某三甲医院2007-2011 年ICU 气管切开术后肺部感染患者208 例 临床分析

目的:探讨湖南某三甲医院重症监护病房(ICU)患者气管切开后肺部感染病原菌的类型及其耐药性,为临床经验性用药提供帮助。方法:回顾性分析ICU 208例气管切开术后并发肺部感染患者的痰细菌培养及药物敏感性测定结果。结果:共分离出420株致病菌,革兰阴性菌293株,占69.76%,其中铜绿假单胞菌98株居首位;革兰阳性菌105株,占25.24%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌47株为最多;真菌占22株,占5.23%。分离出产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌87株,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)24株。所分离致病菌对常用抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药,且为多重耐药。结论:ICU气管切开患者肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药率高,临床应加强病原学监测,重视细菌的种类分布和耐药趋势,合理使用抗生素。     

ICU脑外伤及脑血管病合并肺部感染的病原分布及耐药性分析

探讨本院重症监护病房(ICU)中脑外伤、脑血管病合并肺部感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药情况。对本院2012年~2015年ICU中154例脑外伤、脑血管病合并肺部感染患者的痰液标本进行培养鉴定及药敏实验分析,了解本院ICU脑外伤、脑血管病合并肺部感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药菌群分布情况。本研究共计分离出570株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌株220株(38.60%)、革兰阴性菌株284株(49.28%)、真菌66株(11.58%);铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及不动杆菌的耐药情况十分严重,对大多数抗生素均具有较高的耐药率,对美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率相对较低;表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况十分严重,对大多数抗生素均具有较高的耐药率,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素及呋喃妥因的耐药率相对较低;白色念珠球菌、光滑念珠球菌对大多数抗真菌药物的耐药率均较低,对咪康唑的耐药率均较高。本院ICU肺部感染患者病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,应根据病原菌药敏结果进行针对性治疗。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的常见病原菌耐药性分析

目的:探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的常见病原菌并分析其耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取我院收治的135例VAP患者的临床资料,分析其病原菌分布以及抗菌药物的耐药性。结果:135例患者中共分离出183株病原菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌135株(占73.77%),革兰氏阳性细菌33株(占18.03%),真菌15株(占8.20%)。革兰氏阴性菌主要为鲍曼不动杆菌,占35.52%,革兰氏阳性细菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌,占9.84%,革兰阳性菌无一对万古霉素耐药,除了米诺环素总耐药率为42.42%外,其余病原菌对于常用的药物总耐药率均大于60.0%,革兰阴性菌普遍存在多药耐药现象。结论:引起VAP患者感染的主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌群,且存在严重的多重耐药现象,在临床上应加强对VAP疾病的预防和控制,合理应用抗菌药物。     

海岛基层骨伤医院感染病原菌分布与耐药性

目的回顾性分析海岛基层骨伤医院感染病原菌的分布及药敏率情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法临床标本经24h分离培养,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果从2012年1月至2014年12月发生医院感染的病例中共分离出185株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌55株,占29.73%;革兰阴性菌114株,占61.62%;真菌16株,占8.65%。革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌,革兰阴性菌中的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌等是感染菌谱的主要菌种。药敏显示大多数病原菌耐药性高,革兰阴性、阳性菌分别对亚胺培南和万古霉素敏感性最高。结论本院临床感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,临床用药应以药敏试验结果为依据合理选择抗菌药物。     

407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰培养物的病原菌分布及耐药状况.方法 回顾性分析407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰标本细菌培养、鉴定及药敏结果.结果 共分离出病原菌238株,革兰阴性菌163株,占68.49％;革兰阳性菌33株,占13.87％;真菌42株,占17.65％.主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.其中,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性菌株的比例分别为36.73％、28.85％.结论 老年肺癌患者因长期使用抗生素,呼吸道菌群失调,不同病原菌对抗菌药耐药率均较高,以革兰阴性菌感染为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株有较高比例,二重感染比例较高;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素敏感,未发现耐药菌株.因此临床医生根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对于改善患者肺部微生态失衡,延长生存时间具有重要指导意义.     

