结核分枝杆菌诊断技术研究进展

近年来,结核病的诊断方法逐渐得到完善,将传统细菌学检验方法、免疫学方法和分子生物学的方法相结合,加速了对结核病的诊断研究。特别是分子生物学技术的发展,对于阐明分枝杆菌和结核分枝杆菌的遗传变异规律及分子进化等都有重要的意义。我们结合近年来结核分枝杆菌诊断在免疫学检测、PCR技术、基因技术等方面的进步,从细菌学检测、免疫学检测、分子生物学检测等3个方面做简要综述。     

结核分枝杆菌抗原检测研究进展

结核病仍然是一个严重的全球性公共卫生问题,有效控制结核病的障碍在于缺乏早期、准确的诊断方法。机体受到结核分枝杆菌感染后,体内首先出现的是结核分枝杆菌特异性抗原。因此,结核分枝杆菌抗原检测作为结核病早期诊断的方法可能具有很高的诊断价值。我们简要综述了结核分枝杆菌抗原检测的相关研究进展。     

HBHA 在结核病研究中的应用*

结核分枝杆菌hbhA编码基因是目前发现的与肺外结核转移相关的基因,其表达产物结核分枝杆菌肝素结合血凝黏附素(HBHA),是结核分枝杆菌表面表达和分泌的一种糖蛋白。HBHA具有介导肺结核和肺外结核的发生,参与实现MTB逃逸吞噬体进入细胞质中生存和繁殖,引起巨噬细胞凋亡等重要生物学功能,同时HBHA作为特异性抗原,用作免疫学检测具有较好的效果,并且动物实验证实HBHA具有明确的免疫治疗作用。因此,HBHA在结核病的免疫学诊断及免疫治疗方面,具有广阔的应用前景。     

RD区编码蛋白在结核病免疫诊断中的研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的威胁人类的重大传染性疾病之一.目前常用诊断方法其灵敏度差和检测周期长难以满足早期诊断的需要,免疫诊断作为其防控的早期诊断技术之一,近年来得到更加广泛的关注.而结核分枝杆菌RD区编码蛋白的发现,促进了结核病免疫诊断的迅速发展.本文对目前RD区编码蛋白在结核病诊断中的研究进展进行了概述.     

蛋白质组学在结核分枝杆菌研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是在基因组学基础上发展起来的新兴学科, 其基本技术包括样品制备、蛋白质分离和蛋白质鉴定分析, 其中的核心技术是双向凝胶电泳技术(2-Dimensional Electrophoresis, 2-DE)和质谱技术(Mass Spectrometry, MS)。近年来, 蛋白质组学技术已应用于结核分枝杆菌的研究领域。应用蛋白质组学技术分离、鉴定、检测结核分枝杆菌致病株的全菌蛋白及分泌蛋白, 分析其蛋白组成, 可深入解析结核分枝杆菌的致病机理和耐药机制。通过对结核分枝杆菌致病株抗原的分析, 为研制预防结核病的新型疫苗拓展了空间。通过对结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的蛋白组成分析还发现了一些有意义的结核病早期诊断标志物。蛋白质组学技术还应用于寻找新的药物靶标, 在研制和筛选新的抗结核药物等方面展示了一些有价值的研究成果, 为更好地开展结核病的预防、早期诊断及治疗打下了基础。     

结核病诊断技术新进展

结核病疫情亟需快速、有效的诊断方法,但长久以来其诊断一直依靠传统的结核分枝杆菌抗酸染色涂片和培养技术,并不能满足快速诊断的需要。为解决这个全球性的问题,近年来出现了多种结核病新的诊断技术和方法,如新的影像学检查及计算机辅助技术、显微镜学诊断技术、结核分枝杆菌快速培养技术、免疫学诊断技术,以及结核分枝杆菌特异性核酸扩增技术。本文主要介绍几种最有代表性的技术和方法,其中部分技术已获得世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)的推荐,部分正在进行大规模临床研究或验证,反映了近年来结核病诊断发展的新方向。     

T细胞斑点试验反应强度在诊断活动性结核病中的价值

目的探讨结核感染T细胞免疫斑点试验的反应强度与活动性结核病的关系。方法选取2012年6月1日至2014年12月31日期间在重庆医科大学附属第一医院呼吸科342例的住院患者,所有住院患者均进行了结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)。分析T-SPOT.TB对结核病诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值;同时比较在活动性肺内结核病组、活动性肺外结核病组及陈旧性结核病组的T-SPOT.TB的免疫强度。结果 T-SPOT.TB检测结核病的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为:87.67%,79.19%,64.00%,93.84%。在活动性肺内结核病组中T-SPOT.TB免疫斑点数为抗原A(10,36),抗原B(11,50),在活动性肺外结核病组中为抗原A(15,50),抗原B(15,40);在陈旧性结核病组中为抗原A(6,20),抗原B(6,30)。比较活动性肺内结核病组、肺外结核病组及陈旧性结核病组T-SPOT.TB的免疫斑点数,发现活动性肺内结核病组与活动性肺外结核病组免疫强度强于陈旧性结核病组(H_A=0.015,H_B=0.012,P0.05;H_A=0.006,H_B=0.006,P0.05)。结论 T-SPOT.TB对结核病的诊断有较高的灵敏度和特异性,T-SPOT.TB阴性时可有效的排除结核分枝杆菌的感染,阳性时有利于辅助诊断活动性结核病。     

