急性低氧对大鼠脑组织钙调素含量及其依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ活性的影响

本实验观察了活性钙调素（ＣａＭ）含量和ＣａＭ依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ（ＣａＭｋｉｎａｓｅⅡ）活性在急性低氧（模拟海拔７０００ｍ,５ｈ）和常氧对照大鼠脑子组织中的变化。用流式产胞仪（ＦＡＣＳ）所测两组动物脑皮层细胞的ＣａＭ,平均荧光强度分别为４０．０±４．９和４６．１±５．８,急性低氧组明显低于常氧对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;用同位素液闪计数法所测两组动物皮层脑匀浆提取液中ＣａＭｋｉｎａｓｅⅡ活性,分别为１８４．３±８．１和１９８．８±９．４ｐｍｏｌＰｉ·ｍｉｎ－１·ｍｇ－１ｐｒｏ,急性低氧组明显低于常氧对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示ＣａＭ和ＣａＭｋｉｎａｓｅⅡ对低氧较为敏感,急性低氧时中枢神经细胞结构或功能的紊乱可能与活性ＣａＭ的含量减少和ＣａＭｋｉｎａｓｅⅡ活性能下降有关。     

钙调素拮抗剂对人肺癌细胞增殖抑制及与cAMP信号系统相关性之初探

对钙调素（ＣａＭ）拮抗剂—三氟拉嗪（ｔｒｉｆｌｕｏｐｅｒａｚｉｎｅ,ＴＦＰ）在人肺癌细胞ＰＬＡ８０１的增殖抑制中的作用和ＣａＭ与ｃＡＭＰ信号系统水平的变化进行了研究．用５、１０、１５和２０μｍｏｌ／ＬＴＦＰ处理人肺癌细胞时观察到ＴＦＰ在抑制细胞内ＣａＭ活性的同时,抑制了细胞的增殖．药物处理的细胞在软琼脂中形成的集落数减少且明显小于对照组细胞．使用流式细胞光度术分析细胞周期的结果表明：１０μｍｏｌ／ＬＴＦＰ处理抑制了Ｇ１期细胞向Ｓ期的转移．当用１０μｍｏｌ／ＬＴＦＰ作用细胞５ｍｉｎ时,细胞内ｃＡＭＰ水平达到正常水平的１．８倍,直到３ｈ仍明显高于正常水平．同时,ｃＡＭＰ依赖的ＰＫＡ的活性在加药后１５ｍｉｎ上升到正常水平的２．８倍,直到加药３ｈ．活性仍保持较高水平,结果表明：钙调素功能的抑制,提高了ＰＬＡ－８０１细胞内ｃＡＭＰ系统的水平,Ｃａ２＋－ＣａＭ和ｃＡＭＰ－ＰＫＡ两个信号系统的协调作用,抑制了细胞的增殖     

生孢噬纤维粘菌基因文库的构建和纤维素酶基因的克隆

将生孢噬纤维粘菌（ＳｐｏｒｏｃｙｔｏｐｈａｇａＢ２９）染色体用ＰｓｔＩ部分酶切后,连接到大肠杆菌（Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ）质粒载体ｐＵＣ８上,然后转化Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＪＭ８３,从而建立了Ｂ２９的基因文库,并筛选一个含有内切葡聚糖纤维素酶（ＣＭＣａｓｅ）的阳性克隆．从此阳性克隆中提取质粒再转化ＪＭ８３,发现所有的氨苄青霉素抗性（Ａｐｒ）转化子都具有ＣＭＣａｓｅ酶活性,证明在大肠杆菌中克隆到一个Ｂ２９的内切葡聚糖酶基因．     

CaM BP－10对NAD激酶的抑制效应

ＮＡＤ激酶在光合作用等植物生理过程中起重要作用。ＮＡＤ激酶的激活依赖于钙离子和钙调素（ＣａｌｍＯｄｕｌｉｎ,ＣａＭ）．从植物中分离得到的一种新的ＣａＭ结合蛋白ＣａＭＢＰ－１０（ＢＰ－１０）明显抑制ＮＡＤ激酶的激活活性,抑制作用可被ＣａＭ所克服．动力学研究表明,抑制效应是ＢＰ－１０与ＣａＭ之间特异性相互作用的结果。实验证实ＢＰ－１０对ＮＡＤ激酶活性起着重要调节作用．     

