类胡萝卜素合成的相关基因及其基因工程

类胡萝卜素具有多种生物功能,尤其在保护人类健康方面起着重要的作用,如它们是合成维生素A的前体,能够增强人体免疫力和具有防癌抗癌的功效。人体自身不能合成类胡萝卜素,必须通过外界摄入;但类胡萝卜素在许多植物中含量较低,并且很难用化学方法合成。随着类胡萝卜素生物合成途径的阐明及其相关基因的克隆,运用基因工程手段调控类胡萝卜素的生物合成已成为可能。本文综述了微生物和高等植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中相关基因的克隆,以及运用这些基因通过异源微生物生产类胡萝卜素和提高作物类胡萝卜素含量的基因工程研究进展。     

紫杉醇生物合成途径中相关酶的研究进展

抗癌新药紫杉醇是具有萜类环状结构的一种重要次生代谢产物 ,研究紫杉醇的生物合成对于通过基因工程手段提高紫杉醇的产量 ,解决目前资源紧缺造成的巨大供求矛盾具有重要意义 ,这就需要对紫杉醇生物合成途径中催化各步反应 (尤其是关键步骤 )的酶以及编码这些酶的基因有个全面的了解。对近年来紫杉醇生物合成途径中相关酶的研究进行了综述 ,大部分酶及相关基因已被分离、克隆 ,但还有一些酶及相关基因没有发现 ,有待继续深入研究。     

植物甜菜碱合成途径及基因工程研究进展

甜菜碱是公认的在细胞中起着无毒渗透保护作用的细胞相溶性物质 ,广泛存在于植物、动物、细菌等多种生物体中。植物中甜菜碱因其结构不同 ,其生物合成途径和催化合成所需要的酶也各不相同。综述了近年来甜菜碱生物合成途径、相关基因的克隆及基因工程研究进展 ,包括从不同生物体中克隆、鉴定的甜菜碱合成的相关基因及其定位、作用机理、同源性比较及表达差异、在转基因植物中的遗传稳定性以及转基因植物的抗盐耐旱、抗寒性等。     

植物脂肪酸的生物合成与基因工程

植物脂肪酸既具重要生理功能,又有巨大食用和工业价值。其生物合成途径较为复杂,涉及乙酰_CoA羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶、脂肪酸去饱和酶和脂肪酸延长酶等一系列酶。近年来,对脂肪酸生物合成途径进行了大量研究,克隆出许多相关基因,初步阐明了脂肪酸合成规律,并在此基础上开展了利用基因工程技术调控脂肪酸合成研究,取得可喜进展。本文详细介绍了植物饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和超长链脂肪酸的生物合成与基因工程研究的新结果。     

同源克隆栀子玉米黄素合成途径酶基因保守区

目的:玉米黄素生物合成途径在植物中高度保守,由7个酶催化步骤组成。本研究从栀子果实中克隆这些酶基因的保守区段。方法:利用简并引物,优化PCR扩增体系和扩增条件,胶回收后进行T-A克隆和测序。结果:成功扩增出八氢番茄红素合成酶(phytoene synthase,PSY)(GenBank accession JQ690895)503bp、八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶(phytoene desaturase,PDS)(Gen-Bank accession JQ690896)544bp、胡萝卜素脱饱和酶(carotene desaturase,ZDS)(GenBank accession JQ690897)611bp、胡萝卜素顺反异构酶(carotene cis-trans isomerase,CRTISO)(GenBank accession JQ690898)567bp、番茄红素β-环化酶(lycopene-β-cyclase,LYC)(GenBank accession JQ690899)745bp和β-环羟化酶(β-ring hydroxylase,β-OHase)(GenBank accession JQ690900)594bp的基因保守区段,序列已经提交GenBank登陆。结论:该研究克隆了玉米黄素合成途径中6个酶基因的保守区段,为今后应用于生物合成途径的遗传操作奠定了基础。     

植物脂肪酸的生物合成与基因工程

植物脂肪酸既具重要生理功能,又有巨大食用和工业价值。其生物合成途径较为复杂,涉及乙酰－ＣｏＡ羟化酶、脂肪酸合成酶、脂肪酸去饱和酶和脂肪酸延长酶等一系列酶。近年来,对脂肪酸生物合成途径进行了大量研究,克隆出许多相关基因,初步阐明了脂肪酸合成规律,并在此基础上开展了利用基因工程技术调控脂肪酸合成研究,取得可喜进展。本文详细介绍了植物饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和超长链脂肪酸的生物合成与基因工程研究的新结果     