开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌的分布及药物敏感性

目的分析开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌的分布及药物敏感性,为此类患者的治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2016年8月至2019年8月我院收治的81例开放性骨折创面感染患者的临床资料,收集其创面感染病原菌培养鉴定及药物敏感试验结果,分析其病原菌分布及药物敏感性特点。结果 81例开放性骨折创面感染患者共分离病原菌113株,其中革兰阴性菌68株(60.18%),以铜绿假单胞菌(33株,29.20%)为主;革兰阳性菌30株(26.55%),以金黄色葡萄球菌(18株,15.93%)为主;真菌15株(13.27%),以白假丝酵母(10株,8.85%)为主。铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南耐药率最高,对美洛培南不耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢西丁耐药率最高,对万古霉素耐药率最低。白假丝酵母对两性霉素耐药率最高,对伊曲康唑耐药率最低。结论开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,应根据病原菌药敏特点合理选用抗菌药物。     

老年患者血培养病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解老年患者血液感染的病原菌种类以及对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法对2290份老年住院患者血培养标本中186例培养阳性检出菌及药敏结果进行统计学分析。结果在分离的172株细菌中,革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌及真菌分别占54.7%、34.9%和10.5%;革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌占绝对优势(20.9%),假单胞菌其次(10.5%),革兰阳性菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)占绝对优势(20.9%),金黄色葡萄球菌仅为2.9%。药敏试验表明老年菌血症的病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药严重,尤其是CNS及假单胞菌属细菌表现为较高的耐药率及多重耐药性。结论老年菌血症病原菌以机会致病菌感染比例较高,致病菌耐药问题严重,及时监测老年致病菌的变迁和耐药发展趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

老年糖尿病患者合并泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性

目的探讨老年糖尿病患者合并泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床防治提供实验依据。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年12月桐乡市第三人民医院老年糖尿病患者合并泌尿系感染患者的尿液标本做病原学检测和药敏试验,并用WHONET 5.4软件对耐药数据进行统计分析。结果共分离出病原菌267株,包括革兰阴性菌173株(64.79%),前四位为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形菌和阴沟肠杆菌;革兰阳性菌52株(19.48%),前三位为肠球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌;真菌42株(15.73%)。药敏结果显示,主要革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率较低,主要革兰阳性菌对利福平、呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁和万古霉素耐药率较低。结论老年糖尿病患者易发生泌尿系感染临床应结合药敏试验合理使用抗菌药物,减少耐药株的产生。     

成人血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解成人血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法采用Bact/Alert 3D血培养仪和VITEK-2 Compact鉴定仪,进行病原菌分离培养、鉴定和药敏试验。结果3 595份血培养送检标本中分离出230株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌147株占63.91%,革兰阳性菌78株占33.91%,真菌5株占2.17%。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌为主,对阿米卡星、碳青霉烯类药物敏感率高。革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺保持高敏感率。结论本院血培养病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,菌种复杂多样,不同菌种耐药性差异较大,应该定期对病原菌分布和耐药情况进行监测。     

老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨老年患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对本院2010年1月至2013年12月老年患者下呼吸道痰标本分离的病原菌用VITEK32全自动细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定,用K-B纸片法进行体外药敏试验,用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计学分析。结果共分离出病原菌936株,其中革兰阴性菌655株(69.98%),前四位为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,占比分别为24.89%、18.38%、11.97%和8.01%;革兰阳性菌196株(20.94%),前三位为金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和肠球菌属,占比分别为10.15%、4.70%和3.10%;真菌85株(9.08%)。药敏结果显示,主要革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率较低;主要革兰阳性菌对呋喃妥因、利福平、阿米卡星、替加环素、利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药率较低。结论老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,并出现多重耐药,临床应根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.