荧光指示剂法测定植物细胞胞质游离Ca^2＋浓度

利用钙离子荧光指示剂Ｉｎｄｏ－１ ＡＭ 建立了测定植物细胞胞质游离Ｃａ２＋ 浓度的技术。应用此技术测出,ＢＭＳ（ｂｌａｃｋ Ｍｅｘｉｃｏ ｓｗ ｅａｔ）玉米悬浮细胞原生质体静息水平下的胞质游离Ｃａ２＋ 浓度是１２７±５６ ｎｍ ｏｌ·Ｌ－ １;Ｃａ２＋ 螯合剂ＥＧＴＡ 可使胞质游离Ｃａ２＋ 浓度由７８ ｎｍ ｏｌ·Ｌ－ １降至１２．５ ｎｍ ｏｌ·Ｌ－ １,而Ｃａ２＋ 载体Ａ２３１８７ 则可使胞质游离Ｃａ２＋ 浓度升至接近介质Ｃａ２＋ 水平。同时,证明ＡＢＡ 处理可使ＢＭＳ玉米悬浮细胞原生质体Ｃａ２＋ 浓度在１—１．５ 分钟内迅速升高,由７５ ｎｍ ｏｌ·Ｌ－ １升至７９０ ｎｍ ｏｌ·Ｌ－ １     

钙调素mRNA在受精前后分离的烟草胚囊中的定位

建立了一种新的ｍＲＮＡ原位杂交方法,适用于微量材料的整体观察。应用这一方法定位烟草（ＮｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｔａｂａｃｕｍＬ．ｃｖ．Ｗ３８）受精前后胚囊成员细胞中的钙调素ｍＲＮＡ（ＣａＭｍＲＮＡ）。结果显示成熟胚囊中的ＣａＭｍＲＮＡ主要分布于珠孔极的卵器和合点极的反足细胞;中央细胞中较少。受精前后胚囊中ＣａＭｍＲＮＡ的分布发生显著变化,特别是授粉后到受精前极核与卵器之间出现一条暂时的钙调素ｍＲＮＡ条带。受精前不久该带消失,ＣａＭｍＲＮＡ扩展为占据胚囊珠孔端的扇形区域。受精后胚囊中钙调素ｍＲＮＡ主要集中于伸长的合子和原胚的合点端。讨论了钙调素ｍＲＮＡ表达与受精的关系。     

食用三倍体蕉不定胚的初步观察

食用三倍体蕉不定胚的初步观察陈健辉,杨俊慧,潘坤清（广州师范学院生物系,５１０４００）食用三倍体蕉（Ｍｕｓａ×ｐａｒａｄｉｓｉａｃａ（ＡＢＢｇｒｏｕｐ）．Ｄａｉｉａｏ．Ｍｕｓａ×ａｃｕｍｉｎａｔａ（ＡＡＡｇｒｏｕｐ）,ＤｗｒａｆＣａｖｅｎｄｉｓｈ．）...     

加压素(4 -8)对大鼠脑内Ca2+/CaM依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ自身磷酸化的影响

大鼠皮下注射加压素（ＡＶＰ）（４－８）１ｈ后,大脑皮层中Ｃａ＾２＋／ＣａＭ依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ自身磷酸化程度与对照组比较增高１９２％,Ｐ〈０．００１;海马中增高４０％,Ｐ〈０．０５。ＣａＭＫⅡ的自身磷酸化程度依赖于Ｃａ＾２＋及ＣａＭ浓度。在用抗 ＣａＭＫⅡα单克隆抗体对给药１ｈ组样品和对照组样品进行免疫印迹检测时,发现皮下注射ＡＶＰ（４－８）１ｈ后,大脑皮层中ＣａＭＫⅡα亚基的蛋白量没有明显差异。ＡＶ     

