Plant–soil feedback during biological invasions: effect of litter decomposition from an invasive plant (Sphagneticola trilobata) on its native congener (S. calendulacea)

生物入侵过程中的植物-土壤反馈：一种入侵植物的凋落物分解对其本地近缘植物的影响 植物入侵可通过正或负的植物-土壤反馈效应改变土壤的生物和非生物性质,从而影响入侵栖息地的土壤理化性质。许多入侵物种的凋落物分解可增加土壤养分,降低本地植物多样性,并导致进一步的植物入侵。关于入侵植物凋落物在不同土壤类型及深度分解及反馈效应的研究依然很少。本研究旨在明确入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊(Sphagneticola trilobata)凋落物在不同土壤类型和不同土壤深度条件下的分解情 况及其对本地近缘植物蟛蜞菊(S. calendulacea)生理生长的影响。将装有南美蟛蜞菊凋落物的尼龙袋加入到不同深度(即0、2、4 和6 cm)的砂土、营养土和粘土中,经6个月的分解后,回收凋落物袋并计算分解速率,随后在凋落物分解处理后的土壤中种植本地蟛蜞菊,并在生长期结束时测量其生理生态指标。研究结果表明,所有处理土壤类型中,凋落物在土壤深度为2和4 cm处分解后显著增加了土壤养分,而对本 地蟛蜞菊的叶片叶绿素、叶氮含量等生长指标表现为负效应。因此,入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊凋落物分解对土壤养分表现为正的反馈效应,而对本地植物蟛蜞菊的生长表现为负效应。我们的研究结果还表明,入侵植物的凋落物分解对土壤和本地物种的影响还因凋落物分解所在的土壤深度而显著不同。未来的研究应侧重于入侵栖息地中更多本地和入侵物种的植物-土壤反馈效应,以及更多土壤类型和土壤深度的入侵植物凋落物效应。     

不同林龄马尾松凋落物基质质量与土壤养分的关系

凋落物的质量、数量及分解速率在一定程度上代表了土壤的营养状况。为了精确估算凋落物分解对土壤碳库的年净归还量及凋落物-土壤生物化学连续体的深层理解,从凋落物基质质量的角度分析了三峡库区不同林龄马尾松凋落物基质质量与土壤养分的作用关系,结果表明:中龄林、近熟林、成熟林马尾松凋落物基质质量中的C、C/N比、C/P比、木质素/N比、木质素/P比差异显著,其中近熟林凋落物叶木质素/N分别比中龄林和成熟林的高33.65%、39.24%,N、P、K、木质素含量差异不显著;但各组织器官的N、P、K含量差异显著,均是皮<枝<叶<杂物,C/N比、C/P比的变化则相反。不同林龄马尾松0-20 cm(0-5 cm、5-10 cm、10-20 cm)土壤有机质、总氮、有效磷含量均表现出近熟林<中龄林<成熟林,0-5 cm最大,10-20 cm最小,且随着土壤深度的增加而明显降低,总磷则是中林龄最低,成熟林最大,pH值则各土层均表现为中龄林<成熟林<近熟林,平均pH值为4.55-5.51。凋落物基质质量指标与土壤养分之间冗余分析(RDA)表明:马尾松凋落物基质质量和土壤养分之间关系紧密,N、P、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、木质素/N比、C/N比对土壤养分影响比较大;凋落物中木质素/N比、C/N比与土壤有机质呈显著负相关,其含量越高越不利于土壤有机质的形成,土壤养分积累的越慢;凋落物基质质量氮含量与土壤氮含量呈显著正相关;土壤pH值、容重与N含量呈显著负相关,与凋落物C/N比、木质素/N比呈显著正相关。马尾松土壤表面有机质、N、P养分含量与凋落物基质质量对应养分含量变化规律一致,土壤养分高,凋落物基质质量相对较高,土壤贫瘠,凋落物基质质量相对较低。     

