Three New Species of Thraulodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Venezuela

Three new species of Thraulodes from Venezuela are described. One species is known from male and female imagines, and the other two only from male imagines. With this, the known Thraulodes species for Venezuela are four. A key for the male imagines of the known species of Thraulodes from Venezuela is provided.     

Les copépodes en Sri Lanka (Calanoïdes et Cyclopoïdes)

A revision of the list of Copepoda produced recently by Fernando (1980) was necessary to take in account the progress of knowledge in this field. 25 species were listed. Now, seven of them keep their name. Another one is placed in another genus. Seven mistakes were corrected. Two species are new for Science,Microcyclops elegans andThermocyclops orientalis. Two varieties of already known species are also described. Eleven species are new for Sri Lanka. Three other, noted by Fernando (1980) do not seem to exist in Sri Lanka and four were not found again in the numerous samples studied.

     

The phlebotomine sandflies of Venezuelan Amazonia

Phlebotomine sandflies were surveyed in two ecologically contrasted areas, the northern moist and southern wet tropical forests, of the Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Three new taxa and twenty-one new records were added to the previously known species list for Venezuelan sandflies, which now totals eighty species. Both sexes of Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) killicki sp.n., L. (Trichophoryomyia) bettinii sp.n., L. (Nyssomyia) olmeca reducta subsp.n. and and the females of L. bernalei Osorno et al., Brumptomyia pintoi Costa Lima and L. begonae (Ortiz & Torres) are described and illustrated.     

A checklist of parasites recorded on sticklebacks (Actinopterygii: Gasterosteidae) from Poland

Parasites of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), and the nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (L.), from brackish and freshwater habitats in Poland are listed. The following list was compiled from published records and own long-term studies. Parasites are listed alphabetically in meaningful groups of parasites with notes about their location on the host and distribution in Poland with references. A total of 51 species (taxa) of parasites were recorded on G. aculeatus (3 Apicomplexa, 1 Microsporidia, 3 Peritrichia, 1 Myxozoa, 7 Digenea, 2 Monogenea, 10 Cestoda, 10 Nematoda, 7 Acanthocephala, 3 Copepoda, 1 Branchiura, 2 Hirudinea, 1 Bivalvia) and 16 parasites on P. pungitius (1 Apicomplexa, 1 Microsporidia, 2 Peritrichia, 4 Digenea, 1 Monogenea, 2 Cestoda, 2 Nematoda, 1 Copepoda, 1 Branchiura, 1 Bivalvia).     

The freshwater zooplankton of Central America and the Caribbean

So far mainly sporadic studies have been made on the freshwater zooplankton of this region. We studied material from Costa Rica, Cuba, Bahamas, El Salvador, Haiti and Trinidad and listed unpublished species data from Jamaica. In all 183 species of Rotifera; 104 of Cladocera; 64 Calanoida and Cyclopoida and a few Ostracoda are known from the region which includes Central America, the Caribbean Islands from the Bahamas to Trinidad and the islands off South America and Central America. Records from individual countries are generally low except for Cuban Cladocera and Copepoda. The total number of Copepoda and Cladocera recorded for the whole regions appears to be reasonably comprehensive. Daphnia is rare or absent from the equatorial regions and it is likely that the low species diversity may be due partly to the lack of a range of habitat types.     

Taxonomy of some microteids (Squamata) from Venezuela, I: variation and geographic distribution of Euspondylus acutirostris and description of a new Euspondylus from northeast Venezuela

Only two species of the microteiid lizard genus Euspondylus (E. acutirostris and E. phelpsorum) had been reported from Venezuela. New records of the poorly known gymnophthalmid lizard Euspondylus acutirostris are reported extending its known range along the Coastal Range and Sierra de Aroa (north-central Venezuela) and Sierra de San Luis (northwestern Venezuela), all records occurring at the cloud forest above 1000 m. Seven body measurements were included and morphological variation is described based on at least 17 new specimens. Sexual dimorphism is determined in, at least, eight characteristics of size and squamation. Specimens were found in epiphytic bromeliads and the ground. The populations from Sierra de Aroa and Sierra de San Luis (only one specimen known from each locality), differ from those of the Coastal Range (supposedly the nominal population) in some morphological and coloration features, suggesting that the former two could represent different taxonomical entities. A new species of Euspondylus is described based on a female (taken within a bromeliad) from Cerro El Humo, Sucre, northeastern Venezuela. It differs from congeners mainly by having keeled scales on the limbs and a very acute snout.     

Syllidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Caribbean coast of Venezuela

Venezuela possesses a great variety of coastal environments allowing for a high diversity of marine species. However, systematic studies on marine invertebrates are scarce, especially on polychaetes. The family Syllidae is poorly known, and only 14 genera and 42 species have been reported from this country. A total of 13 genera and 26 species the Syllidae were identified from benthic samples collected on different substrata of the northeastern coast of Venezuela. Of these, seven genera and 16 species constitute new records for Venezuela: Odontosyllis guillermoi, Syllides floridanus, Salvatoria clavata, Salvatoria limbata, Sphaerosyllis longicauda, Parapionosyllis longicirrata, Trypanosyllis parvidentata, Trypanosyllis vittigera, Opisthosyllis sp., Syllis amica, Syllis armillaris, Syllis gracilis, Syllis pseudoarmillaris, Syllis vittata, Parasphaerosyllis indica and Myrianida convoluta.     

Revision of the genus Froesia (Quiinaceae)

Froesia venezuelensis, a new species from Venezuela, is described, and the two previously known species ofFroesia are revised.     

A new species of Valeriana (Valerianaceae) from Venezuela

A new woody species,Valeriana rosaliana, is described from the Páramo del Rosal, Venezuela. This constitutes the seventh woody member of the genus known from Venezuela.     

The Trichoptera,Caddisflies, of Venezuela: Three New Species and Records of Atopsyche Banks (Hydrobiosidae)

Three new species of Atopsyche (Trichoptera: Hydrobiosidae) from Venezuela are described, Atopsyche (Atopsyche) allani, Atopsyche (Atopsyche) rinconi, and Atopsyche (Atopsaura) segninii, bringing to 23 the number of species in the genus known from the country. New records are presented for additional species.     

NOTES ON NORTHERN MIGRANTS OBSERVED INLAND IN BRITISH GUIANA

1. The scarcity of northern migrants in British Guiana and the South American tropics generally is commented on.
2. 40 species of migrants, exclusing rare vagrants, from North America are known to occur in British Guiana; 24 of these have been recorded from the Bartica district. In each case nearly half are waders.
3. The number of species found in the Bartica district of British Guiana is compared with the number recorded in a recent intensive study of an inland area near the Caribbean coast of northeastern Venezuela, where 12 of the 16 northern migrants noted were waders.
4. A list of migrants from North America observed at the tropical research station of the New York Zoological Society at Kartabo (Bartica district) is criticized.
5. Notes from the writer's own observations on inland occurrences in British Guiana of 19 migrants and one rare vagrant are given.
6. Notes on two other species, the Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus (a resident race occurs), and the Black Swift Nephoecetes niger , whose winter range is unknown, are included.     

A new species of Caligus (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) from the plankton of the Caribbean coast of Venezuela with a key to species

During a survey of the zooplankton community of Bahía Amuay, Venezuelan Caribbean, specimens of an undescribed species of Caligus Müller were collected. It resembles Caligus xystercus Cressey and Caligus ocyurus Cressey, both known only from the Caribbean Sea. The new species can be distinguished from these and other congeners by a combination of characters including the armature of legs 1 and 4, but mainly by its unique female genital complex. This is the first species of Caligus described from Venezuela. The species is described in full and a key to the species of the genus recorded in Venezuela is provided.     

Structural basis for the fast maturation of Arthropoda green fluorescent protein

Since the cloning of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) in 1992, a family of known GFP-like proteins has been growing rapidly. Today, it includes more than a hundred proteins with different spectral characteristics cloned from Cnidaria species. For some of these proteins, crystal structures have been solved, showing diversity in chromophore modifications and conformational states. However, we are still far from a complete understanding of the origin, functions and evolution of the GFP family. Novel proteins of the family were recently cloned from evolutionarily distant marine Copepoda species, phylum Arthropoda, demonstrating an extremely rapid generation of fluorescent signal. Here, we have generated a non-aggregating mutant of Copepoda fluorescent protein and solved its high-resolution crystal structure. It was found that the protein beta-barrel contains a pore, leading to the chromophore. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that this feature is critical for the fast maturation of the chromophore.     

