细胞周期中DNA复制的控制

细胞周期中ＤＮＡ复制的控制陆长德（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所２０００３１）真核细胞ＤＮＡ复制发生在细胞周期的Ｓ期,细胞ＤＮＡ复制的控制从狭义上看发生在ＤＮＡ复制的起始上;从广义上看,也发生在参与ＤＮＡ复制的酶和蛋白质因子的基因表达调控上。关于这些调控机制虽然远还没搞清,但也取得了一些进展,与近来细胞生物学,以及肿瘤研究的一些进展结合起来,可以说已初露端倪。进一步研究真核细胞ＤＮＡ复制的控制进一步研究真核细胞DNA复制的控制无疑对于搞清细胞周期在G1\S 期的控制机制具有重要意义。 要意义。     

单股环DNA病毒基因组的复制及其转录调控因子结合序列

单股环ＤＮＡ病毒基因组的复制及其转录调控因子结合序列崔治中（扬州大学农学院兽医系,生物技术系,扬州２２５００１）关键词单股环ＤＮＡ病毒,基因组复制,调控区结构最近定名的单股环ＤＮＡ病毒科（Ｃｉｒｃｏｖｉｒｉｄａｅ）是迄今为止发现的一类最小的动物病毒。...     

DNA连接酶的结构与功能

在ＤＮＡ合成中 ,合成方向为 5′→ 3′ ,即一条链上是连续复制的 ,而另一条链的复制是不连续的 ,必须先合成岗崎片段 (真核细胞的岗崎片段为 10 0ｂｐ ,原核细胞的为 10 0 0ｂｐ)。ＤＮＡ连接酶的作用就是催化岗崎片段的连接以完成ＤＮＡ的合成。另外 ,ＤＮＡ连接酶在ＤＮＡ修复过程中也起重要作用 ,如在切除修复中 ,切除损伤的ＤＮＡ片段 ,以未受损伤的链作为模板合成一条新的ＤＮＡ链后 ,ＤＮＡ连接酶将新合成的ＤＮＡ链与原来的ＤＮＡ链之间的缺口封闭完成ＤＮＡ的修复。ＤＮＡ链未封闭的缺口对细胞具有潜在的危险性 ,所以 ,ＤＮＡ连接…     

线粒体和核基因的协作

约占９０％的线粒体蛋白质是核基因（ｎＲＮＡ）的产物,线粒体基因组（ｍｔＲＮＡ）表达产物常与核编码的成分组成复合物发挥作用,此外ｎＤＮＡ对ｍｔＤＮＡ的复制、表达以及线粒体组装均起调控作用。线粒体中代谢物信号、反应氧族可影响ｎＤＮＡ的表达。     

分子生物学研究的好材料──大肠杆菌（下）（分裂繁殖和染色体复制）

由于大肠杆菌生长迅速,操作方便,使之成为分子生物学研究的好材料。大肠杆菌的分裂、复制、基因表达及调控、遗传重组等已研究得十分清楚,并已成为原核生物的模式。本文简要介绍大肠杆菌的分裂繁殖,染色体ＤＮＡ的双向复制及染色体复制与细胞分裂的关系。     

分子生物学研究的好材料——大肠杆菌（下）

由于大肠杆菌生长迅速、制作方便,使之成为分子生物学研究的好材料,大肠杆菌的分裂、复制、基因表达及调控、遗传重组等已研究得十分清楚,并已成为原核生物的模式。本文简要介绍大肠杆菌的分裂繁殖,染色体ＤＮＡ的双向复制及染色体复制与细胞分裂的关系。     

流感病毒反向遗传操作及相关分子生物学研究

负链ＲＮＡ病毒由于其基因组ＲＮＡ和ｃＤＮＡ不具备感染性,限制了转染方法的建立和病毒复制及其调控等分子生物学研究。流感病毒核蛋白体（ＲＮＰ）转染方法和反向遗传操作的建立,使负链ＲＮＡ病毒复制及其调控、病毒载体改造和应用等研究成为现实。本文回顾了流感病毒反向遗传操作方法的研究进展及其在流感病毒复制调控和流感病毒载体构建等相关分子生物学研究中的应用。     

真核DNA复制机制的研究进展

人们对原核细胞ＤＮＡ复制机制早已有较深入的了解 ,但对真核细胞ＤＮＡ复制机制的认识 ,直到 90年代中期才比较清楚。ＳＶ40ＤＮＡ复制系统是研究真核染色体ＤＮＡ复制的理想体系。在ＳＶ40ＤＮＡ复制系统中由病毒编码的唯一的复制因子是Ｔ抗原 ,其余的复制因子全依赖于宿主细胞。利用纯化的蛋白质或人细胞抽提物在体外重新构建ＳＶ40ＤＮＡ复制体系 ,可以细致、深入地研究真核ＤＮＡ复制的起始、延伸和滞后链的成熟。1 .在ＤＮＡ复制的起始至延伸阶段发生ＤＮＡ聚合酶α/δ转换哺乳动物细胞有 5种ＤＮＡ聚合酶 (α、β、γ、δ、ε、)。由…     