结核病血清学诊断进展

结核病的细菌学检查目前是结核病实验室诊断的金标准.由于痰涂片阳性率较低,镜检需要经验,难以区分环境分枝杆菌造成的假阳性;痰培养需时太长,因此细菌学检查对结核病的诊断价值有限.随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展,用高度敏感的方法检测结核分枝杆菌(简称结核杆菌)及其特异性DNA片段,如聚合酶链反应(PCR)、生物探针和基因芯片等,需要相应的检测设备和检测费用高而未能广泛推广.血清学诊断技术有其固有的优势,如操作简便、快速、便于推广、无需特殊精密仪器,已有多种纯化的特异性抗原可采用,可以发展成自动化检测,尤其是对痰培养阴性和肺外结核病有较为重要的辅助诊断价值而受到广泛的重视.本文从靶抗原的选择和检测技术的改进等方面综述了结核病血清学诊断的现状和进展.     

导读与评议（2017年第6期）

精准医疗概念的提出开启了一个医学新时代,其实质包括精准诊断和精准治疗。张文宏课题组围绕结核病治疗中的精准医疗进行了阐述,涉及结核病的精准诊断,包括结核病的临床诊断及结核分枝杆菌的检测(分子检测及耐药检测技术等)、特殊人群的药理学参数与药物代谢相关的分子标记、针对病原体生命周期分子靶点的直接作用药物研发、通过正向调控或负向调控药物的使用实现宿主导向抗结核精准治疗。本期刊登了3篇关于结核病耐药的综述。鉴于耐药结核分枝杆菌的补偿性进化是其传播与流行的基础,高谦课题组从结核分枝杆菌的耐药分子机制、耐药突变的适应性代价与补偿性进化,以及补偿性进化如何影响耐药结核病传播等方面进行了综述。袁莉课题组就近年来结核分枝杆菌“毒素-抗毒素系统”(TAS)与生物膜的研究及抗结核药物对生物膜形成的影响进行综述......     

结核感染T细胞斑点试验对肺外结核诊断价值探讨

目的评价结核感染T细胞斑点试验（T—SPOT．TB）在肺外结核中的诊断价值。方法采用T—SPOT．TB试剂盒对疑诊或待排结核患者外周血中特异性T淋巴细胞进行检测。结果结核感染T细胞斑点试验的对结核病的敏感度、特异度分别为76．7％、84．3％。肺外结核组与肺结核组阳性率分别为92．0％和78．2％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。该数据显著高于结核菌素试验的31．4％和结核分枝杆菌培养的19．3％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论结核感染T细胞斑点试验是诊断肺外结核的快速敏感方法,值得在临床中推广使用。     

Large-scale validation of a latex agglutination test for diagnosis of tuberculosis

Large-scale validation of a simple latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is described. Soluble antigens extracted from a non-pathogenic saprophytic mycobacterium, Mycobacterium w, which shares antigenic determinants with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were covalently linked to carboxylated polystyrene latex beads. Batch to batch reproducibility of coated latex was ensured. Latex reagents were standardized to overcome non-specific agglutination. Reagents of the test are stable for 1 year at 4 degrees C. A total of 1,058 serum samples of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients or patients with other pulmonary diseases and healthy controls living in endemic areas were tested. Sensitivity of 94% for pulmonary tuberculosis and 87% for extrapulmonary tuberculosis was obtained. Specificity is 92.2% for healthy controls and patients with other respiratory diseases. We conclude that the latex agglutination test can be utilized for mass screening for both pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis where diagnosis by existing methods is much more difficult.     

结核分枝杆菌重要诊断用抗原研究进展

血清学试验是结核诊断的重要依据。随着科学技术的进步,新的结核诊断用抗原不断被发现。我们简要综述了结核菌素蛋白衍生物、抗原85复合体、38kDa磷酸盐转运蛋白、6kDa早期分泌性蛋白、10kDa培养滤液蛋白、免疫性蛋白MPT64、主要分泌性免疫蛋白MPB70、表面脂蛋白MPB83等8种结核分枝杆菌重要抗原作为结核诊断用抗原的研究进展。     

