术对41 232例甘肃省新生儿进行遗传代谢病筛查。研究显示,所有筛查的新生儿中,共有67例确诊为遗传性代谢病,患病率为16.25/10 000。疾病类型主要包括3大类,即氨基酸代谢病(苯丙酮尿症,高甲硫氨酸血症,高苯丙氨酸血症)、有机酸代谢病(甲基丙二酸血症,β-酮硫解酶缺乏症,异戊酸血症)和脂肪酸代谢病(脂肪酸氧化代谢障碍、原发性肉碱缺乏症)。苯丙酮尿症的患病例数和患病率为最高,其次为甲基丙二酸血症。此外,阳性率和确诊率在不同性别、出生体重、出生季度和分娩方式亚组中无显著差异(p0.05)。然而,在出生孕周亚组中,足月儿的阳性率和确诊率显著低于早产儿和过期产儿(p0.05),提示孕周可能是遗传代谢病患病的重要影响因素。     

妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症26例妊娠结局分析

目的：对妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症进行分析,探讨其对母儿的影响,及孕期筛查甲状腺功能有无意义。方法：对我院26例妊娠合并甲减的临床资料进行回顾性统计分析。结果：26例妊娠合并甲减病例中有1例早产（孕33周）,其余25例患者维持至足月妊娠,其中剖宫产17例（65.38%）,合并妊娠期高血压疾病5例（19.23%）,妊娠期糖尿病3例（11.53%）,羊水胎粪污染3例（11.54%）,新生儿无先天性甲减。经过治疗后甲状腺功能减退孕妇的剖宫产率,糖尿病发生率、高血压疾病发生率、羊水粪染的发生率较对照组增加;但两组妊娠结局差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症孕妇多种妊娠并发症的发病率高于正常孕妇,应加强对妊娠甲减的早期筛查及治疗,可有效降低不良妊娠结局,减少先天性甲低的出生。     

时间分辨荧光分析技术在先天性甲状腺功能低下筛查中的应用

目的:探讨时间分辨荧光分析技术(DELFIA)筛查新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下的的准确率。方法:回顾性分析我院2008年1月至2013年5月收治的20000例新生儿的临床资料。分别利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和时间分辨荧光分析技术检测新生儿足跟血中三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、四碘甲腺原氨酸(T4)及促甲状腺素(TSH)水平。比较两种检测方法的准确率。结果:DELFIA初次筛查CH的准确性明显高于ELISA。对召回的新生儿进行TSH复测,DELFIA对TSH≥20 m U/L的检测准确率最高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:DELFIA在筛查先天性甲状腺功能低下中具有较高的应用价值,可作为临床筛查的首选方法。     

会讯

全国儿科染色体疾病专题讨论会于1985年9月4日在山东省烟台市召开。来自全国各地的147名代表和列席代表出席了会议。会议由中国遗传学会儿科遗传协作组副组长、北京儿童医院颜纯副教授主持。儿科遗传协作组组长、上海医科大学儿科医院朱畅宁副教授总结了自1981年哈尔滨会议以来,各地开展儿科遗传学工作的成就:举办学习班共26次,培训学员1,995名;对198,320名新生儿进行了苯丙酮尿症筛查,共检出12例患儿(发病率0.06％);对132,138名新生儿进行21-三体筛查,共检出77例患儿(发生率0.58‰);对6,208名新生儿进行脐血染色体检查,共检出染色体畸变42例(其中21-三体征4例);对近39万名儿童和新生儿进行出生缺陷调查,共检出各种先天性畸形儿2,963例。同时,在儿科遗传咨询方面也做了大量工作。几年来,各地儿科医生们写出了大量     

苯丙酮尿症常用筛查方法的比较

苯丙酮尿症是一种由于体内缺乏苯丙氨酸羟化酶所引起的遗传性代谢异常疾病,如果能够做到早诊断、早发现、早预防和早治疗,就可以避免患儿以后出现智能发育障碍,因此开展新生儿的筛查工作十分重要。简要介绍了苯丙酮尿症的基本情况以及目前应用于临床的常用筛查方法,如细菌抑制法、荧光法等,并从筛查原理、主要优缺点等方面进行了简单的比较。     

苯丙酸尿症和高苯丙氨酸血症是一回事吗?