低氧、血管紧张素Ⅱ对肺内小动脉平滑肌细胞膜Ca2 ┐ATPase活力的影响

本课题观察了低氧及血管紧张素Ⅱ（ａｎｇｉｏｔｅｎｓｉｎⅡ,ＡｎｇⅡ）对分离培养家兔肺内小动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭ－Ｃｓ）膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的影响,同时用钙通道阻断剂维拉帕米（ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ,ＶＰ）进行干预,进一步了解细胞内钙与Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的关系。结果表明：ＰＡＳＭＣｓ膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力对低氧具有短暂的耐受性,随低氧时间延长,Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力呈时间依赖性抑制;低氧、ＡＮＧⅡ均能抑制Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力（Ｐ＜０．０１）低氧＋ＡⅡ对Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的抑制具叠加效应（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＶＰ可逆转低氧、ＡｎｇⅡ、低氧＋ＡｎｇⅡ对Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的抑制（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：低氧,ＡＮＧⅡ可通过抑制肺血管平滑肌细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力而可能削弱肺血管平滑肌舒张功能也可能是低氧性肺动脉高压（ＨＰＨ）形成的原因之一。     

慢性低氧性肺动脉高压鼠原代培养肺动脉平滑肌细胞内钙的检定

用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察经Ｆｌｕｏ－３／ＡＭ负荷的慢性低氧性肺动脉高压（ＨＰＨ）大鼠原代培养的肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）的形态与内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度的动态变化。结果表明：原代培养的（ＨＰＨ）大鼠的ＰＡＳＭＣ与正常大鼠相比,①细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度增加,但其收缩性减弱;②随培养日数增加,咖啡因（Ｃａｆｅｉｎ）所致的细胞内储钙池－肌浆网的Ｃａ２＋释放作用逐渐减弱,直至消失;③血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴ－Ⅱ）升高细胞内钙作用明显增强;④部分呈大红色细胞对多种缩血管物质敏感性增强。结果提示,ＨＰＨ大鼠的ＰＡＳＭＣ的内钙明显增加,其调节机制处于紊乱状态。     

cAMP对转化细胞中几种基因表达及CREB DNA结合活性的影响

 从癌基因、抑癌基因及转录因子 CREB(c AMP反应序列结合蛋白 )对 CRE DNA序列结合活性的相关性 ,对 db- c AMP处理的小鼠 C3H10 T1 /2转化细胞增殖抑制作用进行了研究 .实验结果表明 ,转化细胞中 PKA(蛋白激酶 A)活性显著低于正常细胞 ,而 PKC(蛋白激酶 C)活性则显著高于正常细胞 .斑点印迹和 Northern印迹分析显示转化细胞中 c- myc和 Ca M(钙调素 )基因表达明显高于正常细胞 ,而 p53基因和 Rb基因表达则明显低于正常细胞 ,这些差别与 C3H10 T1/ 2 转化细胞增殖失控有关 .转化细胞经 db- c AMP(1 mmol/L)处理后 ,细胞增殖受到明显抑制 ,db- c AMP处理0 .5h后 ,转化细胞中 PKA活性便明显增强 ,PKC活性则被显著抑制 ,处理 2 h后 ,c- myc和 Ca M基因表达下降 ,而 p53和 Rb基因表达则增强 ,这些变化与 c AMP抑制 C3H10 T1/ 2 转化细胞增殖有密切联系 .凝胶阻滞电泳分析显示 db- c AMP(1 mmol/L )处理短时间内 ,CREB对 CRE DNA序列无结合活性 ,1 2 h后开始出现较弱的结合活性 ,2 4 h后才明显加强 ,表明在 db- c AMP处理的早期 ,调控区中含有 CRE序列的基因不参与 db- c AMP对细胞增殖抑制的调节 ,即与 CREB磷酸化及其相应的 DNA结合活性无相关性 .     