原核生物DNA的程序性复制

原核生物ＤＮＡ的程序性复制薛建华明镇寰（杭州大学生命科学学院,杭州３１００１２）关键词聚合酶Ⅲ全酶复制叉程序性ＤＮＡ的复制是一个复杂的过程,需要各种蛋白质、酶之间及蛋白质与ＤＮＡ之间的相互作用,才能顺利完成。原核生物（如Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ）是以ＤＮＡ聚合酶...     

周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制因子p21Cip1的研究进展

ｐ２１Ｃｉｐ１是广泛的ＣＤＫ－ｃｙｃｌｉｎ抑制因子。它的表达受ｐ５３的正调控,也可不依赖于ｐ５３。它与ＰＣＮＡ结合抑制ＤＮＡ的复制,同时又允许ＤＮＡ损伤的切除修复。近两年的研究还表明它与细胞分化密切相关,但它与癌症的相关性并不确定。     

转基因植物作为生物反应器生产口蹄疫疫苗的研究进展

利用转基因植物作为生物反应器表达重组蛋白,生产外源蛋白质作为动物疫苗是一个很有吸引力的廉价生产系统,它有可能代替生产成本较高的传统疫苗的发酵生产系统。通过口蹄疫病毒VP1结构蛋白基因在转基因植物中的表达,口蹄疫疫苗已在植物中产生。在植物中生产的抗原能够保持其自身的免疫原性。本文简要综述了近十年来用转基因植物作为生物反应器生产口蹄疫疫苗的研究进展、特点及其应用前景 。     

猕猴神经系统器官蛋白水解酶种类和性质研究

实验以太行山猕猴为材料,用活性电脉（Ｇ－ＰＡＧＥ）方法分析研究了神经系统中蛋白水解酶的种类、活性及ｐＨ依赖性,结果表明：（１）神经系统各部分均具有３１、３０、２９ｋｕ三种酸性蛋白水解酶;（２）９４ｋｕ的中性蛋不解酶普遍存在于神经系统各器官中;（３）在中性和碱性条件下,坐骨神经中蛋白水解酶活性较强,其余部分生微弱。     

Prereplicative complexes assembled in vitro support origin‐dependent and independent DNA replication

Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates from multiple replication origins. To ensure each origin fires just once per cell cycle, initiation is divided into two biochemically discrete steps: the Mcm2‐7 helicase is first loaded into prereplicative complexes (pre‐RCs) as an inactive double hexamer by the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdt1 and Cdc6; the helicase is then activated by a set of “firing factors.” Here, we show that plasmids containing pre‐RCs assembled with purified proteins support complete and semi‐conservative replication in extracts from budding yeast cells overexpressing firing factors. Replication requires cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) and Dbf4‐dependent kinase (DDK). DDK phosphorylation of Mcm2‐7 does not by itself promote separation of the double hexamer, but is required for the recruitment of firing factors and replisome components in the extract. Plasmid replication does not require a functional replication origin; however, in the presence of competitor DNA and limiting ORC concentrations, replication becomes origin‐dependent in this system. These experiments indicate that Mcm2‐7 double hexamers can be precursors of replication and provide insight into the nature of eukaryotic DNA replication origins.     

DNA聚合酶在维持基因组稳定性中的多重功能及其相关疾病

遗传物质的稳定传递是生命繁衍的根本。基因组DNA的精确复制和分配是遗传物质传递的基础,也是细胞周期两大最核心的生物学事件。DNA聚合酶作为催化合成DNA双链的酶,是复制过程中最重要的因子之一。尽管对这类酶的研究已有将近60年的历史,但依然是生命科学基础研究的前沿之一。真核生物中已知的DNA聚合酶有十几种,它们不仅参与正常基因组DNA合成过程,也参与DNA损伤情况下多种修复过程。如此众多的具有不同特性的DNA聚合酶在细胞内是如何分工与合作的,在正常细胞传代与环境胁迫等情况下维护基因组稳定性中的关键作用及其分子机制又是什么。更有意思的是,最近的肿瘤细胞比较基因组数据表明,多种DNA聚合酶基因突变与某些肿瘤和遗传疾病相关,从而为这些疾病致病机理研究与诊治提供了新的思路和方法。对上述DNA聚合酶相关核心问题的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

