中国常见蜚蠊种类及其为害、利用与防治的调查研究

蜚蠊是昆虫纲中一个较小的目,全世界已知五千余种,中国有记载的约二百种,五十年代后期上海医学院对本地区的蜚镰作了调查报道,七十年代初国内许多地区蜚蠊为害严重,不少单位开始采制标本对它进行研究.本文对中国室内常见蜚蠊种类的鉴定、生活习性、地理分布及其传播疾病、经济意义和防治方法作了综合报道,其中包括德国小蠊的两个近似种及一个中国新纪录属、种.     

Infectivity and Recovery of Tetrahymena pyriformis Strain S from Adult Female Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)*

Hemocoelomic injection of 5,800–8,000 cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain S per female cockroach resulted in lethargy of the insects within 24 hr and death within 72 hr. Ciliates could be recovered 24–48 hr after injection of these amounts of ciliates. Inoculation of smaller numbers of cells resulted in no apparent ill effects to the insects and ciliates could not be recovered. After recovery from cockroaches and reestablishment in axenic culture, the ciliates were rounded and contained large numbers of lipid droplets which decreased on continued cultivation. The ciliates underwent a sequence of morphologic alterations involving a decrease in length and width to form ovoid cells, an approach to the pyriform shapes (but smaller than normal size), an elongation to an abnormal length/width ratio, and then, after 6 days in culture, a return to the normal shape with usual dimensions.     

Diversity of Trypanosomatids in Cockroaches and the Description of Herpetomonas tarakana sp. n.

In this study, we surveyed six species of cockroaches, two synanthropic (i.e. ecologically associated with humans) and four wild, for intestinal trypanosomatid infections. Only the wild cockroach species were found to be infected, with flagellates of the genus Herpetomonas. Two distinct genotypes were documented, one of which was described as a new species, Herpetomonas tarakana sp. n. We also propose a revision of the genus Herpetomonas and creation of a new subfamily, Phytomonadinae, to include Herpetomonas, Phytomonas, and a newly described genus Lafontella n. gen. (type species Lafontella mariadeanei comb. n.), which can be distinguished from others by morphological and molecular traits.     

我国家居蜚蠊细菌的研究

从我国不同地区的147头家居蜚蠊中分离获得562株细菌分属于13个属,其优势菌群属于埃希氏菌属、芽抱杆菌属、短杆菌属共422株菌,占总菌数的75．09％;其次为沙雷氏菌属、假单胞菌属共85株,占总数的15．12％;其他8个属仅43株菌,占总数的9．25％。比较了德国小蠊、美洲大蠊和黑胸大蠊及它们的体表、体腔、中肠和粪便所携带的细菌类群和数量,其结果有很大差异。该文讨论了蜚蠊细菌与人类疾病之间的关系。     

Distribution of Oriental and German cockroaches, Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera), in the United Kingdom

Results are presented of a survey carried out by Rentokil Ltd on the distribution of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis L. and the German cockroach Blattella germanica L. in the United Kingdom. The known ranges of both species are increased considerably by the findings of the survey, with several new vice-county records for Scotland (including the Western Isles), England and Wales. The frequency at which Blatta orientalis was observed in outdoor habitats may indicate that this species sometimes spreads to new areas without human assistance.     

New cockroaches from the Upper Carboniferous of Siberia (Insecta: Dictyoptera,Mylacridina)

Cockroaches (Dictyoptera, Mylacridina) from the Chunya locality (Upper Carboniferous of the Central Siberian Plateau) are considered. New representatives of the family Phyloblattidae Schneider, 1983 (Phyloblatta majuscula sp. nov., P. chunyensis sp. nov., Hesperoblatta vishniakovae sp. nov., and H. secunda sp. nov.) are described.     

A Comparison of Behavioral Interactions in Solitary and Presocial Zetoborinae Cockroaches (Blattaria,Blaberidae)

The social behavior of five species of Zetoborinae cockroaches is compared with respect to inter-individual interactions of nymphs in the laboratory. These species belong to the same Neotropical subfamily and were characterized as gregarious (Lanxoblatta emarginata, Parasphaeria boleiriana, Phortioeca nimbata, Schultesia lampyridiformis) and solitary (Thanatophyllum akinetum) by previous field studies. Our results show that gregarious species accept closer contacts than does the solitary one. The solitary species did not display especially short, infrequent or less diverse behavioral sequences when forced to remain aggregated, but its interactions are characterized by fewer acts promoting contact and more dominance-like acts. The solitary species symmetrically interacts with conspecifics and does not show specific dispersal-promoting behaviors. This suggests that the solitary behavior observed in the field for species of Zetoborinae mainly results from a passive spacing tendency and a lack of attraction for conspecifics. One of the gregarious species, P. boleiriana, was previously described as subsocial with nymphs remaining with the female in a wood chamber after brood birth. This species does not show a peculiar behavioral repertoire but its interactions are characterized by more dominance-like behaviors than are those of the non-subsocial gregarious species. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Prevalence of arthropod antibodies in Korean patients with allergic rhinitis.