凋落物层对东北羊草草原微环境的影响

采用模拟方法,建立不同量凋落物层,凋落物量范围为0～1000g.m-2,梯度为100g.m-2,探讨凋落物层对草原微环境影响。研究结果表明,土壤水分总的趋势随着凋落物量的增加,土壤含水量逐渐提高,当凋落物量达到一定时趋于平稳状态;地表温度和地下温度(5cm)变化趋势在各月份基本相似,均随凋落物层厚度增加而降低,至一定厚度达到稳定;土壤pH值和电导率与凋落物量均呈显著负相关;有凋落物层土壤中有机质、N、P、K的含量均高于无凋落物层的含量,其含量随凋落物量而逐渐升高。凋落物平均每增加100g.m-2,有机质提高17.9%,N提高7.6%,P提高26.4%,K提高3.8%。当凋落物量达600g.m-2时,有机质含量比无凋落物层提高了近1.8倍,N提高81.5%,P提高1.8倍,K提高24.6%。     

鼎湖山亚热带常绿针阔叶混交林凋落物及矿质氮输入对土壤有机碳分解的影响

2010年7-12月,选取鼎湖山国家级自然保护区亚热带针阔叶混交林,采用全因子控制试验,研究不同类型的凋落物(针叶和阔叶凋落物)添加及氮处理(加氮模拟氮饱和、减氮模拟根吸收)对表层(0～10 cm)和下层(20～30 cm)土壤有机质分解(呼吸)的影响.结果表明： 2010年7-11月间,两种凋落物的添加使土壤-凋落物系统的呼吸速率显著增加,但这种影响在12月消失.减氮和加氮处理均显著增加了土壤-凋落物系统的呼吸.叶凋落物短期内完全分解,对土壤碳分解和积累的影响十分有限,可能不是该系统中土壤有机质的主要来源.通过减少土壤可利用氮模拟根系对氮的吸收能够明显促进土壤有机质的分解.     

3种林木凋落物分解特征及其对赤红壤酸度及养分含量的影响

在实验室条件下对黧蒴锥[Castanopsis fissa(Champ.ex Benth.)Rehd.et Wils.]、湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)和尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blakely)凋落物的分解特征及其对华南赤红壤的pH值、有机质和碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的影响进行了研究.结果表明:经过1 a的分解后,黧蒴锥、湿地松和尾叶桉凋落物的失重率分别为26.48％、13.80％和28.15％;3种凋落物中全氮均为净释放模式,全磷为富集模式,黧蒴锥和尾叶桉凋落物中全钾和有机碳为净释放模式,湿地松凋落物中全钾和有机碳为富集模式.随凋落物分解时间的延长,土壤pH值呈现逐渐上升至第8个月达到峰值、之后略有下降的变化趋势;有机质含量呈波动的变化趋势;碱解氮含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;速效磷含量呈略有波动但总体下降的趋势;速效钾含量呈“逐渐上升—急剧下降—急剧上升—趋于平稳”的变化趋势,且均在第8个月最低.与实验初期相比,实验结束时对照组及各处理组的土壤pH值和碱解氮含量均不同程度增加、有机质含量不同程度降低、速效磷含量显著下降,对照组速效钾含量下降而各处理组速效钾含量明显提高.与对照相比,实验结束时3种凋落物均导致土壤酸度减弱、速效钾含量增加、但有机质和速效磷含量没有明显提高.3种凋落物对土壤pH值及土壤养分含量的影响有明显差异,总体上看,黧蒴锥凋落物覆盖可明显减弱土壤酸度,增加土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量,对土壤的改良效果最好.研究结果揭示:不同凋落物对土壤pH值及养分含量的影响与凋落物的成分及生物学特性有关.     

放牧对内蒙古典型草原大针茅凋落物中土壤动物组成及其分解功能的影响

放牧是影响草地生态系统中土壤动物组成和凋落物分解的重要因素.2010—2012年,选择内蒙古锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场境内的禁牧草地、放牧草地和沙地为研究样地,以凋落物袋法研究了大针茅凋落物分解过程中主要理化特性以及其中土壤动物群落的变化特征.共采集到土壤动物67056头52类,隶属于5门8纲,其中螨类23科,昆虫19科.大针茅凋落物的初始有机质含量为92.5%,分解780 d后分别降至40.0%(禁牧草地)和41.3%(放牧草地),差异不显著;凋落物残留率分别降低至50.0%(禁牧草地)和23.0%(放牧草地),差异显著.放牧影响下,大针茅残留凋落物中土壤动物多度显著降低.将大针茅凋落物置入沙地环境,有机质分解速率无显著变化,但凋落物残留率显著降低,螨类群落组成发生显著变化.在内蒙古典型草原环境下,放牧显著改变了植物凋落物中的土壤动物群落组成和多度,但凋落物中有机质分解速率未发生显著变化;半干旱地区土壤动物的凋落物分解功能较为微弱.     

