温度、盐度和食物条件对西藏拟溞摄食强度的影响

报道了不同温度、盐度和饵料条件下西藏拟溞的摄食强度、西藏拟溞对不同饵料生物蛋白核小球藻(Chlorellapyrenoidesa)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、盐藻(Dunaliella salina)、新月拟菱形藻(Nitzschiella closterium)的选择性以及摄食节律。结果表明,在适温范围(2 20℃)内,西藏拟溞的滤水率、摄食率随着温度的升高而增加,14 16℃为西藏拟溞的适宜温度。在盐度20时,西藏拟溞的摄食率最高,幼、成溞对等鞭金藻的摄食率分别为1.88 ng C/(ind.h)和3.46 ng C/(ind.h)。西藏拟溞对角毛藻的滤水率和摄食率均随着龄期增加而增加,而对等鞭金藻呈相反趋势,但二者的日粮均随体长增大而减小。幼、成溞的滤水率和摄食率随食物密度变化的趋势基本一致,均是在盐藻密度为1×106 ind./L时均最高,分别为0.194、0.221 mL/(ind.h)和0.030μgC/(ind.h)和0.034μgC/(ind.h)。幼溞对6种藻的食物选择性为角毛藻小球藻盐藻扁藻金藻拟菱形藻;成溞为扁藻角毛藻盐藻金藻小球藻拟菱形藻。幼溞、成溞均对角毛藻和盐藻的选择性较好。西藏拟溞的幼溞和成溞对牟氏角毛藻的摄食有相同的节律,在15:00 17:00和01:00 03:00时有两个摄食高峰,在09:00 11:00和23:00 01:00有两个低谷。     

两品系萼花臂尾轮虫摄食强度的比较研究

对广州和芜湖两品系萼花臂尾轮虫的摄食强度及其与食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间之间的关系进行了比较研究.结果表明,食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间均对轮虫滤水率和摄食率有显著影响.两品系轮虫滤水率和摄食率均随培养时间的延长而减小;20 h内,两品系轮虫的总滤水率均与食物浓度呈曲线相关,而两品系轮虫总摄食率均与食物浓度呈直线相关.广州和芜湖两品系轮虫均在以小球藻为食物时有较大的滤水率,分别为0.0029±0.0001和0.0039±0.0008ml·ind.^-1·h^-1;广州品系轮虫以小球藻为食物时的摄食率(0.3992×10⁴±0.00850×⁴ cell·ind.-1·h^-1)显著地大于以栅藻为食物时的摄食率(0.170×⁴±0.0370×⁴ cell·ind.^-1·h^-1),而它们均与以混合藻为食物时的摄食率无显著差异;芜湖品系轮虫摄食率不受食物种类影响.轮虫滤水率和摄食率因食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间的不同而在品系间存在着差异.     

固定化海洋微藻对污水中Ni2+的吸附

采用海藻酸钠包埋小球藻和叉鞭金藻,制得含藻细胞的固定化胶球,用其对Ni^2 进行生物吸附,研究了固定化小球藻和固定化叉鞭金藻对污水中Ni^2 的吸附率。结果表明：对于同一种固定化微藻,处于对数生长中期时对Ni^2 吸附效果较好,且吸附过程主要在前4h完成;Ni^2 浓度越大,吸附率越高;固定化微藻比悬浮态微藻吸附率高;在相同的实验条件下,固定化小球藻比固定化叉鞭金藻吸附率高。     

培养基琼脂浓度及抗生素对3种海洋微藻生长的影响

目的:确定用于分离、纯化及保种所用的固体培养基中优化的琼脂浓度和利于微藻生长并抑菌的抗生素浓度。方法:设计固体培养基中的琼脂浓度以及培养液中抗生素的种类和浓度,定时测定培养体系中三种微藻的生物量及细菌菌落随培养时间的变化。结果:利于固体培养基上三种微藻生长的琼脂浓度均为0.6%~0.8%;牟氏角毛藻用200IU/ml的庆大霉素和200IU/ml的青霉素联合作用,球等鞭金藻8701和盐藻分别用300IU/ml和400IU/ml的青霉素时可保证微藻较好生长。结论:不同微藻生长所需的抗生素浓度不同,抗生素对微藻生长的影响不完全取决于抑菌作用,青霉素促进球等鞭金藻8701生长主要是产生促生长因子,庆大霉素抑制生长可能是产生抑制因子。     

