哺乳动物细胞表达系统研究进展

目前,哺乳动物细胞已成为生产多种生物药物的首选宿主细胞。哺乳动物细胞表达系统可进行翻译后修饰,表达的重组蛋白接近人源构象,因此被大量用于治疗性重组蛋白的生产,如何建立高效的哺乳动物细胞表达系统也受到研究者们的重视。随着基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学以及代谢组学研究不断深入,近几年来在优化哺乳动物表达系统方面取得了长足的进步。从高效表达载体构建、宿主细胞改造、高通量筛选、培养基优化等方面阐述哺乳动物细胞表达系统的研究进展,以期为研究者们提供一定的帮助。     

哺乳动物细胞表达系统及其研究进展

从表达载体、宿主细胞、表达系统的类型及选择等四个方面对哺乳动物细胞系统进行了综述。对相关的研究进展,如高效启动子的发现和改构、新型细胞株的建立及诱导表达调控系统亦作了简要介绍。通过这些阐述,期望能建立一个简洁而清晰的有关该表达系统的框架,对在实验中决定选取何种载体、细胞株或何种表达方式时能够有所提示。     

哺乳动物细胞高效表达载体的优化

目的:优化哺乳动物细胞表达系统,提高目的基因的表达效率。方法:以组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)为报告基因,利用本实验室建立的CHOfrt/dhfr-细胞定点整合表达系统,对多种表达调控元件(包括hCMV和hEF-1α启动子、hCMV增强子、hEF-1α1st内含子及翻译增强子H213和V163等)及其多种组合的表达效率进行了系统的比较和评价。结果:hCMV启动子与H213组合以及hEF-1α启动子与V163组合的表达效率分别是仅含hCMV启动子的156.6%和139.5%。结论:该研究为构建高效的哺乳动物细胞表达载体奠定了基础。     

大肠杆菌外源蛋白表达载体稳定性的研究进展

构建高产、稳定、可靠的质粒载体成为基因重组表达技术的研究重点之一。宿主细胞代谢反应和质粒不稳定性相关信息的缺乏,仍然阻碍着质粒载体的优化,成为限制外源蛋白在大肠杆菌中高效表达的瓶颈之一。主要论述了大肠杆菌外源蛋白表达载体的稳定性,分别从质粒和外源基因的本身特性、重组质粒转化对宿主细胞造成的影响及其他因素等方面阐述了对质粒载体稳定性的影响,同时介绍了相关的解决办法,从而为大肠杆菌表达系统高效表达外源蛋白提供参考。     

杆状病毒介导的哺乳动物细胞基因转移及其影响因素

杆状病毒作为优良的哺乳动物细胞基因转移载体已在基因治疗、疫苗开发、药物筛选以及基因调控研究等方面发挥巨大作用。但杆状病毒对哺乳动物细胞的嗜性不够广泛、转导效率和转基因表达水平偏低,以及表达持续时间短暂等问题制约其进一步发展,因此如何突破这个制约的瓶颈成为学者们新的关注焦点。针对以上问题,围绕杆状病毒介导哺乳动物细胞基因转移的各种影响因素进行综述。     

利用哺乳动物细胞表达外源蛋白的研究进展

利用哺乳动物细胞表达外源蛋白已广泛应用于生物产品的制备,哺乳动物细胞是表达具有天然活性蛋白的最佳宿主,且具有易被转染,遗传稳定,产物可分泌表达,并易于纯化和大规模生产等方面的优势。本文对选择载体类型,载体元件（包括启动子,增强子,选择标记等）以及在哺乳动物细胞大规模培养过程中培养环境,细胞凋亡的抑制和控制细胞增殖和基因表达的Tet-switch系统等方面的进展作一综述,以探讨提高该系统表达产量的有效方法,更好地应用于生物制品的生产。     