茂名北排油页岩废渣场的土壤与植被特性研究

茂名北排油页岩废渣堆放场是一块面积达670hm²的工业生产废弃地,废渣场土壤干旱,养分贫瘠,重金属含量略为偏高,不利植物入侵与定居。这片因人为因素形成的次生裸地经过20多年的自然恢复,入侵定居植物只有24科59属66种,且大多数均为禾本科、莎草科、菊科等科的草本植物种类;草本植物有13科38属44种,占总种数的67%,占总覆盖度的80%以上。群落结构及组成种类简单,处于群落次生演替的前期阶段,表明废渣场次生裸地的植被恢复是非常缓慢的。为尽早达到控制污染、改善环境等目的,必须辅以人工措施,加速植被的恢复进程。最后提出了实现这一目的的生态恢复对策。     

华南重要人工林及地带性森林凋落物酸碱缓冲能力

植物残体可以修正土壤酸度,但其作用机理还有很大争议,本研究评估森林凋落物作为酸碱缓冲体系的能力,它可能是调节土壤酸度的重要机理之一.凋落物材料取自华南重要的人工林类型及一个地带性顶极森林群落,将材料用不同pH酸溶液提取,并用酸碱进行滴定.结果表明,凋落物本身是一个极强的酸碱缓冲体系,它使浸提液酸度保持不变,并对添加的酸碱起显著的缓冲作用.首次发现两个豆科树种凋落物马占相思(Acacia mangiumWilld)与大叶相思(Acacia auriculaiformis A.Cunn)具有很高的pH值(约pH6.0),约高于土壤酸度2个pH单位,每年凋落于地表的枯落物层通过缓冲机理可以提高雨水0.1至0.4pH单位.其它人工林凋落物酸度约为pH4.0,与它们生长的土壤酸度相似.溶液中无机离子组成上的差异不能完全解释凋落物pH格局,但高钠低硝态氮可能是两个豆科树种高pH的一个重要原因.地带性顶极群落12个树种加权酸度为pH3.90,明显低于土壤酸度(pH4.19),因而,凋落物是林下土壤进一步变酸的驱动因素;发现一个种凋落物(山竹子(Garcinia oblongifolia))酸度极低(pH 3.19)并且缓冲力极强,该种植物生长的土壤将难于通过施用石灰等措施对酸度进行调节,它影响下的土壤环境将影响其它植物的入侵.观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun)凋落物酸度碱向最远离土壤酸度,这种凋落物酸度与环境酸度间的不一致可能对植物形成某种长期生态压力,并成为该种致濒危的一个因素.因而,植物残体是一个极强的酸碱缓冲体系,它以化学缓冲机理可以影响环境酸度,但可能只有少数种通过这一机理使土壤致酸或致碱,因为多数植物残体与土壤酸度基本相似.     