不同饵料对魁蚶稚贝生长和存活的影响

在温度23.5～24.0 ℃和盐度29.5～30.0条件下,研究了球等鞭金藻、小球藻、牟氏角毛藻和新月菱形藻4种单细胞藻类单独及组合投喂24 d后对魁蚶稚贝生长与存活的影响.结果表明: 不同饵料投喂条件下,稚贝存活率均在95%以上,不同处理组间差异不显著.单一饵料投喂组中,球等鞭金藻组的稚贝生长最快,小球藻组的稚贝生长最慢.组合投喂组中,球等鞭金藻与其他3种单胞藻混合(1∶1)投喂组稚贝壳长及特定生长率均优于其他组,其中与小球藻混合投喂的效果最好,稚贝壳长和壳高的特定生长率分别为5.6%·d^-1和6.4 %·d^-1.研究结果可为魁蚶人工苗种培育技术的优化提供参考依据.
     

4株微藻悬浮和固定培养生长和氮磷去除效果的比较

为了比较牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、新月柱鞘藻(Nitzschia closterium)四株微藻在悬浮和固定培养方式下藻细胞生长状况和氮磷去除效果,试验采取模拟含氮磷人工污水,向培养液中添加NH₄Cl,在相同培养条件下,分别培养4株微藻。实验结果表明:4株微藻在悬浮和固定化培养均能生长,氮磷去除效果良好。4种微藻悬浮培养的生长速率要优于固定化培养。两种培养方式生长速率均为:蛋白核小球藻>新月柱鞘藻>三角褐指藻>牟氏角毛藻;4种藻在悬浮培养下,NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除率为:新月柱鞘藻>三角褐指藻>牟氏角毛藻>蛋白核小球藻;4种藻在固定化培养下,NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除率为:新月柱鞘藻>...     

CO_2浓度倍增对牟氏角毛藻生长和光合作用的影响

高浓度（５％)ＣＯ２对微藻光合作用特征和固碳机制的影响已有了广泛的研究,但ＣＯ２提高数倍对微藻的影响报道还不多。本文以牟氏角毛藻为材料,研究其在ＣＯ２浓度倍增条件下（７００ｕＬＬ－１）的生长和光合作用特点,以期了解ＣＯ２浓度的倍增影响微藻类的生理生化效应和机制。另外,牟氏角毛藻是常用的饵料藻种,含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸[１］,所以还有一定的实践意义。１ 材料与方法１．１ 材料与培养 牟氏角毛藻（ＣｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｍｕｅｌｌｅｒｉｍｕｅｌｅｒｉＬｅｍｍ．）由中国科学院海洋研究所提供。对数生长期的藻…     

氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻种间竞争的影响

为了了解饵料微藻的种间竞争关系,通过微藻共培养的方法,以NaNO3和KH2PO3作为氮源和磷源,研究了氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)种间竞争的影响。结果表明:在单养模式下,蛋白核小球藻生长适宜的N/P为4~22,N/P22时其生长受抑制,而湛江等鞭金藻生长受N/P影响不明显;共养模式可促进蛋白核小球藻的生长,而抑制湛江等鞭金藻的生长;蛋白核小球藻具有明显的竞争优势,且N/P为13和16时其种群竞争优势最明显;在蛋白核小球藻大规模生产性培养时可接入等生物量或少量湛江等鞭金藻,一方面利用共养模式提高蛋白核小球藻的产量,另一方面可根据养殖生产需要适时采收混合藻类饵料用于投喂。     