The MMS22L–TONSL heterodimer directly promotes RAD51‐dependent recombination upon replication stress

Homologous recombination (HR) is a key pathway that repairs DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) and helps to restart stalled or collapsed replication forks. How HR supports replication upon genotoxic stress is not understood. Using in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that the MMS22L–TONSL heterodimer localizes to replication forks under unperturbed conditions and its recruitment is increased during replication stress in human cells. MMS22L–TONSL associates with replication protein A (RPA)‐coated ssDNA, and the MMS22L subunit directly interacts with the strand exchange protein RAD51. MMS22L is required for proper RAD51 assembly at DNA damage sites in vivo, and HR‐mediated repair of stalled forks is abrogated in cells expressing a MMS22L mutant deficient in RAD51 interaction. Similar to the recombination mediator BRCA2, recombinant MMS22L–TONSL limits the assembly of RAD51 on dsDNA, which stimulates RAD51‐ssDNA nucleoprotein filament formation and RAD51‐dependent strand exchange activity in vitro. Thus, by specifically regulating RAD51 activity at uncoupled replication forks, MMS22L–TONSL stabilizes perturbed replication forks by promoting replication fork reversal and stimulating their HR‐mediated restart in vivo.     

Cdk1 and Cdk2 activity levels determine the efficiency of replication origin firing in Xenopus

In this paper, we describe how, in a model embryonic system, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity controls the efficiency of DNA replication by determining the frequency of origin activation. Using independent approaches of protein depletion and selective chemical inhibition of a single Cdk, we find that both Cdk1 and Cdk2 are necessary for efficient DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts. Eliminating Cdk1, Cdk2 or their associated cyclins changes replication origin spacing, mainly by decreasing frequency of activation of origin clusters. Although there is no absolute requirement for a specific Cdk or cyclin, Cdk2 and cyclin E contribute more to origin cluster efficiency than Cdk1 and cyclin A. Relative Cdk activity required for DNA replication is very low, and even when both Cdk1 and Cdk2 are strongly inhibited, some origins are activated. However, at low levels, Cdk activity is limiting for the pre-replication complex to pre-initiation complex transition, origin activation and replication efficiency. As such, unlike mitosis, initiation of DNA replication responds progressively to changes in Cdk activity at low activity levels.     

Eucaryotic DNA Replication Complex: Study of Structure and Function Using the Affinity Modification Technique

Eucaryotic DNA replication complex is now one of the most intensively studied subjects of molecular biology and biochemistry. In addition to detailed studies on the structures and functions of individual DNA polymerases involved in this process, other enzymes and protein factors are also given much attention. The structures and functions of proteins in the replication complexes are studied by various approaches, including X-ray diffraction analysis. At present, this approach provides sufficient information about the structures and functions of individual biopolymers and their complexes with ligands. However, this approach is unsuitable for studies on proteins, which cannot be cloned and isolated in amounts sufficient for X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, this approach is inapplicable for studies on multicomponent systems, such as DNA replication and repair complexes. Furthermore, data of X-ray diffraction analysis virtually never characterize the variety of dynamic interactions in enzymatic systems. Affinity modification is an alternative and rather successful approach for studies on structure-functional organization of supramolecular structures. This approach can be used for studies on individual enzymes and their complexes with substrates and also on systems consisting of numerous interacting proteins and nucleic acids. The purpose of this review is to analyze the available data obtained by affinity modification studies on the eucaryotic replication complex.     

Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotes is an intriguing cascade of protein interactions

Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication is a complex process including the recognition of initiation sites on DNA, multi-step DNA preparation for duplication, and assembly of multi-protein complexes capable of beginning DNA synthesis at initiation sites. The process starts at the late M phase and lasts till the appropriate time of the S phase for each initiation site. A chain of interesting interactions between Orc1p-6p, Cdc6p, Mcm2p-7p, Mcm10p, Cdt1, Cdc45p, Dbf4/Cdc7p, RPA, and DNA polymerase takes place during this period. The sequence of these interactions is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases, as well as by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in the proteasome. This review summarizes the data on proteins initiating DNA replication and factors controlling their activities.     

The role of SMARCAL1 in replication fork stability and telomere maintenance

SMARCAL1 (SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A-Like 1), also known as HARP, is an ATP-dependent annealing helicase that stabilizes replication forks during DNA damage. Mutations in this gene are the cause of Schimke immune-osseous dysplasia (SIOD), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by T-cell immunodeficiency and growth dysfunctions. In this review, we summarize the main roles of SMARCAL1 in DNA repair, telomere maintenance and replication fork stability in response to DNA replication stress.