表达PKCα反义RNA对人肺癌细胞增殖的影响

 运用基因重组和基因转染技术 ,将 PKCα c DNA反向插入的重组质粒 p XJ41 - CKPα导入人肺癌 LTEPa- 2细胞 .经 Northern印迹 ,Western印迹等检验 ,表明成功地建立了稳定表达 PKCα反义 RNA的人肺癌细胞 (LT· AS4) .进一步研究了表达 PKCα反义 RNA对人肺癌细胞 LTEPa-2增殖的影响 .结果表明 ,表达 PKCα反义 RNA可抑制人肺癌细胞增殖速率 ,流式细胞光度术检测 ,G1 期细胞百分数增加 ,S期细胞百分数降低 ,并进一步探讨了其作用机理 ,观察到与增殖相关基因 c- myc、Ca M和 Cyclin B1的表达水平均下降 .这可能是 PKCα表达被阻抑、负调细胞增殖的分子机理之一     

Phosphorylation of Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK/ROK) substrates by protein kinases A and C

Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK/ROK) is a serine/threonine kinase and plays an important role in various cellular functions. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A/PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) are also serine/threonine kinases, and directly and/or indirectly take part in the signal transduction pathways of Rho-kinase. They have similar phosphorylation site motifs, RXXS/T and RXS/T. The purpose of this study was to identify whether sites phosphorylated by Rho-kinase could be targets for PKA and PKC and to find peptide substrates that are specific to Rho-kinase, i.e., with no phosphorylation by PKA and PKC. A total of 18 substrates for Rho-kinase were tested for phosphorylation by PKA and PKC. Twelve of these sites were easily phosphorylated. These results mean that Rho-kinase substrates can be good substrates for PKA and/or PKC. On the other hand, six Rho-kinase substrates showing no or very low phosphorylation efficiency (<20%) for PKA and PKC were identified. Kinetic parameters (K(m) and k(cat)) showed that two of these peptides could be useful as substrates specific to Rho-kinase phosphorylation.     

Extracellular calcium induces COX-2 in osteoblasts via a PKA pathway

We have shown that extracellular calcium [Ca(+2)](e) induces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production via an ERK signaling pathway in osteoblasts. In this study, we examined the roles of protein kinase C (PKC) and A (PKA) signaling pathways in the [Ca(+2)](e) induction of COX-2 in primary calvarial osteoblasts from mice transgenic for -371 bp of the COX-2 promoter fused to a luciferase reporter. Neither PKC specific inhibitors nor downregulation of the PKC pathway by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) affected the [Ca(+2)](e) stimulation of COX-2 mRNA or promoter activity. In contrast, PKA inhibitors, used at doses that inhibited forskolin-stimulated luciferase activity by 90%, reduced [Ca(+2)](e)-stimulated COX-2 mRNA expression and promoter activity by 80-90%. [Ca(+2)](e) also stimulated a 2- to 3-fold increase in cAMP production. Hence, the [Ca(+2)](e) induction of COX-2 mRNA expression and promoter activity was independent of the PKC pathway and dependent on the PKA signaling pathway.     

Inhibition of the proliferation of cultured immortalized schwann cells by forskolin with a decreased basal level of diacylglycerol

The repetitive passages of a Schwann cell culture results in the appearance of immortalized cells. In order to investigate the direct effects of cyclic AMP (cAMP) on Schwann cell proliferation, we used the immortalized Schwann cells because the responses of a short-term Schwann cell culture to agents increasing the intracellular cAMP are more complicated and it does not seem that all of them are due to the direct effects of cAMP. By adding up to 200 M of forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, to the culture medium, Schwann cell proliferation was inhibited and the intracellular 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) level was decreased in a dose-dependent manner to 44 and 53% of the control values, respectively. The protein phosphorylation activity in the cytosol from the cell treated with 100 M forskolin, assayed with myelin basic protein as the acceptor, decreased to 78% and this inhibition was then reversed by the addition of 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), a membrane-permeable DG, to the assay mixture. The cell proliferation inhibited by forskolin was also restored by the addition of OAG. These data suggest that cAMP inhibits both the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and consequently cell proliferation through suppression of intracellular DG level, an activator of PKC. Since the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate level and the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to DG and phosphorylcholine were not affected, forskolin therefore appears to suppress the de novo synthesis of DG.     