华南重要人工林及地带性森林凋落物酸碱缓冲能力

植物残体可以修止土壤酸度,但其作用机理还有很大争议,本研究评估森林凋落物作为酸碱缓冲体系的能力,它可能是调节土壤酸度的重要机理之一。凋落物材料取自华南重要的人工林类型及一个地带性顶极森林群落,将材料用不同pH酸溶液提取,并用酸碱进行滴定。结果表明,凋落物本身是一个极强的酸碱缓冲体系,它使浸提液酸度保持不变,并对添加的酸碱起显著的缓冲作用。首次发现两个豆科树种凋落物马占相思（Acacia mangium Willd)与大叶相思(Acacia auriculaiformis A.Cunn)具有很高的pH值(约pH6．0),约高于土壤酸度2个pH单位,每年凋落于地表的枯落物层通过缓冲机理可以提高雨水0．1至0．4pH单位。其它人工林凋落物酸度约为pH4．0,与它们生长的土壤酸度相似。溶液中无机离子组成上的差异不能完全解释凋落物pH格局,但高钠低硝态氮可能是两个豆科树种高pH的一个重要原因。地带性顶极群落12个树种加权酸度为pH3．90,明显低于土壤酸度(pH4．19),因而,凋落物是林下土壤进一步变酸的驱动因素;发现一个种凋落物(山竹子(Garcinia oblongifolia))酸度极低(pH3．19)并且缓冲力极强,该种植物生长的土壤将难于通过施用石灰等措施对酸度进行调节,它影响下的土壤环境将影响其它植物的入侵。观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun)凋落物酸度碱向最远离土壤酸度,这种凋落物酸度与环境酸度间的不一致可能对植物形成某种长期生态压力,并成为该种致濒危的一个因素。因而,植物残体是一个极强的酸碱缓冲体系,它以化学缓冲机理可以影响环境酸度,但可能只有少数种通过这一机理使土壤致酸或致碱,因为多数植物残体与土壤酸度基本相似。     

川西亚高山针叶林树种云杉和冷杉土壤酸碱性差异及其机制

比较了川西亚高山针叶林主要树种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)样地各土层(0—5 cm、5—10cm、10—20 cm)土壤pH值差异,并从两树种养分吸收和养分归还相关累积H~+输入方面探究其差异原因。研究结果表明:云杉样地各土层土壤pH值均显著高于冷杉样地(P0.05);云杉样地地被物累积H~+输入显著低于冷杉样地(P0.05);云杉样地凋落物中P、Mg、N、C平均浓度显著低于冷杉(P0.05),而Ca、C/N、木质素/N、C/P显著高于冷杉样地(P0.05),两树种凋落物中木质素、K平均浓度无显著差异。云杉和冷杉凋落物化学特性主成分分析PC_1、PC_2方差贡献率分别为73.7%和15.6%,累积方差贡献率为89.4%,其中PC_1主要综合Ca、C/P、C/N、木质素/N、P、N、Mg的信息;PC_2主要综合木质素、K、C的信息。各土层土壤pH值均与地被物累积H~+输入显著负相关,与PC_1样本分数显著正相关。研究结论:云杉和冷杉样地土壤pH值存在显著树种差异,且云杉使土壤pH值变大,冷杉使土壤pH值变小,这主要与地被物形成以及凋落物化学特性有关,即与凋落物的量和凋落物分解速率、凋落物养分归还率密切相关。     

油页岩废渣场的生态恢复

油页岩开采带来一系列的生态与环境问题 ,但对油页岩废渣场进行生态恢复的历史还较短 ,也缺少系统专门的研究报道。国外对油页岩废渣的利用始于 2 0世纪 4 0年代 ,对废渣场生态恢复的研究始于 2 0世纪 6 0年代 ,均早于我国。由于废渣场的基质成分恶劣 ,缺乏一般的土壤结构 ,复垦难度大。一般有 3种常规的复垦方法 :不经处理直接栽种植物 ;常规的物理或化学处理后栽种植物 ;表土覆盖后再进行植被恢复。前 2种方法均难产生显著效果 ,第 3种见效较快 ,但工作量大。近年来 ,一些新技术 ,如生物降解、生物富集和生物强化技术等被发明并用来恢复油页岩废弃地 ,取得了较好的生态恢复与修复效果。我国从 1985年开始 ,在广东茂名进行油页岩废渣场的生态恢复工作 ,先后对面积达 1.4 km2 和 6 .7km2 的 2个大型废渣场 (南排土场和北排土场 )进行了治理 ,主要是采用生物修复技术中的植物修复来进行试验。南排土场经过 19a的复垦演替成了郁郁葱葱的森林 ;北排经过 5 a的实践也取得了很好的恢复效果 ,一些幼林初步形成。然而 ,当前北排土场恢复实践中出现了一些很值得关注的现象 ,如乔木树种矮化、分枝增多等 ,但这些问题还有待进一步研究解决。此外 ,还探讨了油页岩废渣场开展生态恢复的步骤与原则     

Long term effect of municipal waste disposal on soil properties and productivity of sites used for urban agriculture in Abakaliki,Nigeria

