农杆菌GV3101中反式玉米素合成基因促进烟草再生北大核心CSCD

胭脂碱型农杆菌GV3101已经被广泛用于植物遗传转化研究。已有的研究结果证明,农杆菌GV3101株系含有的反式玉米素合成(trans-zeatin synthesizing,tzs)基因编码产物会影响烟草细胞器的形态及细胞的生理状态。然而,有关tzs基因对遗传转化过程外植体再生的影响研究却少有报道。本文在前期研究工作的基础上,以2种烟草、4个农杆菌株系为组培实验材料,验证了胭脂碱型农杆菌tzs基因产物的生理活性。结果表明:以外源添加生长调节物质的外植体为阳性对照,在不添加任何生长调节剂的培养基上,与GV3101菌株共培养的烟草外植体能分化再生,并发育成完整植株;外植体再生与GV3101携带的质粒种类无关;外植体与农杆菌GV3101培养液共培养24 h,烟草再生效果较好;与GV3101株系共培养24 h,将外植体烟草叶片匀浆,经亲和柱分离纯化后,检测出烟草外植体叶片中高达0.78 ng/g FW-1的反式玉米素含量。菌落PCR扩增结果证实,农杆菌GV3101株系有tzs基因序列。以上结果表明,农杆菌GV3101株系内的tzs基因的表达产物有生理学活性,能够促进烟草外植体再生,调节细胞生长。     

植物花青素生物合成与调控的研究进展

为了获得满足不同目的组织培养材料和稳定高效的遗传转化体系,该研究以丹参叶片和茎段为外植体,采用含不同浓度的植物激素（植物生长物质）的Murashige Skoog（MS）培养基,探索诱导丹参产生不同愈伤的条件;采用正交法考察浸染时间、共培养时间、筛选压等对农杆菌介导的丹参遗传转化体系的影响,并根据出芽率及转化阳性率优化丹参遗传转化体系。结果表明：（1）能较快诱导丹参叶片产生愈伤的是MS+0.5 mg·L 1 6 BA+0.5 mg·L 1 2,4 D;诱导茎较快产生愈伤的是MS+0.1mg·L 1 NAA+0.5 mg·L 1 6 BA; 1 mg·L 1反式玉米素（ZR）可能有利于诱导产生含有丹参酮的愈伤组织;1.0 mg·L 1 2,4 D较易诱导丹参愈伤组织生根。（2）以卡那霉素为筛选剂时农杆菌GV3101介导的丹参遗传转化的条件为浸染5 min、共培养1 d、卡那霉素30 mg·L 1筛选,经PCR鉴定转基因阳性率为60%;而用10 mg·L 1链霉素筛选阳性率达70%。该研究结果确定了丹参不同愈伤组织诱导条件,明确了以卡那霉素为筛选剂时农杆菌GV3101介导的丹参遗传转化的条件,换用10 mg·L 1链霉素筛选时体系更加稳定、更易操作、更易重复。     

丹参不同愈伤组织诱导及遗传转化体系优化

为了获得满足不同目的组织培养材料和稳定高效的遗传转化体系,该研究以丹参叶片和茎段为外植体,采用含不同浓度的植物激素(植物生长物质)的Murashige Skoog(MS)培养基,探索诱导丹参产生不同愈伤的条件;采用正交法考察浸染时间、共培养时间、筛选压等对农杆菌介导的丹参遗传转化体系的影响,并根据出芽率及转化阳性率优化丹参遗传转化体系。结果表明:(1)能较快诱导丹参叶片产生愈伤的是MS+0.5mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.5 mg·L~(-1)2,4-D;诱导茎较快产生愈伤的是MS+0.1mg·L~(-1)NAA+0.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA;1 mg·L~(-1)反式玉米素(ZR)可能有利于诱导产生含有丹参酮的愈伤组织;1.0 mg·L~(-1)2,4-D较易诱导丹参愈伤组织生根。(2)以卡那霉素为筛选剂时农杆菌GV3101介导的丹参遗传转化的条件为浸染5 min、共培养1 d、卡那霉素30 mg·L~(-1)筛选,经PCR鉴定转基因阳性率为60%;而用10 mg·L~(-1)链霉素筛选阳性率达70%。该研究结果确定了丹参不同愈伤组织诱导条件,明确了以卡那霉素为筛选剂时农杆菌GV3101介导的丹参遗传转化的条件,换用10 mg·L~(-1)链霉素筛选时体系更加稳定、更易操作、更易重复。     