杆状病毒用于哺乳动物细胞快速高效表达外源基因的研究

现已发现杆状病毒可进入某些培养的哺乳动物细胞,这提示可将杆状病毒作为一种对哺乳动物细胞的新型基因转移载体。对杆状病毒转移载体的改造及对哺乳动物细胞的基因转移方式进行了进一步的研究。以绿色荧光蛋白基因为报告基因,利用Bac-to-Bac系统构建了分别含有正向和反向CMV启动子表达盒的两种重组杆状病毒。可观察到CMV启动子在Sf9细胞中可启动报告基因的表达,但表达效率较低。用重组杆状病毒感染后Sf9细胞的培养上清直接与HepG2细胞作用,以流式细胞术检测基因转移效率及荧光表达强度,发现这两种病毒在相同的感染复数下对HepG2细胞具有相似的基因转移及表达效率。同时,利用流式细胞术进一步研究了直接使用重组杆状病毒感染4d后Sf9细胞的培养上清对哺乳动物细胞进行基因转移的方法。通过对HepG2细胞的实验结果显示,将带毒Sf9细胞培养上清(1.2×10⁷PFU/mL)用哺乳动物细胞培养基1倍稀释后,37℃下孵育靶细胞12h(moi=50),可达到较高的基因转移及表达效率,同时不会对细胞造成明显损伤。将重组杆状病毒与脂质体和逆转录病毒这两种系统对HepG2及CV1细胞的基因转移效率进行了比较,结果发现在同样未经浓缩等特殊处理的条件下重组杆状病毒对这两种细胞的基因转移效率是最高的。因此可以认为,经过适当改造后的Bac-to-Bac重组杆状病毒系统可作为一种对哺乳动物细胞简便高效的基因转移表达载体。     

基因工程抗体的原核高效表达

基因工程抗体具有生产简单、价格低廉和容易获得稀有抗体等优点而日益受到广泛关注,是当前制备治疗性抗体的主要手段。抗体表达量低依然是制约其大规模生产和应用的主要因素,通过对表达载体、宿主细胞和表达条件等进行改造与优化,将有可能获得基因工程抗体的高效表达。     

融合表达载体的研究进展

基因工程的实施,主要包括DNA克隆、外源基因的表达及其重组产物的纯化。基因表达是指一个外源基因在表达系统中,既能高效表达又具有原来的生物学活性。目前有三个表达系统,即大肠杆菌、酵母菌和哺乳动物细胞。其中大肠杆菌最早研究应用,但表达质粒转人受体菌（宿主）后,并不都能获得理想的结果,它涉及到许多因素：诸如基因结构的特点、mRNA的转录效率、蛋白质的折叠、宿生蛋白酶对重组产物的水解作用、外源基因和E·COlt基因间所存在的差异以及表达产物对宿主细胞的毒性等;此外,在高效表达的同时,为了更好地获得人们所需要的重…     

外源蛋白在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中高效表达的策略

高效表达外源蛋白,在生物制药中有重要意义.中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（Chinese hamster ovary cell）是表达外源蛋白的最佳真核表达系统之一.影响外源蛋白在CHO细胞表达的因素甚多,主要包括载体、宿主细胞和外源基因几方面.深入了解和灵活运用它们之间的关系,有助于获得外源基因在CHO细胞中的高效表达.     

Auditioning of CHO host cell lines using the artificial chromosome expression (ACE) technology