结核分枝杆菌/利福平耐药实时荧光定量核酸扩增检测技术对肺外结核性脓肿的诊断价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨结核分枝杆菌/利福平耐药实时荧光定量核酸扩增检测技术（Xpert MTB/RIF）对肺外结核性脓肿的诊断价值。方法：收集2020年1月至2021年12月无锡市第五人民医院住院的122例高度疑似肺外结核性脓肿患者为研究对象,在超声引导下对脓肿病灶进行针吸穿刺活检,脓液标本分别进行Xpert MTB/RIF检测、结核杆菌脱氧核糖核酸（TB-DNA）检测、MGIT 960培养以及涂片抗酸染色。以临床综合诊断作为参考标准,比较Xpert MTB/RIF检测、TB-DNA检测、MGIT 960培养以及涂片抗酸染色四种方法对肺外结核性脓肿的诊断效能。对比Xpert MTB/RIF检测和MGIT 960药敏试验对利福平的耐药性。观察各类肺外结核性脓肿患者的诊断延迟时间。结果：122例疑似患者中,最终确诊肺外结核性脓肿患者73例,非结核性脓肿者49例。Xpert MTB/RIF检测、MGIT 960培养、TB-DNA检测以及涂片抗酸染色四种方法在肺外结核性脓肿标本中的阳性检出率结果分别为89.04%、20.55%、58.90%、36.99%,四种方法的阳性检出率整体比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,Xpert MTB/RIF检测的阳性检出率明显高于MGIT 960培养、TB-DNA检测以及涂片抗酸染色法,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。以临床综合诊断作为参考标准,Xpert MTB/RIF检测诊断肺外结核性脓肿者的临床诊断价值最高,其敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为89.04%、100.00%、100.00%、85.96%。Xpert MTB/RIF检测与MGIT 960药敏试验对利福平耐药率之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。肺外结核性脓肿诊断存在明显延迟,尤其以关节结核性脓肿诊断延迟时间最长,平均为103.5天;但在结核性脓胸患者中诊断延迟时间最短,平均为7.6天。结论：与MGIT 960培养、TB-DNA检测以及涂片抗酸染色比较,Xpert MTB/RIF在肺外结核性脓肿中的阳性检出率较高,临床诊断价值最佳,表明其可用作为疑似结核性脓肿患者的快速诊断工具,同时在结核耐药性方面亦可以做到快速筛查。     

Molecular detection, identification and drug resistance detection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

This minireview presents recent developments in molecular methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, including detection, identification and determination of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Tuberculosis remains one of the major causes of global death from a single infectious agent. This situation is worsened by the HIV/AIDS pandemic because one-third of HIV/AIDS patients are coinfected with M. tuberculosis . Also of great concern is the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis because there are almost no treatment options available for patients affected by highly resistant strains of M. tuberculosis . Advances in molecular biology techniques and a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance have provided new tools for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several nucleic acid amplification technologies have been developed and evaluated. New molecular approaches are being introduced continuously. This minireview will also comment on the future perspectives for the molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis and the feasibility for the implementation of these newer techniques in the clinical diagnostic laboratory.     

Nonspecificity of the Anda A60-tb ELISA test for serodiagnosis of mycobacterial disease.

The conventional methods for the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases are time consuming and beyond the scope of most of the small and medium-sized hospital facilities. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in the development of a serological method for the detection of antibodies against mycobacteria. We recently evaluated a commercially available ELISA test (Anda Biologicals, Strasbourg, France) that measures antibody levels to A60 antigen, a membrane glycoprotein that is found in most mycobacteria. Of the 123 patients with positive pulmonary cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 82% had detectable antibodies against the kit antigen. Of the 68 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 59% yielded positive results. Specimens from 2 of the 12 patients that grew Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, and one each with Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei, were considered significant on the basis of medical history and repeated isolation of the bacterium from clinical specimens, and these patients yielded positive serology. Of the healthy, normal PPD positive and PPD negative controls, 24% gave false positive results.     

Rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on strand displacement amplification and magnetic beads

Tuberculosis is one of the main infectious diseases threatening public health, and the development of simple, rapid, and cost‐saving methods for tuberculosis diagnosis is of profound importance for tuberculosis prevention and treatment. The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis, and assaying for MTB is the only criterion for tuberculosis diagnosis. A new enzyme‐free method based on strand displacement amplification and magnetic beads was developed for simple, rapid, and cost‐saving MTB detection. Under optimum conditions, a good linear relationship could be observed between fluorescence and MTB specific DNA concentration ranging from 0.05 to 150 nM with a correlation coefficient of 0.993 (n = 8) and a detection limit of 47 pM (3σ/K). The present method also distinguished a one base mismatch from MTB specific DNA, showing great promise for MTB genome single base polymorphism analysis. MTB specific DNA content in polymerase chain reaction samples was successfully detected using the new method, and recoveries were 97.8–100.8%, indicating that the present method had high accuracy and shows good potential for the early diagnosis of tuberculosis.     

Evaluation of Cobas Amplicor MTB test to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems in the world. Effective control of TB depends on rapid and correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Cobas Amplicor MTB (CA-MTB) test for pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens isolated in our laboratory. A total of 424 specimens obtained from the suspected TB patients from January 2003 to August 2004 were included in this study. All specimens (173 pulmonary and 251 extrapulmonary specimens) were processed, stained, cultured and assayed using the CA-MTB test for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The CA-MTB test results were compared to culture and acid-fast staining as gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of CA-MTB were determined as 73%, 100%, 100%, and 97% for pulmonary specimens, and 45%, 100%, 100% and 96% for extrapulmonary specimens respectively. The sensitivity of the test for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear positive pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens was 92% and 75%. These results indicate that the CA-MTB is a rapid test for detection of tuberculosis in pulmonary specimens, but does not perform well enough in extrapulmonary specimens.