甘蓝型油菜的遗传转化

甘蓝型油菜的各种外植体经遗传转化、组织培养后可以再生为转基因植株,但再生频率会因外植体的基因型、年龄、培养基添加成分和农杆菌共培养的不同而发生变化。转化方法包括农杆菌介导转化、基因枪法、花粉介导法、PEG介导法等,其应用前景非常广阔。甘蓝型油菜的遗传转化在其品质改良、抗逆性提高、雄性不育系的获得和一些特殊性状方面都取得了很大成就。简要介绍甘蓝型油菜的再生体系建立、转化方法及所取得的部分成就。     

激活标签转化结球甘蓝的研究

以'夏光'甘蓝下胚轴为材料,采用含激活标签pSKI015的农杆菌GV3101进行遗传转化研究,对预培养时间、侵染时间和共培养时间等转化条件进行优化.结果表明,预培养2 d,侵染6 min,共培养1 d是遗传转化的较优组合.采用GV3101转化下胚轴结合glufosinate筛选,获得了2株表型变异植株:一株叶片中心绿色,边缘黄化;另一株叶片卷曲.PCR检测显示这2株植株均含有pSKI015增强子序列,Southern blot结果显示这2株植株具有明显的杂交信号,说明这2株植株为激活标签突变体.     

影响根癌农杆菌介导的木薯遗传转化因素分析

采用根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法,以我国南方地区主栽木薯品种—华南8号的胚状体子叶为受体,对影响木薯遗传转化效率的主要因素进行了分析。研究结果表明,在木薯的遗传转化中,选用GV3101作为浸染外植体的农杆菌菌株,将感染时间和共培养时间分别控制在30~45 min和3~4 d、菌液浓度（OD₆₀₀）采用0.45、并添加200 μmol·L^-1的乙酰丁香酮（AS）均可明显提高其转化效率,但若对外植体进行预培养反而会降低其转化效率。利用该体系从453块外植体中共转化获得10株抗性再生植株,经PCR和Southern杂交检测,有8株木薯的基因组中已整合进了外源基因glgC336,转化率为1.77%。     

黄瓜花叶病毒香蕉株系衣壳蛋白转基因烟草的研究

构了侵染香蕉的黄瓜花叶病毒两个株系的衣壳蛋白基因的植物表达载体,并通过农杆菌共培养法的基因枪法,分别将两个株系的ＣＰ基因转化入了两种烟草植株。其ＣＰ基因转化频率及植株再生率研究结果表明,农杆菌共培养法比基因枪法,土耳其烟比本生烟,农杆菌１：１０倍稀释液比培养原液和１：１００倍稀释液,具有更高的转化频率和植株再生能力。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ ｂｌｏｔ,ＰＣＲ－Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ ｂｏｌｔ检测ＣＰ基因整合研究结果     

由根癌农杆菌介导向毛白杨导入激素合成基因建立遗传转化系统

用携带基因1,2的根癌农杆菌AG(84)转化毛白杨外植体,在无激素的MS0培养基上获得转化根。分离单根或切成根段在分化培养基上能分化芽而再生完整植株。由T－DNA上带有基因4的根癌农杆菌C58C1（PBZ6111）转化毛白杨外植体,在MS0培养基上能直接分化不定芽而再生植株．在转化中使用叶柄作外植体比使用叶片的转化率提高一倍以上。基因1,2引入毛白杨后,植株根系发达,生根率达100％。基因4引入毛白杨则使植株节间变短,植株矮化．纸电泳分析表明,带有基因1,2的转化植株能表达特异的农杆碱,带有基因4的转化植株能表达特异的胭脂碱。     

新城疫病毒融合蛋白在转基因水稻叶片中的表达及其免疫原性

利用转基因植物作为生物反应器表达抗原蛋白具有广阔的应用前景。以新城疫病毒融合蛋白（NDVF）基因1.7kb全长编码区序列为外源基因与组成型表达的玉米泛素蛋白基因（Ubi）启动子和农杆菌胭脂碱合成酶基因（nos）终止子组成嵌合基因,构建了适宜于农杆菌介导转化水稻的转化载体pUNDV,经根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法将由Ubi动子驱动的NDVF嵌合基因导入水稻细胞中,经潮霉素抗性筛选,共再生获得了6个独立的转基因株系。PCR分析结果表明NDVF基因已整合到水稻基因组中。ELISA和Western blot分析结果证实NDVF蛋白在部分转基因水稻叶片组织中获得表达,其中植株F5叶片组织中具有较高的表达水平。将F5叶片可溶性总蛋白皮下注射免疫BALB／c小鼠,结果表明能够诱导小鼠产生一定水平的NDVF蛋白特异抗体。     

农杆菌介导的芸苔属植物遗传转化技术的研究进展

本文从芸苔属植物遗传转化技术的几大要素：植物基因型,农杆菌株系,外植体生理状态及培养条件;筛选标记及抗生生素类型,ＡｇＮＯ３的作用;褐化及玻璃苗的防治等方面对农杆菌介导的转化技术的研究进展进行了综述。     