<正>答:苯丙酮尿症(phenylketouria,PKU)是一种氨基酸代谢异常疾病。经典型PKU是由于苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因(PAH)的突变导致该酶活性降低或丧失,致使血中苯丙氨酸代谢受阻,不能转化为酪氨酸,表现为高苯丙氨酸血症和高苯丙酮酸尿症。非经典型PKU分别由DHPR,GTP-CH,6-PTS基因的突变所引起,导致生物喋呤代谢缺陷,影响苯丙氨酸羟     

串联质谱技术在新生儿遗传代谢病筛查中的临床应用研究

目的:探讨串联质谱技术筛查新生儿遗传代谢病的发生率及确诊病例情况,为其临床应用提供参考。方法:回顾性分析2013年5月~2016年12月在本院疾病筛查中心采用串联质谱技术进行遗传代谢病筛查的27217例新生儿的临床资料,记录串联质谱技术筛查的可疑阳性患者及确诊情况,剔除确诊患儿后,分别根据新生儿胎龄、出生体重、采血时间进行分组,比较各组新生儿各种氨基酸水平。结果:本研究中27217例新生儿,串联质谱筛查为可疑阳性的占1.69%(459/27217),确诊14例,发生率为0.05%(14/27217);剔除确诊新生儿后,早产组与足月组新生儿体内丙氨酸(ALA)、甲硫氨酸(MET)浓度比较无统计学意义(P0.05),出生体重≤2500 g组与2500 g组新生儿体内MET、鸟氨酸(ORN)、瓜氨酸(CIT)浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),采血时间3~7 d组与7 d组新生儿体内脯氨酸(PRO)浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。除以上几种外,其余各种氨基酸浓度早产组与足月组比较、出生体重≤2500 g组与2500 g组比较、采血时间3~7 d组与7 d组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:串联质谱检测可早期发现新生儿遗传代谢病,但应根据新生儿胎龄、出生体重、采血时间确定截断值,以降低假阳性率。     

武汉市1060 例新生儿眼病筛查结果分析

目的:分析武汉市1060例新生儿眼病筛查结果,探讨新生儿眼病筛查的临床意义。方法:选择2014年1月至2014年12月在我院出生的1060例新生儿为研究对象,进行眼前节和眼底检查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果:1060例新生儿中发现眼前节异常者103例(9.72%),其中结膜下出血43例(4.06%),先天性泪囊炎44例(4.15%),先天性白内障5例(0.47%),先天性青光眼4例(0.38%),瞳孔异位7例(0.66%);眼底病变53例(5.00%),其中视网膜病变32例(3.02%),永存玻璃体动脉14例(1.32%),眼底出血4例(0.38%),脉络膜缺损3例(0.28%)。结论:新生儿眼病患病率较高。在新生儿出生后开展及时的眼部检查可以尽早发现新生儿眼病,有利于针对性治疗,进而降低后续眼部重症疾病的发生。     

先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴发育不全患儿FOXE1基因突变的初步研究（英文）

目的:研究先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)伴甲状腺发育不全患儿转录因子2(FOXE1)的基因突变。方法:选取90例CH伴甲状腺发育不全患儿及90例正常儿童作为对照,提取外周静脉血基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增与直接测序技术,对FOXE1基因外显子进行突变筛查。结果:分别在1例先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴甲状腺发育不全患者外显子测序中发现一杂合错义变体c.A3401G(p.K1134R),在1例患者中发现1个已知的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)位点(rs755282859,c.483GC),在正常对照组中未发现以上变化。结论:在先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)伴甲状腺发育不全患儿中发现新的关于FOXE1杂合错义变体。     