Arthropod antigens are main causative agents which induce allergic responses in humans. However, little information is known about the prevalence of specific arthropod allergens in Koreans with allergic diseases. The current study was designed to determine the positive rates of arthropod antibodies by the Korean inhalant panel of MAST-CLA. One hundred sixty patients, who were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis from an out-patient center at the Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, were studied between August 1998 to July 2000. The overall positive rate, at least more than one specific antibody of arthropods such as Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), and cockroach mix (Cm), was 46.9%. Each positive rate of Df, Dp, and Cm was 45.0%, 43.1%, and 8.8%, respectively. A significant agreement among arthropod allergens was observed (Df and Dp: 95.6%, Kappa = 0.911, P < 0.001). Our data supported the fact that arthropods were the most common allergens in Korean patients with allergic rhinitis; however, the MAST-CLA should be modified to increase specificity of arthropod allergens.     

Stadial and seasonal occurrence of gregarines and nematomorphs in two New Zealand cockroaches

Abstract

Twoendemic New Zealand cockroaches, Parellipsidion pachycercum Johns, 1966 and Celatoblatta peninsularis Johns, 1966, each have a different species of gregarine and a nematomorph. Gregarine infection prevalence was low (4% in P. pachycercum, 11% in C. peninsularis). In C. peninsularis, incidence, intensity, and gametocyst production were high only in early winter; in P. pachycercum, three peaks of incidence, intensity, and gametocyst production corresponded to early autumn, mid-winter, and mid-summer. Only 0.5% of P. pachycercum and 0.26% of C. peninsularis had one or two nematomorphs. In P. pachycercum, nematomorphs were found in late spring and summer, whereas in C. peninsularis they were found only during mid-winter.     

The origin of a 'true' worker caste in termites: mapping the real world on the phylogenetic tree

The evolution of the 'true' worker caste in termites is not decisively inferred by coding and mapping both this character and the foraging behaviour on a phylogenetic tree. Answering to Thompson et al. (2000, 2003), and with reference to Grandcolas and D'Haese (2002), we show that this indecisive inference depends on the correct consideration paid to the outgroups. These last ones could be non subsocial cockroaches, or some wood-eating subsocial cockroaches often considered misleadingly as living ancestors, or even any hemimetabolous insects, all of them would be unambiguously lacking 'true' worker caste and pseudergate caste and not showing the 'one-piece' life type foraging behaviour. These statements derive from observing, coding and mapping the real world on the tree without making ad hoc assumptions. In that respect, because termites do not exist in isolation, apart from the tree of life, mapping the character of interest on the tree must be applied to the outgroups as well.     

Phylogenetic analysis of non-stereotyped behavioural sequences with a successive event-pairing method

A new method is proposed which uses transitions among acts in non-stereotyped behavioural sequences as phylogenetic characters. This method is derived from the event-pairing method designed for the phylogenetic study of developmental sequences and from ethological analyses of transition matrices. It is applied to study the phylogenetic relationships within a well-known group, the presocial Zetoborinae cockroaches. The analysis is carried out with three data sets: a behavioural data set with transitions among acts in behavioural dyadic sequences, together with morphological and molecular data sets. Non-stereotyped behaviour proved to be phylogenetically informative and to display low homoplasy. This new method opens an avenue for studying the evolution of behaviour in the framework of phylogenetic analysis, which was restricted until now to the study of stereotyped sequences and/or isolated features involved in courting or building activities.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 94 , 853–867.     

Patterns of intermittent ventilation and responses to perfusing gas mixtures in quiescent Blaberus craniifer

ABSTRACT. Patterns of intermittent ventilation were recorded by means of long electromyogram wires from quiescent Blaberus craniifer (Burmeister) buried in vermiculite. While buried, cockroaches were subjected to perfusion with various mixtures of CO₂ in air and of oxygen in nitrogen. Quiescent cockroaches in air ventilated for mean periods of 138 s in cycles of 720s duration, but much variability occurred within and between cockroaches. Mild hypercapnia or hypoxia shortened the overall cycle time while more severe treatment caused the cycle to be replaced by continual pumping. Intermittent ventilation persisted in decapitated insects but the threshold of the response to hypoxia or hypercapnia was elevated. Prevailing gas tensions normally determine the frequency and duration of each phase.     

Late Jurassic cockroaches (Insecta,Blattaria) from the Houtiyn-Hotgor locality in Mongolia

A low-diversity cockroach assemblage from the Upper Jurassic of the Houtiyn-Hotgor locality in Mongolia is described, comprising Solemnia alexandri gen. et sp. nov. (Caloblattinidae), Blattula choutinensis sp. nov. (Blattulidae) and a presumed Triassic relict Irreblatta relicta gen. et sp. nov. (incertae familiae). The carnivorous Raphidiomimidae supposedly originated directly from the Caloblattinidae.     