转录因子DREB2A植物表达载体构建及烟草转基因研究

构建转录因子DREB2A基因表达载体,通过叶盘法进行烟草的转基因表达研究。经过抗生素卡那霉素抗性筛选-PCR鉴定-Southern杂交检测,表明目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组DNA中。转基因植株出现生长迟滞现象。     

Production of transgenic rape plants (Brassica napus L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The procedure for genetic transformation of two spring and one winter rapeseed cultivars was developed. No-paline strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 and EHA105 were shown to be preferable for gene transfer, as compared to the octopine strain GV2260. With two types of plant explants, the segments of hypocotyls and cotyledons, transformation was successful; however, its efficiency was somewhat higher with the fragments of hypocotyls. Analysis of regenerated plants by PCR and Southern blotting confirmed the presence of the nptII and nisA genes in transformants. RNA analysis by Northern blotting showed expression of the nisA gene in transformed shoots. The transgenes were inherited in T2 as Mendelian traits. The effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the efficiency of genetic transformation in rapeseed is discussed.     

不同转化条件对3种农杆菌GFP基因在本氏烟草中瞬时表达的影响

以本氏烟草（Nicotiana benthamiana）为植物材料,分析了不同农杆菌菌株（LBA4404菌株、EHA105菌株、GV3101菌株）、菌液浓度以及侵染时间在瞬时转化过程中对报告基因GFP荧光表达量的影响。结果显示,不同的农杆菌菌株瞬时表达外源基因的最适浓度和时间均有所不同：LBA4404菌株在菌悬液OD₆₀₀值为0.8时所介导的瞬时表达效率最高;而EHA105和GV3101菌株在菌悬液OD₆₀₀值为0.6时可达到最高瞬时表达效率。LBA4404菌株所介导的瞬时表达在农杆菌注射后第2天时表达量最高,而EHA105和GV3101菌株所介导的瞬时表达在农杆菌注射后第4天时表达量最高。不同菌株间比较分析表明,LBA4404菌株所介导的瞬时表达效率最高。上述结果表明,农杆菌菌株以及浓度和侵染时间等转化条件均是影响瞬时表达效率的重要因素。     

过量表达大叶补血草LgNHX1基因对拟南芥耐盐性的影响

利用植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301和农杆菌GV3101将LgNHX1(全长1 656 bp)基因在拟南芥中过量表达.在含30 mg/L潮霉素的培养基上筛选获得LgNHX1的纯合转化子,并对其进行了分子鉴定和耐盐性分析.结果显示,经PCR和RT-PCR鉴定,野生型植株(对照)没有出现扩增条带,而转基因株系有相应的扩增条带,表明LgNHX1的确已经整合到拟南芥的基因组中,并已正常转录.在不同盐浓度处理下,转基因株系生长情况好于野生型对照;转基因植株地上部分和根的干重、鲜重相对高于野生型对照,但差异没有达到显著水平;当盐浓度达到150-200 mmol/L时,两个特基因株系的Na+含量显著高于野生型,K+含量极显著高于野生型.以上结果表明,过量表达LgNHX1基因可能增强了拟南芥将Na+区隔化至液泡的能力,提高了转基因拟南芥的耐盐能力.     

Regeneration of transgenic loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from zygotic embryos transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Embryos of 24 open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus teade L.) were used as explants to conduct in vitro regeneration. Then, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 harboring the plasmid pPCV6NFHygGUSINT was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of seven families of loblolly pine. The frequency of transformation varied among families infected with A. tumefaciens. The highest frequency (100%) of transient beta-glucuronidase (GUS)-expressing embryos was obtained from family 11-1029 with over 300 blue spots per embryo. Expression of the GUS reporter gene was observed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos, as well as in callus and shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Ninety transgenic plants were regenerated from hygromycin-resistant callus derived from families W03. 8-1082 and 11-1029. and 19 transgenic plantlets were established in soil. The presence of the GUS gene in the plant genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Southern blot, and plant DNA/T-DNA junction analysis. These results suggest that an efficient A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the desiccation-tolerant plant Craterostigma plantagineum