Epidemiologic Characteristics and Risk Factors for Congenital Hypothyroidism from 2009 to 2018 in Xiamen,China

Objective: Early diagnosis and treatment of children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) through newborn screening can effectively prevent delayed development. This study was designed to investigate the pathogenesis and factors that influence CH in urban areas of China between 2009 and 2018.Methods: A retrospective analysis of newborn screening data and diagnosis and treatment information for CH diagnosed in the information database of the neonatal disease screening center in one of China's five special economic zones from 2009 to 2018.Results: Of the 947,258 newborns screened between 2009 and 2018, 829 (406 girls) were diagnosed with CH at birth (1 diagnosis/1,136 births). Among the 608 cases of CH diagnosed at birth and re-evaluated at the age of 3 years, 487 were permanent congenital hypothyroidism (PCH, 1/1,429), and 121 were transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH, 1/5,882). A total of 83.2% of infants with PCH (405/487) underwent thyroid imaging in the neonatal period, of which thyroid dysgenesis accounted for 28.64% (116/405) and functional defects accounted for 71.36% (289/405). The incidence of CH changed significantly in infants with initial serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations of 41 to 100 mIU/L and ≥100 mIU/L, whereas the incidence of mild CH showed a slight increase. The incidence of CH was significantly higher in postterm infants (1/63) and low-birth-weight infants (1/370).Conclusion: In the past decade, the incidence of CH has increased, mainly due to the increase in the incidence of PCH and TCH. The incidence of mild CH has increased slightly. Postterm birth and low birth weight are important factors affecting the incidence of CH.Abbreviations: CH = congenital hypothyroidism; FT4 = free thyroxine; L-T4 = levothyroxine sodium; PCH = permanent congenital hypothyroidism; TCH = transient congenital hypothyroidism; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; TT4 = total thyroxine     

Survey of neonatal screening for primary hypothyroidism in England,Wales, and Northern Ireland 1982-4

National screening for congenital hypothyroidism was established in the United Kingdom in 1982. During 1982-4, 488 infants with primary congenital hypothyroidism were detected by the 25 regional screening laboratories in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In addition, one infant had signs of cretinism at birth and was investigated before the screening test was done and four infants were known to have been missed by the screening programme; among these four infants the initial thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations were normal in two with inherited defects of synthesis of thyroxine, not measured in one, and false negative in one. The overall incidence of primary hypothyroidism was 1:3937 births (boys 1:6640, girls 1:2756). The incidence seemed to be reduced in infants born to black mothers (two cases only) and increased in those born to Asian mothers (61 cases). Congenital anomalies other than those of the thyroid gland were reported in 36 children (7%), and 15 (3%) died from various causes before the age of 4. Infants who were considered to show unequivocal evidence of hypothyroidism started treatment at a median age of 17 days (5th and 95th centiles 10 and 42 days) compared with a median age of 14 days (5th and 95th centiles 9 and 21 days) for infants with classic phenylketonuria also detected by national screening.     

Evolution and innovations of the National Neonatal and High Risk Screening Program in Costa Rica