Fatty acid composition of Cladocera and Copepoda from lakes of contrasting temperature

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The Cladocera and Copepoda of the Alta water-course, Northern Norway

Cladocera and Copepoda fauna, from ten lakes in the Alta water-course,northern Norway, have been collected and investigated. A totalof 42 species (34 Cladocera and 8 Copepoda) were recorded. Thenumber of Cladoceran species is high when compared with thatregistered for other areas of similar latitude, and Cladoceranspecies abundance is also greater than that reported for otherregions of northern and central Scandinavia. In addition, themean number of planktonic species present at any given timein the lakes (4.9 Cladocera and 3.4 Copepoda) was comparativelyhigh. Eight species have never been recorded as existing farthernorth than the Alta water-course, Three other species have beenrecorded at higher latitudes in North America, but not in Eurasia.Several species, of which there are only a few published records,arc rare in northern Scandinavia, and nine species were notconsidered by Illies (1978), as existing in the region of thepresent study.     

The South American Spiders of the Genus Selenops (Araneae,Selenopidae) with a Description of Three New Species

Twenty five South American species of the genus Selenops (Araneae, Selenopidae) are revised, of which three new taxa are described and illustrated: S. angelae and S. marilus (?, from Ecuador and Venezuela, respectively) and S. tiky (?, from Venezuela). Selenops ecuadorensis Berland, S. galapagoensis Banks, S. isopodus Mello-Leitão and S. melanurus Mello-Leitão are redescribed. Diagnostic characters of previously known species are given and the male palp and female genitalia are described and illustrated, some for the first time. New data on geographic distribution extend the ranges of some previously known species. A key to South American species is provided for the first time. En este trabajo se revisa el género Selenops (Araneae, Selenopidae) para América del Sur. Este género está representado por 25 especies, de las cuales aqu¡ se describen e ilustran tres especies nuevas, S. angelae y S. marilus (conocidas sólo por el macho de Ecuador y Venezuela, respectivamente) y S. tiky (sólo por la hembra de Venezuela). Se redescriben Selenops ecuadorensis Berland, S. galapagoensi s Banks, S. isopodus Mello-Leitão y S. melanurus Mello-Leitão y se ilustran, en algunos casos por primera vez, la genitalia de la hembra y el palpo del macho de todas las especies sudamericanas de Selenops. Se da la diagnosis de cada especie, se presentan mapas ampliando el área de distribución de la mayoría de las especies conocidas y se proporciona la primera clave para las especies sudamericanas.     

Systematics of Chimarrita, a new subgenus of Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

The subgenus Chimarrita of the genus Chimarra is erected to include three described species, formerly placed in the subgenus Chimarra , and fifteen new species, all with distributions in the Greater Antilles or South America. A phylogeny for the species in the subgenus, and characters supporting monophyly of the subgenus Chimarrita , are proposed, as well as evidence for the monophyly of the subgenera Chimarra and Curgia . Keys are provided for the males and known females of the subgenus. Described species transferred to this subgenus are Chimarra simpliciforma Flint, Chimarra rosalesi Flint, and Chimarra maldonadoi Flint. Chimarra simpliciforma is designated the type species for the subgenus. New species in Chimarra ( Chimarrita ) described in this paper include: Chimarra akantha (Brazil), C . camella (Brazil), C . camura (Brazil), C . chela (Venezuela), C . forcipata (Venezuela), C . heligma (Brazil), C . heppneri (Peru), C . kontilos (Brazil), C . majuscula (Brazil), C . merengue (Dominican Republic), C . neblina (Venezuela), C . prolata (Ecuador), C . pusilla (Venezuela), C . tortuosa (Brazil), and C . xingu (Brazil).     

New taxa from Cerro Marahuaca,Venezuela

Two new species,Siphocampylus tillettii (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) andDuidaea marahuacensis (Asteraceae), are described from the summit of Cerro Marahuaca, Venezuela. These constitute the first records of any species known from the summit of this sandstone tepui.