Summary An efficient procedure for Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation of the desiccation-tolerant plant Craterostigma plantagineum has been developed. Leaf explants were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 carrying the gene for kanamycin- or hygromycin-resistance and the ßglucuronidase reporter gene. Parameters which affected the transformation efficiency were the age of the explant, the degree of wounding and the presence of an antioxidant in the medium. Under optimal conditions, calli originated in more than 80% of leaf explants. Transformed plants were obtained from more than 50% of the cultured calli during regeneration in the presence of a suitable antibiotic. The stable integration of T-DNA was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and its expression by assays for ß-glucuronidase activity.Abbreviations GUS ß-glucuronidase - MUG 4-methyl-umbelliferyl ß-D-glucuronide - ABA abscisic acid - NPTII neomycin phosphotransferase II - CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus - MSAR modified MS medium - MS Murashige and Skoog     

农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化几个影响因素的研究

采用携带gus和（或）bar基因双元表达载体（p3301,pBTAaB)的3个根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌株（AGL-1,EHA105和LBA4404）对普通小麦（Triticum aestivumL.)冬性栽培品种农大170和农大146的幼胚及幼胚愈伤组织进行了遗传转化,结果表明,菌液浓度OD6001.0和侵染时间1h对外植体的生存和转化最为有利;侵染前对外植体进行高渗处理较明显地提高了抗性愈伤获得率;乙酰丁香酮（AS）对小麦转化的作用随菌株和外植体的不同而异;菌株/质粒组合,受体基因型及外植体的类型,年龄和生理状态对转化效率有很大的影响,条件优化后,得到大量具有PPT抗性的愈伤和一些抗性植株,抗性愈伤的GUS染色阳性率在50%-60%之间,所检测的抗性苗呈GUS阳性,对6株抗性苗的PCR和Southern检测初步证明,外源基因已经整合到其中3株的基因组中。     

Factors influencing regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A systematic study was carried out to optimize regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars; Red Hawk, Matterhorn, Merlot, and Zorro, representing red kidney, great northern, small red, and black bean commercial classes, respectively. Regeneration capacity of leaf explants, stem sections, and embryo axes were evaluated on 30 media each containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and different combinations of plant growth regulators. For stem sections and leaf explants, none of the media enabled plant regeneration from any of the four cultivars tested, indicating the recalcitrance of bean regeneration from these tissues. In contrast, several media enabled multiple shoot production from embryo axis explants, although optimal regeneration media was genotype-dependent. Under optimal regeneration conditions, multiple shoots, 2.3–10.8 on average for each embryogenic explant, were induced from embryo axis explants at frequencies of 93 % for ‘Merlot’, 80 % for ‘Matterhorn’, 73 % for ‘Red Hawk’, and 67 % for ‘Zorro’. Transient expression studies monitored by an intron-interrupted gusA on explants transformed with A. tumefaciens strains GV3101, LBA4404, and EHA105 indicated that all three A. tumefaciens strains tested were efficient in gene delivery. Gene delivery depended on parameters including strain of A. tumefaciens, co-cultivation time, explant type, and bean genotype. Agroinfiltration also enhanced gene delivery. Kanamycin-resistant and GUS-positive calluses were induced from leaf, stem, and embryo axis explants. Chimeric transformants were obtained from embryo axis explants and showed partial GUS-staining. Lack of efficient regeneration from non-meristem containing tissues is the main limitation for stable transformation of common bean.     

Identification of new aromatic cytokinins in Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus x canadensis leaves by LC-(+)ESI-MS and capillary liquid chromatography/frit-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

A search for naturally occurring aromatic cytokinins (ARCKs) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants and Populus x canadensis leaves led to the discovery of four new plant hormone substances: 6-(2-methoxybenzylamino)purine (ortho-methoxytopolin, MeoT), 6-(3-methoxybenzylamino)purine (meta-methoxytopolin, MemT) (Fig. 1) and their 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl derivatives. These substances were identified by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [LC (+)ESI-MS] and capillary-liquid chromatography/frit-fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry [CapLC/frit-FAB-MS] after pre-column derivatization. The chemical structures were subsequently confirmed by chemical synthesis. Because of lack of heavy labelled internal standards, the endogenous levels of methoxytopolins in A. thaliana plants, Populus x canadensis leaves and samples derived from cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of HPLC-fractionated extracts. While the levels of MeoT, MemT and their ribosides in A. thaliana shoots and Populus x canadensis leaves were relatively low (approximately 0.25-10 pmol g-1 FW for MeoT and MemT, respectively), the A. tumefaciens strain produced up to 600 times more of the newly identified substances. Cytokinin activity of methoxytopolines was demonstrated in three bioassays testing their ability to stimulate tobacco callus growth, to delay chlorophyll degradation in excised wheat leaves, and to induce betacyanin synthesis in Amaranthus caudatus var. atropurpurea cotyledons. Notably, their anti-senescing activity in the wheat leaf assay exceeded that of BAP and Z by almost 200%. Methoxytopolins are proposed to be new members of the biologically active aromatic cytokinin family, which might have specific physiological functions.