新疆2种盐生补血草营养器官的解剖学研究

采用叶片离析法和石蜡切片法,对生长在新疆盐渍环境中的大叶补血草[Limonium gmelinii(Willd.) Kuntze]和耳叶补血草[Limoniumotolepis(Schrenk) Kuntze]的营养器官解剖学特征进行了观察研究.结果显示,2种补血草属典型泌盐植物,茎和叶片表皮上分布有多细胞组成的盐腺;叶表皮细胞排列紧密,其外切向壁增厚,表皮外还被有厚的角质层;上下表皮都有气孔,气孔与表皮细胞平齐,为不等型气孔;其中大叶补血草为异面叶,而耳叶补血草为等面叶.2种补血草茎中都散生有多轮维管束;大叶补血草根中还有大量通气组织等.研究结果表明,2种补血草的解剖结构表现出与其生境相适应的特征.     

两种忍冬属植物叶表皮扫描电镜观察及其生态适应性的研究

利用扫描电镜观察2种忍冬属植物的叶表皮形态特征,观察指标包括气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞等。扫描电镜观察结果表明:气孔仅分布在下表皮,气孔器散生并为无规则型;下表皮密被表皮毛(包括腺状毛和非腺毛);上表皮细胞的垂周壁呈沟槽状下陷;同时在下表皮还分布有瘤状的草酸钙簇晶。为进一步研究这2种忍冬属植物叶的形态解剖特征,通过光学显微镜观察发现,叶均为异面叶,栅栏组织发达,细胞长柱形;海绵组织细胞类圆形,排列紧密;叶脉机械组织发达。以上这些构造特征,都有利于减少植物体水分的散失,以适应我国西南岩溶区干旱环境特征。通过进一步分析电镜观察结果,发现在忍冬叶的上表皮中脉处有呈线状分布的腺状表皮毛,而华南忍冬叶的上表皮则无表皮毛分布,这一微形态特征可以作为二者种间特异性差别,从而为二者的合理区分提供一定的依据。     

沉香叶解剖结构的研究

通过石蜡切片法,光学显微镜观察,研究了沉香叶的解剖结构。结果表明,沉香叶为典型的异面叶,但具有许多旱生特征。表皮由一层排列紧密的形状不规则的表皮细胞组成,细胞外壁角质膜较厚,上表皮角质膜较下表皮的厚3.48μm,下表皮上零星分布着单细胞表皮毛,气孔类型为无规则型,仅分布在下表皮上,微下陷;叶肉组织发达,其间分布着较多的长方晶体,其长轴与表皮垂直;栅栏组织由1～2层圆柱形细胞组成,其外层细胞转化为异细胞,栅栏组织∶海面组织为1∶3.5,下表皮内具有1～2层由异细胞组成的下皮层;主脉发达,有异细胞组成的维管束鞘,具内生韧皮部;叶内具有发达的木质部外纤维。以上特征反映出植物结构与环境的统一性。     

广西石韦属七种植物叶片结构与孢子形态的比较研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了石韦属7种植物叶片的形态结构。结果显示:7种植物的叶片均属异面叶,且具典型的旱生叶结构;表皮大多为复表皮,表皮细胞排列紧密,主脉表面覆有厚角质膜,表皮毛为星状毛,由多细胞组成;气孔集中分布于下表皮,气孔类型为围绕型,气孔器略下陷;孢子两侧对称,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或超半圆形,表面饰纹为瘤状饰纹。石韦属7种植物的叶表皮细胞形状、表皮毛、表皮细胞垂周壁式样、气孔密度等解剖结构均表现出一定的种间差异,这些特征可为石韦属植物种间分类提供依据。     

白木香叶解剖结构的研究

用石蜡切片法制片,光学显微镜观察,研究白木香叶的解剖结构。结果表明,白木香叶为典型的异面叶,但同时还表现出许多旱生形态。表皮由一层排列紧密形状不规则的表皮细胞组成,细胞外壁角质膜较厚。上表皮角质膜一般较下表皮角质膜厚1μm,下表皮上零星分布着单细胞表皮毛。气孔仅分布在下表皮上,微下陷,气孔类型为无规则型。叶肉组织发达,其间分布着较多的长方晶体,其细胞长轴与表皮垂直。栅栏组织由1—2层排列整齐的圆柱形细胞组成。栅栏组织的外层细胞转化为异细胞,海绵组织内具有一层由异细胞组成的下皮层;横切面上栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度之比为1：3。主脉发达,有异细胞组成的维管束鞘,具双生韧皮部。叶内具有发达的木质部外纤维。这些特征与旱生环境相适应。     