起始生物量比对3种海洋微藻种间竞争的影响

为深入了解饵料微藻与赤潮微藻间的种间竞争关系,通过微藻共培养的方法,研究了起始生物量比(1:4、1:1和4:1)对3种海洋微藻(塔玛亚历山大藻、蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻)两两之间种间竞争的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨。结果表明:①3种海洋微藻表现出种间竞争的相互抑制效应;②在与塔玛亚历山大藻(简称A)的种间竞争中,蛋白核小球藻(简称C)和湛江等鞭金藻(简称I)均在竞争中占优势,蛋白核小球藻随自身起始生物量比的提高,其竞争优势越加明显,湛江等鞭金藻在A:I=1:1时竞争优势最为明显;在蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻的种间竞争中,当C:I=1:4时,湛江等鞭金藻在竞争中占优势,C:I=1:1时,初期湛江等鞭金藻占竞争优势,随蛋白核小球藻的迅速生长,后期蛋白核小球藻占竞争优势,C:I=4:1时,蛋白核小球藻占绝对竞争优势;③由种间竞争抑制参数比较得出:3种微藻的种间竞争强弱依次为蛋白核小球藻>湛江等鞭金藻>塔玛亚历山大藻。蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻在起始比例C:I=1:1时,可共培养利用,在海产经济动物育苗中可对其进行适时采收投喂;两种饵料藻对塔玛亚历山大藻具有明显的抑制作用,可为开发利用饵料藻进行赤潮生物防控提供一定的科学依据。     

苯并异噻唑啉酮类化合物的生物活性研究

对合成的5种苯并异噻唑啉酮类化合物进行了生物活性研究。抑菌试验结果表明,化合物a与化合物b对大肠杆菌最小抑菌浓度为12.5mg/L。对金黄色葡萄球菌都表现出良好的抑菌活性。对亚心形扁藻,蛋白核小球藻,球等鞭金藻,化合物都有抑制其生长的活性,亚心形扁藻耐受性最高,球等鞭金藻的耐受性最低,蛋白核小球藻的耐受性居中。     

Zooplankton food limitation and grazing impact in a eutrophic brackish-water tropical pond (Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa)

Gut fluorescence, feeding and egg production rates of zooplankton assemblages were measured in a shallow, eutrophic brackish-water pond for 24 days. Brachionus plicatilis, Hexarthra intermedia and Apocyclops panamensis successively developed and exhibited differences in food selectivity. Rotifers selected small particles but also had a preference for larger particles (15–21 μm, Equivalent Spherical Diameter, ESD). B. plicatilis appeared less selective than H. intermedia, which fed mostly on particles <6 μm. A. panamensis adults showed a selectivity for 6–21 μm ESD particles. Laboratory experiments suggested that A. panamensis adults were able to shift from seston to carnivorous feeding, depending on the availability of these food resources. Measurements of gut fluorescence and grazing gave comparable ingestion rates. Rotifers displayed the highest ingestion rates (up to 486% body C d-1). Despite high total phytoplankton and seston biomasses, the high ingestion rates and selective grazing of rotifers induced auto food-limitation phenomena and caused major changes in seston abundance and size structure. Grazing impact was less important when A. panamensis dominated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

藻类种类和浓度对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响

通过饵料浓度差法在实验条件下研究了不同浓度的金藻、三角褐指藻和巴夫藻对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响,结果表明:不同藻类和浓度对中华哲水蚤的摄食有明显的影响.(1)中华哲水蚤对3种饵料藻的摄食存在一饱和浓度,低于饱和浓度,摄食率随着食物浓度的增加而增加;高于饱和浓度,摄食率呈下降趋势.实验浓度下,中华哲水蚤对金藻、三角褐指藻和巴夫藻的最大摄食率分别为4664、6021 cells ml-1和4524 cells ml-1.滤水率随着食物浓度的增加而呈单一性的下降.(2)中华哲水蚤消化酶活性随藻类种类和浓度的变化而变化.不同藻类和浓度下,昆布多糖酶活性都明显高于麦芽糖酶和纤维二糖酶的活性,而麦芽糖酶活性又稍高于纤维二糖酶的活性.不同藻类喂养条件下,中华哲水蚤3种消化酶的活性发生了不同程度的变化,以巴夫藻喂养时酶活性稍高.     