An assessment on the impact of long term (20 years) municipal waste disposal on soil physicochemical properties and soil productivity in municipal waste dump sites was carried out in urban Abakaliki, southeastern Nigeria. Profile pits were dug at selected points and auger and core samples were collected from different soil horizons of dump and non-dump sites using free survey technique to choose observation points. There were differences in particle size distribution between dump and non-dump sites. Similarly, soil bulk density was lower by 9-13% while total porosity and hydraulic conductivity were higher by 9-14% and 240-463%, respectively, in the dump site relative to non-dump sites. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and percent base saturation increased from 701 to 743, 646 to 740, 7% to 10% and 5% to 14%, respectively, in the dump site soil relative to non-dump site soil. These results were confirmed by a high coefficient of alienation (degree of unrelatedness, square root(1 - R2)) in bulk density, 0.65; total porosity, 0.58; hydraulic conductivity, 0.87; organic matter, 0.93; total N, 0.82; pH, 0.85 and cation exchange capacity, 0.97 between dump and non-dump soils. Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn) increased by between 214% and 2040% in dump site soils relative to non-dump site soil. This may lead to increased uptake of metals by some test crops although their transfer ratios differ from crop to crop. Long term dumping of municipal wastes can influence soil properties and productivity at municipal waste dump sites but still may be used for farming provided that ecotoxological risks associated with its usage are continuously assessed and controlled.     

Moisture enhances the positive effect of leaf‐cutting ant refuse dumps on soil biota activity

Soil biota activity in arid lands is often limited by the availability of water and organic matter. We experimentally explored whether small changes in soil moisture affect the activity of soil biota in external refuse dumps of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis, one of the most important sources of organic matter in a semi‐arid land of north‐western Patagonia. We estimated CO₂ consumption in refuse dumps and in adjacent, non‐nest soil samples at two moisture levels, after 48 and 72 h. Soil biota activity, estimated by respiration rates, was up to 160 times greater in refuse dumps than in adjacent, non‐nest soils. Activity of soil biota in non‐nest soil did not change through time and was not affected by moisture. Conversely, soil biota increased their activity in refuse dump samples only at high moisture condition after 72 h. As the activity of microorganisms is key for soil nutrient generation and availability, refuse dumps may be considered as ‘islands of fertility’ for plants. This effect may be especially important after sporadic spring rainfalls, when the beneficial effect of refuse dumps on soil biota is enhanced. In addition, as refuse dumps generate several times more CO₂ than non‐nest soils, nest areas may be considered also as hot spots of CO₂ emissions. These results illustrate the potential importance of ant nests for nutrient cycling, maintenance of plant cover and carbon balance in arid ecosystems.     

Soil quality around a solid waste dumpsite in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

The levels of soil parameters and selected heavy metals around a solid waste dumpsite receiving untreated wastes from all sources and a control site within Port Harcourt, Nigeria have been examined. Top soil (0–15 cm) and sediment samples were collected and analysed for pH value, particle size, total nitrogen, potassium, available phosphorus, organic matter, effective cation exchange capacity, cadmium, nickel and lead using standard methods. The results showed that the waste dump contributed to the high levels of nutrients and heavy metals. The dry season mean concentrations were: organic matter (5.28 ± 1.34% or 132,422.4 kg ha^?1), K (1.60 ± 0.52 meq per 100 g), N (0.09 ± 0.06% or 2257.2 kg ha^?1), Av.P (15.11 ± 7.57 μg g^?1), Cd (1.34 ± 0.72 μg g^?1), Ni (4.10 ± 1.63 μg g^?1) and Pb (38.85 ± 22.18 μg g^?1) while the wet season mean concentrations were organic matter (5.46 ± 1.39% or 136,936.8 kg ha^?1), K (2.79 ± 0.81 meq per 100 g), N (0.10 ± 0.05% or 2508 kg ha^?1), Av.P (9.22 ± 2.69 μg g^?1), Cd (1.72 ± 1.22 μg g^?1), Ni (14.95 ± 14.94 μg g^?1) and Pb (53.50 ± 40.09 μg g^?1). There was efficient mineralization process in the area. The texture of soil on the main dumpsite was loamy sand, which suggests that the ground water in the area is susceptible to contamination by surface pollutants. The texture of soil at the control site is sandy loam while sediment has the textural class of sand. Decomposed organic materials and agricultural activities influenced the texture of soils. The soils from the main dump and sediment were slightly alkaline while the control soil was moderately acidic. In both seasons, a significant variation exists (P < 0.05) between the metal concentrations in soil at the main dump and those in the sediments with a positive correlation (r = 0.572149) in the wet season and (r = 0.956647) in the dry season. The presence of liming materials and activities of microorganisms on the waste dump increased the pH of the soils. The accumulation of nutrients results in the luxuriant growth of plants/crops on the waste dump.     