中国蔷薇属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜,对30种中国蔷薇属植物叶表皮的微形态特征进行了观察。结果表明:叶表皮细胞一般为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁平直、平直弓状、波状、浅波状和深波状式样;该属植物的叶表皮细胞大小种间差异较大,总体来看上表皮几乎全为多边形细胞,且上表皮细胞比下表皮细胞略大;在扫描电镜下观察,大部分细胞的平周壁下陷,仅部分细胞的平周壁突起;叶表皮角质层纹饰多样、即使同一个种的上下表皮细胞角质层纹饰微形态特征也有差异;大多植物叶片表面具柔毛,均为单毛,有长柔毛和短柔毛,大部分种类的柔毛基部无特化,其基部由普通的表皮细胞围绕着,少部分种类的柔毛基部由几个特化的辐射状细胞围绕着,少数植物无毛;有些植物叶表面或叶脉上还分布有腺毛;除了单叶蔷薇亚属的小蘗叶蔷薇1个种的上下表皮均分布有气孔器外,其余蔷薇亚属的29种植物的气孔器均分布在下表皮,形状为椭圆形、宽椭圆形和长椭圆形三种,气孔器类型有无规则型、不规则四细胞型、对位四细胞型、环列型和辐射型;气孔器外拱盖内缘近平滑或呈深浅不同的波状、气孔器外拱盖纹饰光滑或粗糙,大多植物气孔器的保卫细胞两级T型加厚;另外,只有小蘗叶蔷薇的气孔器具双层外拱盖且仅上表皮被毛等特征也说明了其在演化上的特殊地位,蔷薇属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内各组间无明确的规律性,但可为探讨该属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

27种木犀属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了27种木犀属植物的叶表皮,测量并统计了气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数及腺点密度等指标,以明确各种的叶表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、表皮角质膜、蜡质纹饰及气孔外拱盖的具体特征。结果显示:木犀属植物叶下表皮有气孔器,形状为圆形、椭圆形;气孔器类型多为不规则型,只有总状桂花和狭叶木犀为环列型;气孔器外围角质层有放射状、条状、环状、颗粒状等多种类型;叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种;下表皮腺点的数目远远大于上表皮。研究表明,木犀属植物气孔器和叶表皮细胞特征在种之间差异比较明显,可以作为种间鉴定的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。     

多花黄精五个居群叶片的比较解剖学研究

利用石蜡切片技术、叶表皮离析法和电镜扫描技术,对多花黄精五个居群的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。观察发现:多花黄精五个居群的叶肉细胞中均具有内含针晶束的异细胞,叶表皮细胞为长方形、不规则形或椭圆形,垂周壁一般为平直和弧形;有的居群下表皮有单细胞表皮毛分布。在扫描电镜下,角质层纹饰多为鳞片状。结果表明叶表皮特征,如:气孔器大小、气孔器指数、气孔器密度、气孔器分布特征、角质层纹饰及表皮毛的分布等受环境因子影响较大,同种不同居群间有一定差异,而叶肉的构成、内含物(如针晶束)、气孔器类型、表皮细胞形状等具有种间稳定性,可以作为分类的依据。     

假瘤蕨属 (水龙骨科) 植物叶表皮特征的比较研究

在光镜和扫描电镜下观察了假瘤蕨属2系、5亚系的24种植物的叶表皮。结果表明,叶表皮细胞形状不规则,垂周壁波曲状。下生气孔,气孔类型有极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚腋下细胞型和不规则型,常伴生出现。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为浅波状、少平滑;一些种的保卫细胞两端有“T”型加厚;角质膜波状有条纹,有时附有颗粒。叶表皮的一些特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。叶表皮的微形态特征,如气孔器类型和垂周壁类型特征不能用来界定假瘤蕨属的系和亚系。     

稀有植物香果树叶解剖结构的研究

通过石蜡切片法制片,光学显微镜观察,Motic显微摄像,研究了香果树（Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.）的叶形态解剖结构。结果表明,香果树叶为典型异面叶;表皮由一层紧密的形状不规则的表皮细胞组成,细胞外壁角质膜较薄;气孔类型为平列型,仅分布于下表皮;下表皮上零星分布着多细胞表皮毛;叶肉组织发达,栅栏组织由1~2层排列整齐的圆柱形细胞构成;海绵组织枝状分布,排列极为疏松,细胞间隙大;叶脉主脉发达;上述特征反映出植物结构与环境的统一性。     

五种高山藏医药用植物茎叶的结构特征研究

通过对青藏高原东北部３８００ｍ至５１００ｍ处生长的五种高山藏医药用植物茎叶的解剖观察发现,这些植物的叶表皮单层,气孔不下陷,但叶肉中的栅栏细胞多层,有的叶表面密被表皮毛、角质膜厚,茎叶中普遍形成发达的通气组织。这些特征是高寒地区空气稀薄、气温低、日照辐射强等外界条件长期作用的结果。     

狭叶柴胡各器官结构与其分泌道的分布规律

采用石蜡切片法对狭叶柴胡全株不同器官的结构及各器官中分泌道的分布特征进行了解剖学观察研究.结果表明:(1)狭叶柴胡的主根从外向内由周皮、中柱鞘薄壁细胞环和次生维管组织组成,其中柱鞘薄壁细胞环是不同于一般双子叶植物根的一种结构;茎从外到内由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成;叶为等面叶,其上、下表皮内都具栅栏组织;花主要由花瓣、雄蕊...     