Nitrogen flow through a Brachionus/Chlorella mass culture system

A model of nitrogen flow is presented through the Brachionus plicatilis/Chlorella saccharophila mass (batch) culture system, from the initial input of inorganic nitrogen to the algal culture medium to the final production of rotifers, dissolved nitrogen and particulate nitrogen.A nitrogen budget was first formulated for B. plicatilis relating ingestion, excretion, egestion, somatic growth and reproductive growth. Measurements were made on rotifers from 20° and 10° cultures.The calculated model of nitrogen flow through the rotifer/algal batch culture system estimates the percentages of the original input nitrogen which will be incorporated into algal nitrogen, rotifer nitrogen and the particulate and dissolved nitrogen pools. It is suggested that the dissolved nitrogen pool could be recycled directly for use in subsequent algal culture.     

Effect of microalgal diets and commercial wheatgerm flours on the lipid profile of Ruditapes decussatus spat

The influence of both the lipid composition of microalgal diets and commercial flours on the lipid classes and fatty acids of Ruditapes decussatus spat was studied. These aspects of the nutritional value of the diets were discussed in relation to the growth of the spat. Four diets were tested; Diet A, composed of 100% of the daily food ration of microalgae; Diet B, composed of 100% of wheatgerm; Diet C, composed of 50% of microalgae and 50% of wheatgerm; and Diet D, composed of 25% of microalgae and 75% of wheatgerm. The microalgal cells present a higher lipid content than that for wheatgerm. Tahitian Isochrysis cells have phospholipids and triacylglycerols as majority lipids, whereas in the wheatgerm particles, the lipids more abundant are triacylglycerols. Fatty acid content was higher in the microalgal cells than in the wheatgerm particles. The n-3 fatty acids were the most abundant acids in the microalgae, whereas the n-6 fatty acids were in the wheatgerm. The n-3 PUFA were not detected in wheatgerm. Phospholipids were the main lipids present in the clam spat, followed by triacylglycerols. Other lipid classes, detected in significantly lower amounts, included free fatty acids, sterols, and sterol ester + waxes. The composition of fatty acids in the spat was influenced by the fatty acid composition of the diet. Highest spat growth rates were observed with those diets that present a higher phospholipid/triacylglycerol relation. A negative correlation in the relation n-6/n-3 vs. growth has also been observed, with better growth rates in diets with a lower ratio. If the fatty acid 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 considered "essential" for marine animals were not present in the diet, they were not present in the spat either. Desaturation and elongation capabilities of R. decussatus spat were also discussed.     

饵料对河蟹溞状幼体变态发育的影响

报道饵料对河蟹状幼体 ( Z1～ Z3)变态的影响。结果表明 :梅尼小环藻是 Z1的适口饵料 ,适量投喂浓度为 80万个 /ml至 1 0 0万个 /ml;投喂衣藻或小环藻与衣藻的等浓度混合饵料都不能使 Z1顺利变态为 Z2 。2 0个 /ml褶皱臂尾轮虫密度是适于 Z2 的饵料密度 ,轮虫密度低于 5个 /ml或高于 40个 /ml都对 Z2 的变态有不良影响。另外 ,投喂 60万个 /ml小环藻加 2 0个 /ml轮虫混合饵料对 Z2 变态发育更为有利 ;而用 2 0万个 /ml衣藻加 2 0个 /ml轮虫投喂 Z2 ,却使 Z2 的变态率明显降低。 30个 /ml轮虫密度是适于 Z3的饵料密度 ,轮虫密度低于 2 0个 /ml或高于 40个 /ml都会对 Z3变态产生不良影响。     