We present the evolution, organization and results of the National Neonatal and High Risk Screening Program in Costa Rica (PNT). This program has been working uninterruptedly for more than fourteen years. Costa Rica currently has a literacy rate of 95%. To August 2004 the rate of infant mortality was 9.74 per 1000 births and to 2003, life expectancy was 76.3 years for men and 81.1 years for women. The control of infectious and parasitic diseases, as well as of severe malnutrition, has given room to a prevalence of chronic diseases with a pathology profile similar to that of a developed country. The clinical observation, mainly starting from early 70s, of a growing number of patients with mental retardation and other disabilities caused by congenital hypothyroidism and hereditary metabolic diseases that could have been prevented in many cases with an early diagnosis and opportune treatment, led us to the decision to implement a systematically massive neonatal screening for these diseases. The presence of a single Public System of Social Security in Costa Rica, which currently includes from primary health care up to the hospitals of tertiary attention, with a single Children's Hospital for the whole country, as well as communication facilities, are factors that offered, in principle, favorable conditions for this effort, even for a developing country. To September 2004, 835,217 children have been screened. There is a coverage of 95.1% of the newborns in the country. Also to this date, 259 children with congenital hypothyroidism, 18 with phenylketonuria, 20 with the maple syrup disease, 30 with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and 10 with galactosemia have been detected, confirmed and treated, for a total of 337 children that were spared of mental retardation, other disabilities and even death. Massive neonatal screening for organic acidemias recently started in June of 2004. Cystic fibrosis is under a pilot study and the screening for hemoglobinopathies and toxoplasmosis is planned. The Center for Prevention of Disabilities, which started its functions on September 23, 2002, made feasible to integrate neonatal screening, high risk screening and diagnostic confirmation of the diseases now included in the national screening program as well as those to be added in the future.     

200 例新生儿心脏彩超筛查先心病结果分析

目的:了解新生儿先天性心脏病(简称先心病)的发病情况,获得基本资料,为制定和采取干预措施提供决策依据。方法:将新生儿心脏彩超列入常规检查项目,选择西京医院产科2011年6月13日至7月23日出生的200名新生儿进行心脏彩超检查,筛查率为100%。结果:正常的为170例,占85%,其中需观察、随访的131例。异常的为30例,发病率占百分之15%,其中复杂先心病3例。30例先心病患儿中,以ASD+PDA类型心脏病最多,占56.67%;其次是ASD,占16.67%;VSD+PDA和VSD+PDA+PFO类型分别占6.67%;检出复杂先心病类型单室+房间隔缺损+肺动脉瓣狭窄、单房单室、部分型心内膜垫缺损+ASD+二尖瓣前瓣裂,分别占3.33%。结论:新生儿先心病的发病率较高,采用心脏彩超等检查项目筛查是非常必要的,需认识导致新生儿先心病的原因,尽早发现先心病患儿,并做好先心病患儿的随访工作,为及时进行干预提供保障。     

Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone screening as an indirect method for the assessment of iodine deficiency in Estonia

According to neonatal thyroid screening the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Estonia is 1:2,860. Transient hyperthyrotropinemia with a raised thyroid-stimulating hormone level of 5 microU/ml occurred in 17.7% of infants and was not associated with low birth weight, small birth length, low gestational age or congenital anomalies. Based on WHO criteria (WHO/UNICEF, 1994) it corresponds to mild iodine deficiency in Estonia (3% or less is in iodine-sufficient areas). This is in agreement with the previously reported median urinary iodine content of 65 microg/l in children. The frequency of infants with TSH >5 microU/ml was 16.4, 21 and 17. 2% in three regions (north, central and south) of Estonia, respectively, indicating mild to moderate iodine deficiency. These findings show the possibility of using the results of newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism to assess the severity of iodine deficiency in Estonia. The introduction of universal iodine prophylaxis is recommended.     

Evaluation of eight and a half years of neonatal screening for haemoglobinopathies in Birmingham

A pilot neonatal screening programme for haemoglobinopathies linked with screening for phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism was reviewed. During 1978 to December 1986 137 000 neonates were tested. There were improvements in the detection rate and accuracy of diagnosis for homozygotes and mixed heterozygotes, mainly associated with the introduction of citrate agarose gel electrophoresis as a follow up procedure on all specimens showing any abnormality on the initial cellulose acetate electrophoresis.We recommend that the programme is continued on a service basis.     