贵州煤矸石山香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落的季节动态研究

以煤矸石山种植年限为17年的香根草Vetiveria zizanioides为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术研究香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）群落的季节动态。并利用Spearman、NMDS、RDA和Mantel-test等统计学方法分析了AMF孢子密度、菌根侵染率、土壤理化性质、丰富度及多样性指数之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）AMF孢子密度和菌根侵染率均表现为夏季显著高于春秋两季。（2）3个季节根系中共得到127个OTUs,根际土中共得到258个OTUs,根和根际土中共享96个OTUs,共分离鉴定4科7属AMF,球囊霉属Glomus是该煤矸石山的优势属。（3）根系中AMF多样性和丰富度指数随季节变化先降后升;根际土中AMF多样性指数随季节变化先降后升,但丰富度指数随季节变化呈递减趋势;春季根际土香农、Chao1和ACE指数均显著高于根系,夏季根际土Chao1指数显著高于根系。（4）NMDS分析表明,夏季根系AMF群落分布与其他季节差异显著。Spearman分析表明,根系全钾含量与多样性和丰富度指数显著正相关,速效磷与丰富度指数显著负相关。RDA分析表明,AMF群落组成在根系春季和夏季、根际土夏季和秋季与全磷、全氮、全钾和速效磷正相关,与有机质负相关。Mantel-test分析表明,pH、有机质、全氮、全钾、速效磷和采样季节极显著影响菌根侵染率,有机质和全氮是影响孢子密度的主导因子。     

露天煤矿排土场边坡植被组成特征及其群落稳定性评价

研究植被恢复过程中植物群落组成、结构及稳定性的变化,可进一步了解到植物群落的演替过程及规律。采用空间代时间的方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟北电胜利露天煤矿4个排土场边坡人工恢复植被进行群落调查,在此基础上采用多样性指数与优化后的M.Godron稳定性指数对植物物种组成、物种多样性及其群落稳定性进行分析,探究不同恢复年限排土场边坡植被在恢复过程中群落特征及稳定性变化特征。结果表明：（1）排土场边坡植物物种组成共有16科44属56种,植物群落组成较简单,其中禾本科种类最多,生长型以草本植物为主。（2）随着恢复年限的增加,植物生活型由一、二年生转变为多年生,坡面优势种由人工种植植物转变为本土植物。（3）整体看,随着恢复年限增加,物种多样性呈下降趋势,群落稳定性整体呈上升趋势。（4）由于不同坡向土壤微环境差异,北坡恢复效果及稳定性好于南坡。本研究在一定程度上可为露天煤矿排土场边坡人工修复过程中植物物种及合理配置模式的选择提供科学依据。     

Diversity of native and alien plant species on rubbish dumps: effects of dump age, environmental factors and toxicity