The effects of chemical and physical stress on the concentrations of amino compounds in the haemolymph and nervous system of locusts and cockroaches

Locusts and cockroaches were subjected to stress by poisoning with various insecticides, and by enforced walking. Chromatographic analysis of the dansyl derivatives of the amino compounds in the haemolymph and nervous tissue revealed that taurine more than doubled in concentration. Other amino acids showed changes in concentration, generally of a lower statistical significance. Electrophysiological tests on isolated nerve cords showed that taurine had an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous activity. This effect was found with concentrations occurring in vivo, and was proportional to concentration.     

Post‐fire recovery of litter detritivores is limited by distance from burn edge

Climate change is likely to result in an increased frequency of extreme fire events, including more large‐extent wildfires. The effects of fire extent on post‐fire faunal recovery are poorly understood. Effects on invertebrate detritivores are of particular interest due to their functional importance in litter breakdown. We asked if distance from fire edge affected the composition and morphological traits of a key group of large invertebrate detritivores: cockroaches (Blattodea) 6 years after fire. We used six replicate transects in herb‐rich foothill habitat in areas that were severely burnt during the 2009 Black Saturday fires, north‐east of Melbourne, Australia. Transects extended from unburnt controls up to 5 km into large extent burns. Habitat variables were measured and cockroach abundances were recorded using artificial habitats comprised of stacked egg trays. Cockroach morphological traits were recorded in the laboratory. Multivariate generalized linear models revealed that habitats varied with transect, but not distance into the burn, suggesting recovery of habitat features relevant to cockroaches. Distance from burn did not affect the species richness or abundance of cockroaches, but both richness and abundance increased with bark and litter cover and decreased at lower temperatures. Cockroach assemblage composition responded significantly to distance into burn, transect and habitat variables, although only Platyzosteria similis was negatively associated with distance into the burn. Fourth corner models including traits did not provide greater predictive power than models including only species abundances and environmental variables. Wing presence, which was associated with smaller body size, did not affect site occupancy. Although species traits did not predict cockroach responses, our work shows that distance into a fire, a surrogate for fire extent, continued to be an important determinant of post‐fire assemblages 6 years after fire. An increase in large‐extent fires may reduce the recolonization potential of some cockroach species, potentially limiting their functional importance in litter breakdown.     

Interspecific competition among urban cockroach species

The aim of this study was to quantify and to compare the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition among pairs of urban cockroaches [Blatta orientalis L., Periplaneta americana (L.), and Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius (Dictyoptera: Blattodea)] in relation to the limitation of resources such as shelter or food. Our approach was to assess whether the presence of one species affected the resource exploitation of another. A reduction in access to shelters or to food for one species revealed dominant/subordination relationships among species and induced spatial segregation in shelters and temporal segregation during food exploitation. The fragmentation of available resources facilitated spatial segregation and the access of more individuals of the subordinate species. Individuals of each species were aware of the presence of non‐conspecifics. The outcome of interspecific competition under laboratory conditions should help us to understand how segregated spatial distributions occur under natural conditions in urban areas.     

Protrellus dixoni n. sp. (Nematoda: Thelastomatidae) from the cockroach Drymaplaneta variegata

Abstract

In New Zealand, Protrellus dixoni n. sp. occurs in the hind gut of the introduced Australian cockroach Drymaplaneta variegata. It is distinguished from all other Protrellus species by its morphology. Females have a well developed muscular ovijector with a sphincter, and a conical tail with a filiform projection; males have four, not three, tail papillae. The taxonomic history of the genus is discussed and the generic diagnosis emended. New combinations include Protrellus eurycotesi, P. ischnopterae, P. ituana, and P. gurri. The population structure of P. dixoni in adult hosts is described: there are never more than one adult male, and usually few (one to three) adult females per host.     

Distribution of faeces of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, in a new refuge

The patterns of faeces deposition in glass arenas with three groups of Blattella germanica L. during colonization of new refuges were recorded. The individual positions of more than 17,500 faeces were recorded. The average daily rate of faeces excretion per adult was 9.6 in males, 9.1 in non-gravid females and 2.7 in gravid females. Significant differences of faeces accumulation at various sites of the arena were found. In all three groups, mean density of faeces decreased in the following order: shelter, edges of arena, area around shelter, remainder of open area. The faeces were not accumulated more significantly at food and water sources than within the remainder of the open area. Low concentrations of faeces around edges were recorded with gravid females. The ratio of numbers of faeces in the shelter and those on the remainder of the arena was nearly identical in all tested groups. The rate of faeces deposition fluctuated during colonization of a new refuge. The role of faeces containing aggregation pheromone and ammonia in the ecology and behaviour of B. germanica is discussed.