In order to maximize recombinant protein expression in mammalian cells many factors need to be considered such as transfection method, vector construction, screening techniques and culture conditions. In addition, the host cell line can have a profound effect on the protein expression. However, auditioning or directly comparing host cell lines for optimal protein expression may be difficult since most transfection methods are based on random integration of the gene of interest into the host cell genome. Thus it is not possible to determine whether differences in expression between various host cell lines are due to the phenotype of the host cell itself or genetic factors such as gene copy number or gene location. To improve cell line generation, the ACE System was developed based on pre‐engineered artificial chromosomes with multiple recombination acceptor sites. This system allows for targeted transfection and has been effectively used to rapidly generate stable CHO cell lines expressing high levels of monoclonal antibody. A key feature of the ACE System is the ability to isolate and purify ACEs containing the gene(s) of interest and transfect the same ACEs into different host cell lines. This feature allows the direct auditioning of host cells since the host cells have been transfected with ACEs that contain the same number of gene copies in the same genetic environment. To investigate this audition feature, three CHO host cell lines (CHOK1SV, CHO‐S and DG44) were transfected with the same ACE containing gene copies of a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody. Clonal cell lines were generated allowing a direct comparison of antibody expression and stability between the CHO host cells. Results showed that the CHOK1SV host cell line expressed antibody at levels of more than two to five times that for DG44 and CHO‐S host cell lines, respectively. To confirm that the ACE itself was not responsible for the low antibody expression seen in the CHO‐S based clones, the ACE was isolated and purified from these cells and transfected back into fresh CHOK1SV cells. The resulting expression of the antibody from the ACE newly transfected into CHOK1SV increased fivefold compared to its expression in CHO‐S and confirmed that the differences in expression between the different CHO host cells was due to the cell phenotype rather than differences in gene copy number and/or location. These results demonstrate the utility of the ACE System in providing a rapid and direct technique for auditioning host cell lines for optimal recombinant protein expression. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 526–539 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

影响工程菌株目的基因表达的因素

目的基因在细胞中的表达研究,在理论和应用上都具有重要的意义。只有弄清影响目的基因表达的因素,才能使目的基因高效表达。主要讨论目的基因本身、表达载体、宿主细胞、培养条件、诱导剂等因素对目的基因更加高效的表达的影响。     

Accommodation of powdery mildew fungi in intact plant cells

Parasitic powdery mildew fungi have to overcome basic resistance and manipulate host cells to establish a haustorium as a functional feeding organ in a host epidermal cell. Currently, it is of central interest how plant factors negatively regulate basal defense or whether they even support fungal development in compatible interactions. Additionally, creation of a metabolic sink in infected cells may involve host activity. Here, we review the current progress in understanding potential fungal targets for host reprogramming and nutrient acquisition.     

逆转录病毒载体在基因工程疫苗方面的应用

逆转录病毒载体是根据逆转录病毒的特性设计出的一种病毒表达载体,以其能够整合到宿主细胞染色体上并能稳定表达目的基因而被视为基因运载最有效的工具。目前广泛应用于基因治疗、外源基因表达、基因工程疫苗等方面。主要综述了逆转录病毒载体在基因工程疫苗方面的应用现状及前景,为该载体在生物医学领域方面的应用提供有价值的参考。     

Substrate-Specific Gene Expression in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,the Chytrid Pathogen of Amphibians

Determining the mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction is critical for understanding and mitigating infectious disease. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity are of particular interest given the recent outbreaks of fungal diseases in wildlife populations. Our study focuses on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the chytrid pathogen responsible for amphibian declines around the world. Previous studies have hypothesized a role for several specific families of secreted proteases as pathogenicity factors in Bd, but the expression of these genes has only been evaluated in laboratory growth conditions. Here we conduct a genome-wide study of Bd gene expression under two different nutrient conditions. We compare Bd gene expression profiles in standard laboratory growth media and in pulverized host tissue (i.e., frog skin). A large proportion of genes in the Bd genome show increased expression when grown in host tissue, indicating the importance of studying pathogens on host substrate. A number of gene classes show particularly high levels of expression in host tissue, including three families of secreted proteases (metallo-, serine- and aspartyl-proteases), adhesion genes, lipase-3 encoding genes, and a group of phylogenetically unusual crinkler-like effectors. We discuss the roles of these different genes as putative pathogenicity factors and discuss what they can teach us about Bd’s metabolic targets, host invasion, and pathogenesis.     