Abstract. The flora of 96 rubbish dumps consisting of organic, inorganic and industrial wastes was studied in the Czech Republic. Some dumps contained toxic substances (heavy metals, chlorethylenes, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, oil hydrocarbons and biogas). Statistically significant factors explaining the number and proportional representation of native plant species, archaeophytes (introduced before 1500) and neophytes (introduced later) were determined. In total, 588 species of vascular plants were recorded, with archaeophytes (133 species) over‐represented and native species (322 species) and neophytes (133 species) under‐represented compared to their proportions in the national flora. Minimum adequate models were used to determine the effects of several factors on species numbers and proportions, independent of other factors. Dump area, human density in the region and altitude (non‐significant only in archaeophytes) were correlated positively with species numbers. Dump age, expressed as time since dump establishment, interacted with the dump toxicity; species numbers increased with dump age on non‐toxic dumps, whereas on toxic dumps no increase in numbers was noted. For neophytes, dump toxicity also interacted with human density; the increase in numbers of neophytes with human density is more pronounced on toxic than on non‐toxic dumps. The variables measured failed to explain observed differences in proportional representation of native species, archaeophytes and neophytes. This suggests that the occurrence of species growing in such extreme habitats is driven overwhelmingly by factors such as anthropogenic disturbance. A possible explanation for the positive effect of altitude on species numbers on dumps is that the effect of heating of the deposited substrate by microbiological processes, documented by previous studies, overrides the effect of altitude which was shown repeatedly to have a negative effect on species richness. Neophyte distribution is driven by an interplay of factors distinct from those influencing the distribution of native species, namely toxicity and human density (the latter we interpret as a surrogate for propagule pressure). Their distribution on studied dumps is more restricted than that of native taxa and archaeophytes, and they are more limited by toxic substrata; more intensive propagule pressure is required for their establishment at dumps with higher toxicity levels.     

黄土高原典型区域土壤腐殖酸组分剖面分布特征

黄土高原作为典型的气候敏感带和生态环境脆弱区,诸多因素影响着这个区域的土壤有机碳及其组分的分布特征。本文以黄土高原典型区域土壤剖面 0—200 cm土样为对象,分析了土壤腐殖酸、胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）含量随地理位置及土层深度的分布特征,并进一步探讨了土壤腐殖酸、HA和FA与全氮含量及土壤颗粒组成的关系。结果表明,黄土高原主要类型土壤腐殖酸、HA和FA含量均较低,且存在明显地理位置和土层分异性：从南到北同层次土壤腐殖酸、HA和FA含量均显著降低,同一区域随土层深度增加各组分含量均表现为在 0—40 cm土层明显下降, 40—120 cm土层稍有下降,120 cm土层以下基本稳定;土壤腐殖酸占有机碳比例变化范围为26.6%—54.7%,相对较小,且在整个剖面变化幅度不大,从南向北土壤腐殖酸占有机碳比例有增加趋势;土垫旱耕人为土在 0—40 cm、 40—120 cm和 120—200 cm土层中HA占腐殖酸比例分别为39.8%、49.0%和53.5%,HA/FA分别为0.66、0.96和1.15,黄土正常新成土在以上土层中HA占腐殖酸比例分别为26.3%、33.9%和42.3%,HA/FA分别为0.36、0.51和0.73,干润砂质新成土在以上土层中HA占腐殖酸比例分别为13.4%、37.1%和45.2%,HA/FA分别为0.16、0.59和0.82,说明黄土高原南北主要类型土壤腐殖酸品质总体较差,均属富里酸型土壤,且从南到北腐殖酸品质逐渐下降;土壤腐殖酸、HA和FA均与全氮含量呈极显著线性相关（P<0.01）,土壤有机碳、腐殖酸及HA含量与粘粒及砂粒百分含量亦呈高度线性相关（P<0.01）。     

Refuse attracts? Effect of refuse dumps of leaf‐cutting ants on floral traits

The nutrient‐rich organic waste generated by ants may affect plant reproductive success directly by enhancing fruit production but also indirectly, by affecting floral traits related with pollinator attraction. Understanding how these soil‐nutrient hot spots influence floral phenotype is relevant to plant–pollination interactions. We experimentally evaluated whether the addition of organic waste from refuse dumps of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) alters floral traits associated with pollinator attraction in Eschscholzia californica (Ranunculales: Papaveraceae), an entomophilous herb. We analysed flower shape and size using geometric morphometric techniques in plants with and without the addition of refuse‐dumps soil, under greenhouse conditions. We also measured the duration of flowering season, days with new flowers, flower production and floral display size. Plants growing in refuse‐dumps soil showed higher flower shape diversity than those in control soil. Moreover, plants in refuse‐dumps soil showed bigger flower and floral display size, longer flowering season, higher number of flowering days and flower production. As all these variables may potentially increase pollinator visits, plants in refuse‐dumps soil might increase their fitness through enhanced attraction. Our work describes how organic waste from ant nests may enhance floral traits involved in floral attraction, illustrating a novel way of how ants may indirectly benefit plants.