孕早期亚临床甲状腺功能减退与流产发生的相关性

目的:探讨孕早期亚临床甲状腺功能减退与流产发生的相关性。方法:2017年2月至2019年选择在本院进行建档的孕早期孕妇120例,检测血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine,FT4)、促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)含量,判断亚甲减发生情况。调查所有孕妇的流产等妊娠结局情况并分析相关性。结果:在120例孕妇中,发生亚甲减18例(亚甲减组),发生率为15.0%。亚甲减组的年龄、孕周、孕次、产次、心率、收缩压、舒张压等指标与非亚甲减组对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。亚甲减组的血清TSH含量高于非亚甲减组,FT3值低于非亚甲减组(P<0.05),两组FT4值对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。亚甲减组的流产发生率为38.9%,显著高于非亚甲减组的2.9%(P<0.05)。亚甲减组的早产、前置胎盘、胎膜早破、产后出血、巨大儿、低体重儿、新生儿窒息等发生率也显著高于非亚甲减组(P<0.05)。在120例孕妇中,Pearson相关分析法显示流产与亚甲减、血清TSH、FT3值都存在相关性(P<0.05)。结论:孕早期亚甲减在临床上比较常见,可导致流产发生率增加,也可增加妊娠不良结局的发生几率,亚甲减与流产存在正向相关性。     

干预治疗对TPOAb阴性亚甲减孕妇妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨干预治疗对不同TSH水平的妊娠期亚临床甲减合并甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPOAb)阴性孕妇妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月1日至2016年12月31日在青岛大学附属医院产科分娩孕妇诊断为亚临床甲减且TPOAb阴性的孕妇不良妊娠结局的发生率,根据2011年(S1标准)及2017年(S2标准)美国甲状腺协会(ATA)指南对妊娠合并亚临床甲减推荐诊断的TSH水平不同分组,A组(4 m IU/LTSH10.0 m IU/L)131例,B组(TSH4 m IU/L,在T1期TSH2.5 m IU/L,T2、T3期TSH3.0 m IU/L)326例,根据是否接受左甲状腺素钠片(商品名:优甲乐)治疗,分为治疗组(295例)、未治疗组(194例),同时选取TPOAb阴性且甲状腺功能正常的孕妇(306例)作为对照组。结果:(1)依据S1、S2诊断标准,妊娠合并亚临床甲减的发生率分别为13.57%、3.6%,治疗率分别为39.67%、51.34%,不同诊断标准间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)A组孕妇中,未治疗组妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期贫血、流产、早产、胎儿窘迫的发生率均高于治疗组及对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而治疗组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。未治疗组胎盘早剥、胎膜早破、胎儿畸形、低体重儿的发生率虽高于治疗组及对照组,但两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)B组孕妇未治疗组妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期贫血、流产、早产、胎儿窘迫、胎盘早剥、胎膜早破、胎儿畸形、低体重儿的发生率虽高于治疗组及对照组,三组及两两比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于青岛地区TPOAb阴性的妊娠期亚临床甲减孕妇,4.0 m IU/LTSH10.0 m IU/L时,左甲状腺素钠片治疗能明显改善其不良妊娠结局。     

Clinical Aspects of Hyperthyroidism,Hypothyroidism, and Thyroid Screening in Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo evaluate the peer-reviewed literature on hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid autoimmunity in pregnancy.MethodsWe review published studies on thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in pregnancy, the impact of thyroid disease on pregnancy, and discuss implications for screening.ResultsOvert hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are responsible for adverse obstetric and neonatal events. Several studies of association suggest that either subclinical hypothyroidism or thyroid autoimmunity increase the risk of complications. One randomized controlled trial showed that pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism benefit from treatment in terms of obstetric and neonatal complications, whereas another study demonstrated no benefit in the intelligence quotient of babies born to women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid autoimmunity has been associated with increased rate of pregnancy loss, recurrent miscarriage, and preterm delivery.ConclusionCurrent guidelines agree that overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism need to be promptly treated and that as potential benefits outweigh potential harm, subclinical hypothyroidism also requires substitutive treatment. The chance that women with thyroid autoimmunity may benefit from levothyroxine treatment to improve obstetric outcome is intriguing, but adequately powered randomized controlled trials are needed. The issue of universal thyroid screening at the beginning of pregnancy is still a matter of debate, and aggressive case-finding is supported. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:597-607)