A Novel Effect of Cyclic AMP on Capacitative Ca2+ Entry in Cultured Rat Cerebellar Astrocytes

One of the most important intracellular Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms in nonexcitable cells, "capacitative Ca2+ entry" (CCE), has not been adequately studied in astrocytes. We therefore investigated whether CCE exists in cultured rat cerebellar astrocytes and studied the roles of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and protein kinase C (PKC) in CCE. We found that (1) at least two different intracellular Ca2+ stores, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, are present in cerebellar astrocytes; (2) CCE does exist in these cells and can be inhibited by Ni2+, miconazole, and SKF 96365; (3) CCE can be directly enhanced by an increase in intracellular cAMP, as 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-brcAMP), forskolin, and isobutylmethylxanthine have stimulatory effects on CCE; and (4) neither of the two potent protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, H8 and H89, nor a specific PKA agonist, Sp-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, had a significant effect on cAMP-enhanced Ca2+ entry. The [Ca2+]i increase was not due to a release from calcium stores, hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, inhibition of calcium extrusion, or a change in pHi, suggesting that cAMP itself probably acts as a novel messenger to modulate CCE. We also conclude that activation of PKC results in an increase in CCE. cAMP and PKC seem to modulate CCE by different pathways.     

Contribution of protein kinase A and protein kinase C signalling pathways to the regulation of HSD11B2 expression and proliferation of MCF-7 cells

Contribution of the protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) signalling pathways to the regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD11B2) gene expression was investigated in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Treatment of the cells with an adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, known to stimulate the PKA pathway, resulted in an increase in HSD11B2 mRNA content. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed attenuation of the effect of forskolin by phorbol ester, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), an activator of the PKC pathway. It was also demonstrated that specific inhibitors significantly reduced the effect of activators of the two pathways. Stimulation of the PKA pathway did not affect, whereas stimulation of the PKC pathway significantly reduced MCF-7 cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner. A cell growth inhibitor, dexamethasone, at high concentrations, caused a 40% decrease in proliferation of MCF-7 cells and this effect was abolished under conditions of increased HSD11B2 expression. It was concluded that in MCF-7 cells, stimulation of the PKA signal transduction pathway results in the induction of HSD11B2 expression and that this effect is markedly reduced by activation of the PKC pathway. Activation of the PKC pathway also resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation, while activation of the PKA pathway abolished the antiproliferative effect of dexamethasone. These effects might be due to oxidation of dexamethasone by the PKA-inducible HSD11B2.     

Cellular Mechanisms of Protection by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors During Anoxia and Nitric Oxide Toxicity

Abstract: Metabotropic glutamate receptors, nitric oxide (NO), and the signal transduction pathways of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) can independently alter ischemic-induced neuronal cell death. We therefore examined whether the protective effects of metabotropic glutamate receptors during anoxia and NO toxicity were mediated through the cellular pathways of PKC or PKA in primary hippocampal neurons. Pretreatment with the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists (±)-1-aminocyclopentane- trans -1,3-dicarboxylic acid, (1 S ,3 R )-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1 S ,3 R -ACPD), and l (+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid ( l -AP4) 1 h before anoxia or NO exposure increased hippocampal neuronal cell survival from ∼30 to 70%. In addition, posttreatment with 1 S ,3 R -ACPD or l -AP4 up to 6 h following an insult attenuated anoxic- or NO-induced neurodegeneration. In contrast, treatment with l -(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid, an antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor, did not significantly alter neuronal survival during anoxia or NO exposure. Protection by the ACPD-sensitive metabotropic receptors, such as the subtypes mGluR1α, mGluR2, and mGluR5, appears to be dependent on the modulation of PKC activity. In contrast, l -AP4-sensitive metabotropic glutamate receptors, such as the subtype mGluR4, may increase neuronal survival through PKA rather than PKC. Thus, activation of specific metabotropic glutamate receptors is protective during anoxia and NO toxicity, but the signal transduction pathways mediating protection differ among the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes.