两种盲蝽的抗药性监测

本文从2009到2011年连续3年用马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、三氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、硫丹6种杀虫药剂诊断剂量监测了河北、河南、山东、安徽等重要棉产区绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)田间种群的抗药性。2010年马拉硫磷诊断剂量处理河北邱县、安徽望江田间种群死亡率95%以上;毒死蜱诊断剂量河南郑州、山东滨州,安徽地区的田间绿盲蝽死亡率大于80%;三氟氯氰菊酯诊断剂量死亡率接近95%以上;2010年安徽望江、2011年河北邱县、山东滨州、安徽无为田间种群在吡虫啉诊断剂量下的死亡率在78%～90%。点滴法对2011年各地绿盲蝽种群抗药性监测表明,各地绿盲蝽对毒死蜱、灭多威、吡虫啉均处于敏感阶段,对于马拉硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹大多处于低抗水平阶段。在对中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev3年的抗性监测中,作者发现种群抗性个体频率的出现更为普遍。     

两种室内生物测定方法评价杀虫剂对绿盲蝽的相对毒力

随着Bt棉在我国的广泛种植, 绿盲蝽Lygocoris lucorum Meyer-Dür的危害日益加重。化学防治作为棉田盲蝽综合治理的重要策略, 仍是其主要的防治手段。本研究主要用闪烁管药膜法和点滴法两种测定方法评价了传统杀虫剂、新型杀虫剂等30种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫的急性触杀毒力, 其中多种杀虫剂是首次使用两种生测方法同时进行毒力测定。结果表明：有机氯类、有机磷类、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类等传统杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫具有较高的触杀活性。8种对绿盲蝽成虫具有较高毒力的药剂, 其中5种为传统杀虫剂, 分别为马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、灭多威和硫丹。新型吡咯类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽表现出较高毒力, 以氟虫腈的毒力最高, 两种生测方法测定的LC₅₀分别为0.13 μg·mL^-1 和 0.15 μg·mL^-1。而昆虫生长调节剂、抗生素类及植物源杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫没有明显的触杀活性。     

河南省绿盲蝽对有机磷类杀虫剂的抗药性监测

【目的】全面了解河南省绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)对有机磷杀虫剂的敏感性变化,可为该虫的有效防治提供科学依据。【方法】采用瓶膜法于2010—2013年系统监测了河南新乡、周口、南阳地区绿盲蝽田间种群对毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷和乙酰甲胺磷4种常用有机磷杀虫剂的敏感性。【结果】相对于室内敏感种群,2010—2013年河南省各地绿盲蝽种群对不同有机磷杀虫剂表现出不同程度的敏感性变化,但相对毒力比值均小于5倍。其中对毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷和乙酰甲胺磷的敏感性均未降低,且3个种群对马拉硫磷表现为敏感性增强。【结论】毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷和乙酰甲胺磷仍是河南省防治绿盲蝽的有效药剂。     

禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜玻璃管药膜法敏感毒力基线的建立

【目的】建立禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae（Fabricius）对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线。【方法】从田间采集麦蚜在实验室内饲养30代以上,利用玻璃管药膜法测定其对杀虫剂的敏感度,每条毒力基线为2次以上独立测定数据合并后的计算结果。【结果】用玻璃管药膜法建立了包括新烟碱类、吡啶类、氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类共22个药剂品种对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3 h的敏感毒力基线。禾谷缢管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.02和0.007 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.124 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC₅₀值为0.0026~0.70 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.005~0.065 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC₅₀值为0.033~0.240 μg/cm²。麦长管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.15和0.12 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.41 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC50值为0.005~0.76 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.018~0.36 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC50值为0.20~2.94 μg/cm²。【结论】建立的两种麦蚜对22种杀虫药剂的相对敏感基线,包括当前所有可能用于防治麦蚜的药剂,可以用于以后麦蚜抗药性监测或其他相关研究的参照;禾谷缢管蚜对药剂的敏感度高于麦长管蚜。     

四种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对中黑盲蝽发育和繁殖的影响

使用瓶膜法确定4种常用杀虫剂（毒死蜱、硫丹、氯氟氰菊酯和吡虫啉）对中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev 1日龄成虫的亚致死剂量（LC₁₀,LC₂₀和LC₃₀）,并研究了其对中黑盲蝽的亚致死效应。结果表明：4种杀虫剂L₂₀剂量处理成虫均能降低雌雄虫的寿命,延长下一代卵的发育历期,但对卵的孵化率没有显著的影响;毒死蜱和硫丹能缩短产卵前期,氯氟氰菊酯和吡虫啉能降低产卵量。毒死蜱亚致死剂量LC₁₀和LC₃₀处理过的成虫与未处理过的成虫交叉配对后雌雄虫寿命均显著缩短;LC10各交叉处理能够缩短产卵历期,降低单雌产卵量和卵的孵化率,延长卵的发育历期;LC₃₀♀×CK♂和LC₃₀♀×LC₃₀♂的下代若虫存活率为28.00％和36.36％,显著低于对照71.88%。结果说明这4种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量对中黑盲蝽生殖均有不利影响,接触杀虫剂与未接触杀虫剂的成虫交配对其后代也有不利影响。研究对于中黑盲蝽区域性综合防治具有一定的指导意义。     

惠州地区褐飞虱对几种药剂的抗药性监测

2009年采用稻茎浸渍法测定广东省惠州地区褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、异丙威、丁烯氟虫腈、烯定虫胺和毒死蜱等杀虫剂的敏感性,测定结果表明:当地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉产生了极高水平抗性(抗性倍数为422.2倍),对噻嗪酮、异丙威产生了中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为11.0和14.0倍),对丁烯氟虫腈仍处于敏感性降低(抗性倍数为3.7倍),对烯定虫胺和毒死蜱敏感(抗性倍数<3倍)。基于褐飞虱对这6种药剂抗性的明显差异,对田间治理褐飞虱合理使用药剂进行了讨论。     

两个广西草地贪夜蛾种群对常用杀虫剂的敏感性测定

为了解入侵广西的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对不同杀虫剂的敏感性,为筛选该虫的有效防治药剂,以及为该虫的抗药性监测提供科学依据。本研究用浸叶法分别测定了田阳种群对13种杀虫剂和南宁种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感性,并比较了两个种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感性差异。结果表明,田阳种群对13种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为:甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐多杀菌素氯虫苯甲酰胺虫螨腈溴氰菊酯阿维菌素甲氰菊酯氟氯氰菊酯茚虫威呋虫胺毒死蜱高效氯氰菊酯吡虫啉,其中对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性较高,LC_(50)值分别为0.0015、0.0062、0.0075 mg a.i/L,毒力指数分别为480.47、116.24、96.09,其次是虫螨腈、溴氰菊酯、阿维菌素,LC_(50)值分别为0.0296、0.0590、0.0619 mg a.i/L,毒力指数分别为:24.35、12.22、11.64,对其他药剂的敏感性较低,LC_(50)值在0.2544～0.7207 mg a.i/L,毒力指数在1～2.83,除对溴氰菊酯和阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯、呋虫胺和毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉的敏感性差异不显著外,对其它药剂差异显著。南宁种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为:氯虫苯甲酰胺溴氰菊酯氟氯氰菊酯甲氰菊酯高效氯氰菊酯,LC_(50)值分别为0.0142、0.0413、0.0792、0.2081和0.5947 mg a.i/L,毒力指数分别为:41.88、14.40、7.51、2.86和1.00,对各药剂的敏感性均差异显著。南宁和田阳种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯的敏感性差异均较大,相对毒力指数分别在1.00～41.88和1.00～79.25。两个种群对同种杀虫剂的敏感性也有所差异,除对高效氯氰菊酯的敏感性差异不显著外,对其余药剂的敏感性均差异显著。     

不同温度效应杀虫剂诱导对绿盲蝽三种解毒酶活力的影响

【目的】为了明确解毒酶对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum防治药剂温度效应的影响机制。【方法】本文测定了绿盲蝽3龄若虫体内3种主要解毒酶活力随温度变化的"钟形"曲线,以及在不同温度效应杀虫剂诱导后对绿盲蝽体内解毒酶"钟形"曲线的影响。【结果】在供试温度10~40℃范围内,绿盲蝽体内3种主要解毒酶,在25℃时活力均最高,且显著高于其他温度处理。在不同温度下,4种不同温度效应杀虫剂诱导后对绿盲蝽体内解毒酶活力影响测定结果来看,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶受杀虫剂诱导影响,可能参与了负温度效应杀虫剂溴虫腈的代谢,其在20~30℃的温度范围内,可能参与了吡虫啉和辛硫磷的部分代谢,而正温度效应杀虫剂氟铃脲在低温时毒力较低,可能与其诱导该酶在低温时活力升高相关。在15℃左右的低温时,绿盲蝽体内羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶易受氟铃脲和溴虫腈诱导而活力增加,而在20~35℃,这两种酶活力不易受杀虫剂诱导,且辛硫磷、溴虫腈和吡虫啉可对绿盲蝽体内两种酶活力产生一定的抑制作用。【结论】绿盲蝽体内解毒酶活力可明显受到温度影响,而在杀虫剂诱导条件下,其可对绿盲蝽防治药剂的温度效应产生显著影响。     

八种杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发育和繁殖的亚致死效应

用胃毒触杀法确定8种常用杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga 3龄幼虫的LC₂₀和LC₅₀剂量后,以其LC₂₀分别处理3龄幼虫,将存活幼虫正常饲养,测定该剂量药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率,成虫存活率、雌雄比、单雌产卵量及卵孵化率等指标的影响。结果表明:毒死蜱等4种药剂的影响较显著,其影响程度由高到低依次为毒死蜱＞辛硫磷＞阿维菌素溴虫腈;而另4种药剂丙硫克百威、灭多威、丁硫克百威和吡虫啉则影响不显著。此外也测定了用后4种药剂LC₅₀剂量处理的存活试虫的上述生物学指标,结果表明：除化蛹率和羽化率较对照降低且差异显著外,其他生物学指标与对照处理无明显变化。     

甜菜夜蛾田间种群的药剂敏感性测定

采用浸叶法测定福建省4个甜菜夜蛾田间种群对9种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明,甜菜夜蛾田间种群对乙酰甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、灭多威、顺式氯氰菊酯、定虫隆、氟虫脲、虫螨腈、虫酰肼的敏感性差异明显,LC50值分别为5272.75-6799.33、2387.34-3741.94、198.86-621.55、324.55-1124.94、133.20-399.67、19.34-72.68、38.92-134.11、2.38-3.06和4.84-5.76 mg.L-1;甜菜夜蛾田间种群对杀虫剂的敏感性在不同地区间也存在明显差异。2001-2002年,福州和漳州甜菜夜蛾种群对虫螨腈的敏感性分别下降3.96和5.30倍,福州种群对虫酰肼、顺式氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱和灭多威的敏感性也分别下降3.60、3.61、2.87和1.43倍,但田间种群对定虫隆、氟虫脲的敏感性有所恢复。     

Monitoring insecticide resistance in Australian Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) detects fipronil and spinosad resistance

Abstract  Insecticide resistance monitoring using a Potter precision spray tower with discriminating concentration and log dose probability techniques underpins the Australian insecticide management strategy for Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. Abamectin, acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, endosulfan, fipronil, malathion, methamidophos methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, pyrazophos and spinosad are recommended for use against F. occidentalis but abamectin, methiocarb and pyrazophos are the only chemicals where insecticide resistance has not been detected. Although not registered, chlorfenapyr was effective against F. occidentalis and should be pursued for that purpose. In contrast, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos and malathion resistance were detected at low to moderate levels throughout the study period putting their sustainable use for F. occidentalis control in doubt . Although it appears that acephate, dimethoate, endosulfan, fipronil, methamidophos, methidathion and spinosad remain effective, some populations contained a small percentage of thrips that survived exposure to a concentration that killed 100% of the susceptible strain. Subsequent laboratory selection of one such population separately with fipronil and spinosad caused an increase in resistance to these insecticides. These products must now be considered at risk. This is the first report of fipronil or spinosad resistance in populations of F. occidentalis.     

Establishment of baseline susceptibility data to various insecticides for Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) by comparative bioassay techniques

Homalodisca coagulata Say, adults from three locations in California were subjected to insecticide bioassays to establish baseline toxicity. Initially, two bioassay techniques, petri dish and leaf dip, were compared to determine the most useful method to establish baseline susceptibility data under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Comparative dose-response data were determined by both techniques to endosulfan, dimethoate, cyfluthrin, and acetamiprid. Toxic values were similar to some insecticides with both techniques but not for all insecticides, revealing susceptibility differences among the three populations of H. coagulata. In subsequent tests, the petri dish technique was selected to establish baseline susceptibility data to various contact insecticides. A systemic uptake bioassay was adapted to estimate dose-mortality responses to a systemic insecticide, imidacloprid. A 2-yr comparison of toxicological responses showed all three populations of H. coagulata to be highly susceptible to 10 insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, endosulfan, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. In general, two pyrethroids, bifenthrin and esfenvalerate, were the most toxic compounds, followed by two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid and imidacloprid. The LC50 values for all insecticides tested were lower than concentrations used as recommended field rates. Baseline data varied for the three geographically distinct H. coagulata populations with the petri dish technique. Adult H. coagulata collected from San Bernardino County were significantly more susceptible to select pyrethroids compared with adults from Riverside or Kern counties. Adults from San Bernardino County also were more sensitive to two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid and imidacloprid. The highest LC50 values were to endosulfan, which nonetheless proved highly toxic to H. coagulata from all three regions. In the majority of the tests, mortality increased over time resulting in increased susceptibility at 48 h compared with 24 h. These results indicate a wide selection of highly effective insecticides that could aid in managing H. coagulata populations in California.     

植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的抑制作用

本论文采用分光光度计法研究了植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾Closteraanastomosis(L.)谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的体外抑制作用。结果表明各植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性的体外抑制作用存在差异。当植物次生物质和杀虫剂终浓度为8.34×10-5mol/L时,槲皮素和单宁酸对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性抑制作用最强,分别为64.41%和58.61%;三唑磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、氟铃脲、氟虫腈和哒螨灵都有较强的抑制作用,对GSTs活性抑制率超过20%;氧化乐果、水胺硫磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、灭多威、联苯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉和啶虫脒对分月扇舟蛾GSTs有中等抑制作用;其他杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾GSTs有较弱(或没有)抑制作用。此外,在一定的浓度范围内,槲皮素、单宁酸和辛硫磷对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性的抑制作用存在明显的剂量效应关系。槲皮素、单宁酸和辛硫磷对分月扇舟蛾GSTs的抑制中浓度分别为2.19×10-5,2.62×10-5,1.49×10-4mol/L。因此,此研究明确了槲皮素和单宁酸作为防治分月扇舟蛾的新型防治剂或增效剂具有很好的潜力。     

Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticide residues on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Laboratory-reared predators, the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), and big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), were exposed to 10 insecticides, including three newer insecticides with novel modes of action, using a residual insecticide bioassay. These species are important predators of several economic pests of cotton. Insecticides tested were: azinphos-methyl, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide, fipronil, endosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cyfluthrin, profenofos, and malathion. There was considerable variation in response between both species tested to the insecticides. Tebufenozide and cyfluthrin were significantly less toxic to male O. insidiosus than malathion. Tebufenozide was also significantly less toxic to female O. insidiosus than malathion. Imidacloprid, tebufenozide, and spinosad were significantly less toxic to male G. punctipes than chlorfenapyr, endosulfan, and fipronil. Spinosad, tebufenozide, and azinphos-methyl were significantly less toxic to female G. punctipes than fipronil and endosulfan. Fecundity of O. insidiosus was significantly greater in the spinosad treatment compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs by O. insidiosus was significantly lower in the fipronil, profenofos, and cyfluthrin treatments compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of H. zea eggs by G. punctipes was significantly lower in the malathion, profenofos, endosulfan, fipronil, azinphos-methyl, and imidacloprid treatments compared with the control. Egg consumption by G. punctipes was not significantly different in the tebufenozide treatment compared with the control. The lower toxicity of spinosad to G. punctipes is consistent with other reports. Based on these results, the following insecticides are not compatible with integrated pest management of cotton pests: malathion, endosulfan, profenofos, fipronil, and cyfluthrin; while imidacloprid, tebufenozide, azinphos-methyl, and spinosad should provide pest control while sparing beneficial species.     

几类杀虫剂对灰飞虱的相对毒力及田间种群的抗药性现状

采用浸苗法测定了6类11种杀虫剂对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)3龄若虫的毒力,并分析比较了江苏句容、通州、楚州、大丰、南京和苏州以及安徽庐江等7地灰飞虱种群对10种杀虫剂的抗药性水平。对云南种群而言,在所测杀虫剂中,以乙酰甲胺磷为标准药剂,氟虫腈的相对毒力最高;噻嗪酮、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪次之;高效氯氰菊酯、IPP（硝基亚甲基类化合物）、毒死蜱、敌敌畏和三唑磷间毒力处于同一数量级,低于阿维菌素等杀虫剂;吡虫啉的相对毒力最低。与云南种群相比,2007年采自苏、皖7个不同地区的灰飞虱种群对噻嗪酮产生了极高水平的抗性,其抗性倍数均超过200倍;对高效氯氰菊酯产生了中高水平的抗性,其抗性倍数为7.8～108.8;安徽庐江灰飞虱种群对三唑磷产生了7.7倍的抗性,对毒死蜱产生了12.0倍的抗性,江苏楚州、南京、大丰和句容灰飞虱种群对毒死蜱产生了5.7～12.6倍的抗性; 所有灰飞虱种群对敌敌畏仍然敏感,对氟虫腈、阿维菌素和新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和IPP等也比较敏感。     

褐飞虱和白背飞虱对几类杀虫剂的敏感性

为了科学用药和抗性治理提供理论基础, 采用稻茎浸渍法测定了2008年7月采自浙江省杭州市和宁波市褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)种群对7种杀虫剂的抗药性及褐飞虱和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)种群对16种杀虫剂的敏感性。褐飞虱抗药性测定结果表明, 与相对敏感品系相比, 杭州种群和宁波种群对吡虫啉的抗性倍数分别为479.0倍和366.1倍; 对氯噻啉的抗性倍数分别为81.1倍和50.9倍; 对噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为10.3倍和9.4倍; 对噻嗪酮和氟虫腈分别产生了5.0~8.6倍和15.8~17.0倍的抗药性; 对烯啶虫胺和啶虫脒的抗性倍数在3倍以下。两种稻飞虱对杀虫剂的敏感性测定结果表明: 噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、烯啶虫胺和毒死蜱对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群都具有较高的室内毒力。当田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱混合发生时, 可选用噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、烯啶虫胺和毒死蜱进行防治, 不宜使用吡虫啉、氯噻啉和氟虫腈防治。