Aerenchyma Carbon Dioxide Can Be Assimilated in Typha Iatifolia L. Leaves

Leaf structural characteristics and gas-exchange measurements were used to determine whether photosynthetic tissue of Typha Iatifolia L. (cattail) utilized CO2 from the aerenchyma gas spaces, part of an internal pathway for gas transport in this wetland species. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in these aerenchyma gas spaces can be more than 10 times atmospheric pCO2. The photosynthetic tissue occurred in structurally similar adaxial and abaxial palisades, which were distinctly separated from each other by the aerenchyma gas spaces. In each palisade there were three to four layers of tightly packed, nonchlorophyllous cells separating the photosynthetic tissue from the aerenchyma gas space. Different lines of evidence indicated that CO2 conductance in the light was significantly greater across the epidermal surface than across the internal surface of both palisades. However, at an epidermal pCO2 of 350 [mu]bars and an internal pCO2 of 820 [mu]bars, the net rates of CO2 uptake (PN) across the epidermal and internal surfaces were about equal. PN across the internal surface was greater than across the epidermal surface at higher internal pCO2. Gas space pCO2 can be greater than 820 [mu]bars in the field, and therefore, PN across the internal surface could be a significant proportion of epidermal surface PN.     

两种盐生植物解剖结构的生态适应性

结合对研究区域土壤水分和盐分的分析,对3种不同生境下梭梭和多枝柽柳两种荒漠盐生植物光合器官解剖结构的研究表明:梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)依靠当年生绿色同化枝进行光合作用,且同化枝具有发达的贮水组织,是典型的超旱生稀盐盐生植物;同化枝的栅栏组织富含叶绿体,是C_4高光效植物,提高了植物的光合作用效率,进一步增强了梭梭对荒漠干旱、盐渍化环境的适应能力.多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)同化枝及叶的表皮上均具下陷的气孔和泌盐腺,是旱生泌盐盐生植物;叶为全栅型,且同化枝具有发达的维管柱,占同化枝直径的60%以上,此外,其同化枝及叶的表皮细胞外凸形成乳状突,是一种环境胁迫指示结构.这些特征均能说明梭梭和多枝柽柳具有很好的抗旱、耐盐碱能力,且作为荒漠环境的优势树种,它们对荒漠生态系统的恢复和重建有积极意义.     

Supercooling of xylem ray parenchyma cells in tropical and subtropical hardwood species

 The freezing behavior of xylem ray parenchyma cells in several woody species, Ficus elastica, F. microcarpa, Mangifera indica, Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis, and Schefflera arboricola, that are native to non-frost tropical and subtropical zones, was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and freeze-replica electron microscopy. Although profiles after DTA did not exhibit clear evidence of supercooling in the xylem ray parenchyma cells, electron microscopy revealed that the majority of xylem ray parenchyma cells in all of the woody species examined were supercooled to around –10°C upon freezing temperatures and were not frozen extracellularly. It seems likely that DTA failed to reveal the low temperature exotherm (LTE), that is produced by breakdown of supercooling in the xylem ray parenchyma cells as a consequence of the overlap between the high temperature exotherm and the LTE in each case. The xylem ray parenchyma cells in these woody species were very sensitive to dehydration, and supercooling had, to some extent, a protective effect against freezing injury. It is suggested that the capacity for supercooling of xylem ray parenchyma cells of tropical and subtropical woody species might be the result of inherent structural characteristics, such as rigid cell walls and compact xylem tissues, rather than the result of positive adaptation to freezing temperatures. The present and previous results together indicate that the responses of xylem ray parenchyma cells in a wide variety of hardwood species to freezing temperatures can be explained as a continuum, the specifics of which depend upon the temperatures of the growing conditions. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted: 13 May 1997     

Seasonal changes in the freezing behavior of xylem ray parenchyma cells in four boreal hardwood species

The freezing behavior of xylem ray parenchyma cells in several boreal hardwood species, namely, Betula platyphylla, Populus canadensis, P. sieboldii, and Salix sachalinensis, was examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM), and freeze-fracture replica electron microscopy. Although DTA profiles of samples harvested in summer and in winter suggested that the xylem ray parenchyma cells in all four species responded to freezing stress by extracellular freezing, Cryo-SEM showed clearly that the xylem ray parenchyma cells in all these species responded to freezing stress by shallow supercooling in summer and by extracellular freezing in winter. It is suggested that DTA failed to reveal the true freezing behavior of xylem ray parenchyma cells because of an overlap of temperature ranges between the high-temperature exotherm and the low-temperature exotherm and/or because of the limited extent of the LTE. The seasonal changes in freezing behavior of xylem ray parenchyma cells in all these boreal species, which are results of seasonal cold acclimation, support the hypothesis that a gradual shift of freezing behavior in xylem ray parenchyma cells from shallow supercooling in hardwood species that grow in tropical zones to extracellular freezing in hardwood species that grow in cold areas might be a result of the evolutionary adaptation of hardwood species to cold climates. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

A layered rhabdom in an isopod (Crustacea). A case of convergent development

The isopod species Astacilla longicornis (Sowerby) has a layered rhabdom, which is the first case reported in isopod crustaceans. The rhabdom comprises the rhabdomeres of six retinular cells. It is surrounded by an extracellular palisade. Usually, palisades are intracellular in arthropods. A layered rhabdom is found in taxonomically widely separated groups within the Arthropoda and no intermediate forms are found between the different, highly specialized rhabdom types present. It is concluded that the layered rhabdom represents an example of convergent development.     

Lignification and lignin heterogeneity for various age classes of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) stems

The lignification process and lignin heterogeneity of fibre, vessel and parenchyma cell walls for various age classes of bamboo stems of Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel were investigated. It was shown that protoxylem vessels lignified in the early stage of vascular bundle differentiation, metaxylem vessel and fibre walls initiated lignification from the middle lamella and cell corners after the completion of vascular bundle differentiation. Most of the parenchyma cell walls lignified after the stem reached its full height, while a few parenchyma cells remained non-lignified even in the mature culm. The cell walls of fibres and most parenchyma cells thickened further during the stem growth to form polylamellate structure and the lignification process of these cells may last even up to 7 years. The fibre walls were rich in guaiacyl lignin in the early stage of lignification, and lignin rich in syringyl units were deposited in the later stage. Vessel walls mainly contained guaiacyl lignin, while both guaiacyl and syringyl lignin were present in the fibre and parenchyma cell walls.     

Morphological and anatomical characteristics and taxonomical significance of achene micromorphology of Achillea phrygia and A. gypsicola (Asteraceae), endemic to Turkey

Micromorphological and anatomical characters of two Achillea L. species, A . phrygia Boiss. & Bal. and A. gypsicola Hub-Mor., which are endemic to Turkey, were investigated. It was observed that stem length, corymb width, number of capitula and median phyllary shape were diagnostic characters. In the anatomical studies, cross sections were taken from roots, stem and leaves. It was observed that roots of the investigated taxa had a secondary thickening. Endodermis and collenchyma layers were prominent in the stem of both taxa and they had a bifacial mesophyll while the layers of the mesophyll varied. Stomata were anomocytic in both species. We found that there was a significant difference in terms of width of epidermis cells and length of cortex cells in the root, epidermis width and length, collenchyma and parenchyma cells, endodermis length, diameter of trachea of stem, length of upper epidermis cells, width of lower epidermis cells, length of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma cells, diameter of trachea and stomata length of leaf between the two taxa (p<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to describe the micromorphology of trichomes and achenes. In A. phrygia , long and eglandular trichomes were more dense on the stem and leaf epidermis. Achene micromorphological characteristics such as size, shape and achene coat were considered to be useful in separating the investigated species.     

地黄叶和茎的解剖学及组织化学研究

采用解剖学和组织化学方法对地黄叶和茎的显微结构以及梓醇、多糖的分布进行观察研究,以明确梓醇和多糖在地黄叶和茎中的分布特征。结果显示:(1)地黄叶的上、下表皮均分布有腺毛和非腺毛,腺毛都属于头状腺毛,包括长柄和短柄的头状腺毛,两类腺毛的分泌物化学成分主要是黄酮和多糖;叶的上、下表皮上都分布有无规则型气孔,下表皮的气孔密度比上表皮的大,但气孔指数相差不大;栅栏组织由2～3层薄壁细胞构成,排列紧密,海绵组织薄壁细胞形状无规则,细胞间隙大。(2)组织化学研究表明,海绵组织中黄斑样的薄壁细胞是梓醇和多糖的贮存场所,这类薄壁细胞在叶片边缘的齿末端处最为集中,茎的皮层、韧皮部和木质部的薄壁细胞也都是梓醇和多糖的贮存场所。