Gene expression patterns of epithelial cells modulated by pathogenicity factors of Yersinia enterocolitica

Epithelial cells express genes whose products signal the presence of pathogenic microorganisms to the immune system. Pathogenicity factors of enteric bacteria modulate host cell gene expression. Using microarray technology we have profiled epithelial cell gene expression upon interaction with Yersinia enterocolitica. Yersinia enterocolitica wild-type and isogenic mutant strains were used to identify host genes modulated by invasin protein (Inv), which is involved in enteroinvasion, and Yersinia outer protein P (YopP) which inhibits innate immune responses. Among 22 283 probesets (14,239 unique genes), we found 193 probesets (165 genes) to be regulated by Yersinia infection. The majority of these genes were induced by Inv, whose recognition leads to expression of NF-kappa B-regulated factors such as cytokines and adhesion molecules. Yersinia virulence plasmid (pYV)-encoded factors counter regulated Inv-induced gene expression. Thus, YopP repressed Inv-induced NF-kappa B regulated genes at 2 h post infection whereas other pYV-encoded factors repressed host cell genes at 4 and 8 h post infection. Chromosomally encoded factors of Yersinia, other than Inv, induced expression of genes known to be induced by TGF-beta receptor signalling. These genes were also repressed by pYV-encoded factors. Only a few host genes were exclusively induced by pYV-encoded factors. We hypothesize that some of these genes may contribute to pYV-mediated silencing of host cells. In conclusion, the data demonstrates that epithelial cells express a limited number of genes upon interaction with enteric Yersinia. Both Inv and YopP appear to modulate gene expression in order to subvert epithelial cell functions involved in innate immunity.     

Improved Transient Protein Expression by pFluNS1 Plasmid

Influenza virus nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) is abundantly expressed in influenza virus infected cells. NS1 is well recognized for counteracting host antiviral activities and regulating host and viral protein expression. When used as a plasmid component in DNA transfection, NS1 was shown to significantly increase expression levels of a cotransfected gene of different plasmid. Our previous studies demonstrated that addition of an NS1 plasmid increased the expression levels of influenza virus secreted neuraminidase (sNA) gene in 293T cells. In this study, we improved the utilization of NS1 as an enhancer for transient protein expression by generating pFluNS1 plasmid to contain two expression cassettes; one encoding an NS1 gene and another encoding a gene of interest. pFluNS1 is expected to codeliver the NS1 gene into the same cells receiving the gene of interest. The plasmid is therefore designed to induce higher protein expression levels than a cotransfection of an NS1 plasmid and a plasmid containing a gene of interest. To test the efficiency of pFluNS1, influenza virus sNA and non-viral DsRed genes were cloned into pFluNS1. The expression of these genes from pFluNS1 was then compared to the expression from a cotransfection of an NS1 plasmid and an expression plasmid coding for sNA or DsRed. We found that gene expression from pFluNS1 reached equal or higher levels to those derived from the cotransfection. Because the expression from pFluNS1 needs only one plasmid, a lesser amount of transfection reagent was required. Thus, the use of pFluNS1 provides a transfection approach that reduces the cost of protein expression without compromising high levels of protein expression. Together, these data suggest that pFluNS1 can serve as a novel alternative for an efficient transient protein expression in mammalian cells.     

Transformation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R2: improvement of efficiency; role of the pUH24 plasmid

Systematic studies of the parameters influencing transformation efficiencies in Synechococcus R2 and its spontaneous pUH24 plasmid-minus variant S60, have led to substantial increases in these frequencies (up to 70 times for R2 and 9 times for S60) compared to those obtained by using previously published procedures. Important factors are the physiological state of the host cells (competence occurs at the transition from first to second exponential phases of growth) and the conditions of expression of the transferred characters (they must be exposed to progressively increasing concentrations of the selective agent). Consistently lower (about 30 times) efficiencies were obtained with the S60 strain, the only difference from the wild-type R2 that could be detected. Physiological functions of the pUH24 plasmid are discussed. The interest of the S60 strain as a host in gene cloning work is discussed in the light of published work suggesting inter-vector recombination in R2.