The association between the caprellid Pariambus typicus Krøyer (Crustacea,Amphipoda) and ophiuroids

The work of Kazutsugu Hirayama over the past 25 yearspromoted the wide use of the marine rotifer Brachionusplicatilis as an experimental model in zooplanktonecology. His reports about the nature of geneticvariation in the B. plicatilis complex stimulated usto investigate how mate recognition maintains speciesboundaries. For the past several years, we haveexamined chemical communication between female andmale B. plicatilis. Here we report on the comparativebinding of polyclonal antibody against the materecognition pheromone (MRP) to three B. plicatilisstrains and three B. rotundiformis strains.Quantification of anti-MRP binding permitsinvestigation of how the female mating signal differsamong closely related Brachionus species and strains.Antibody binding reflects differentiation independentof the male receptor which has been describedelsewhere. Anti-MRP bound to females of all sixstrains and was localized in the corona. Antibodybinding greatly reduced mating in all three B. plicatilis strains. However, antibody bindingsignificantly reduced mating in only one of the B. rotundiformis strains. The MRP of both species has asimilar molecular weight, but the differential bindingsuggests that the mate recognition pheromone onfemales has differentiated in B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis.     

褶皱臂尾轮虫同胞物种复合类群分类的研究进展

褶皱臂尾轮虫包含复杂的同胞物种,对其分类研究经过了一个长期发展的过程。综述了轮虫分类手段的发展进程,介绍和分析了轮虫特别是褶皱臂尾轮虫同胞物种复合类群分类的研究进展。褶皱臂尾轮虫的L-型和S-型属于B.plicatilis和B.rotundiformis两个物种。这个复合类群中还包括更多的种类,如B.plicatilis sensu stricto、B.ibericus和B.rotundiformis,其中B.plicatilis sensu stricto属于L型,B.ibericus属于SM-型,B.rotundiformis属于SS-型。此类研究丰富了轮虫系统分类学,提高了水域生态调查的准确性。     

Can suspension feeding by bivalves regulate phytoplankton biomass in Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina?

Suspension feeding by bivalves has been hypothesized to control phytoplankton biomass in shallow aquatic ecosystems. Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, USA is a shallow lake with a diverse bivalve assemblage and low to moderate phytoplankton biomass levels. Filtration and ingestion rates of two relatively abundant species in the lake, the endemic unionid, Elliptio waccamawensis, and an introduced species, Corbicula fluminea, were measured in experiments using natural phytoplankton for durations of 1 to 6 days. Measured filtration and ingestion rates averaged 1.78 and 1.121 ind.^–1 d^–1, much too low to control phytoplankton at the observed phytoplankton biomass levels and growth rates. Measured ingestion rates averaged 4.80 and 1.50 µg chlorophyll a ind.^–1 d^–1, too low to support individuals of either species. The abundance of benthic microalgae in Lake Waccamaw reaches 200 mg chlorophyll a m^–2 in the littoral zone and averages almost an order of magnitude higher than depth-integrated phytoplankton chlorophyll a. Total microalgal biomass in the lake is therefore not controlled by suspension feeding by bivalves.     

Effects of spatial distribution of light on prey ingestion of Atlantic halibut larvae

The hypothesis that light distribution affects prey distribution and in turn influences prey ingestion was tested on Atlantic halibut larvae Hippoglossus hippoglossus . Low intensity concentrated light produced swarms of Artemia sp., but did not affect the distribution of Brachionus plicatilis . Low intensity diffused light, however, did not create swarms with either prey. As a consequence, halibut larvae ingested more Brachionus than Artemia in concentrated light, but not in diffused light. Due to differences in dry weight between Artemia and Brachionus , ingested biomass values were indistinguishable under the two experimental regimes.The term' population ingestion value' is introduced as an expression for the ingestive capability of the population as a whole.