栀子果实中八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶基因的克隆与表达分析

[目的]栀子果实中富含类胡萝卜素衍生物—西红花总苷。拟从果实中克隆西红花总苷生物合成途径中的八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶基因。[方法]利用RACE的方法克隆Gj PDS基因,绝对定量PCR法检测在不同组织中的表达。[结果]从果实中克隆了一个长1 746 bp的Gj PDS基因,编码由581个氨基酸组成的八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶序列。与水稻(Oryza sativa)PDS蛋白A链的氨基酸序列有83%的一致性,与菠萝泛菌(Pantoea ananatis)PDS蛋白A链的氨基酸序列一致性低。Gj PDS基因为组成性表达基因,它在栀子果肉中的表达量最高,是叶片中表达量的1.6倍,茎中表达量的3.5倍,种子中表达量的13.1倍。[结论]从栀子果实中克隆了一个1 746 bp的Gj PDS基因,它主要在栀子果肉中表达,可能与西红花总苷的生物合成有关。该基因今后可以用作西红花总苷生物合成途径的调控靶点。     

乙烯生物合成基因工程在果蔬保鲜中的应用

水果和蔬菜的成熟、衰老与乙烯密切相关。乙烯生物合成过程受到多种因素的综合调控。通过基因工程调节乙烯生物合成相关酶的含量或活性以阻断或减少果蔬中乙烯的产生,从而延缓果蔬成熟或衰老,是果蔬保鲜最重要的策略之一。多种果蔬ACC合成酶、ACC氧化酶与微生物ACC脱氨酶、SAM水解酶的基因已被克隆;采用基因工程调控这些酶基因在果蔬中的表达,可能延长果蔬的贮藏保鲜时间。乙烯生物合成基因工程在果蔬保鲜中具有良好的应用前景,少数耐贮藏转基因果蔬已经实现商品化生产。     

八氢番茄红素脱氢酶的研究进展北大核心CSCD

类胡萝卜素是一类超过700种的萜烯基团类不饱和化合物的总称,根据结构可分为胡萝卜素族和叶黄素族,具有较高的营养价值。八氢番茄红素脱氢酶是类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的首要限速酶,它参与催化无色的八氢番茄红素转变成有色类胡萝卜素,发挥着中心调控作用。不同生物源的八氢番茄红素脱氢酶在功能上呈现多样性,在大多数蓝细菌,藻类和高等植物的类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中,由Crt P,Crt Q和异构酶Crt H或PDS,ZDS和异构酶Z-ISO、Crt ISO共同参与番茄红素的形成,而在大多数微生物中只有Crt I-type一种酶来完成八氢番茄红素的脱氢反应,且根据脱氢步骤的不同分别可生成链孢红素、番茄红素或脱氢番茄红素。本文阐述了不同生物源八氢番茄红素脱氢酶的基因分离与鉴定,功能多样性及表达调控机制等最新研究进展,并进行了进化分析,为八氢番茄红素脱氢酶的深入研究及利用基因工程策略生产类胡萝卜素的应用提供重要信息。     

高等植物叶绿素生物合成的研究进展

叶绿素是植物叶绿体内参与光合作用的重要色素,其功能是捕获光能并驱动电子转移到反应中心.整个叶绿素生物合成过程(L-谷氨酰-tRNA→叶绿素a→叶绿素b)需要15步反应,涉及15种酶,迄今在模式植物拟南芥中已分离到27个编码这些酶的基因,完成了以拟南芥为代表的被子植物叶绿素生物合成全部基因的克隆.本文主要对近年来国内外有关植物叶绿素的生物合成过程及相关酶基因的克隆、生物合成途径中2个关键步骤(σ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)合成和Mg离子插入原卟啉Ⅸ的调节)、影响叶绿素生物合成的主要因素(光、温度、营养元素等),以及叶绿素生物合成相关酶的其他生物学功能等的研究进展进行综述.     

多杀菌素的生物合成

多杀菌素是一种新颖大环内酯类杀虫剂,具有对害虫高效、对环境安全、对哺乳动物低毒的优异特点。介绍了多杀菌素生物合成的步骤,及参与这些合成步骤的有关酶系统和基因簇。通过对刺糖多孢菌中多杀菌素合成基因的克隆鉴定与分析,已基本了解多杀菌素生物合成的限速步骤及相关控制基因,从而可通过遗传工程的办法改造刺糖多孢菌,提高多杀菌素的产量 。     

The tallysomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus E465-94 ATCC 31158 unveiling new insights into the biosynthesis of the bleomycin family of antitumor antibiotics

The tallysomycins (TLMs) belong to the bleomycin (BLM) family of antitumor antibiotics. The BLM biosynthetic gene cluster has been cloned and characterized previously from Streptomyces verticillus ATCC 15003, but engineering BLM biosynthesis for novel analogs has been hampered by the lack of a genetic system for S. verticillus. We now report the cloning and sequencing of the TLM biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus E465-94 ATCC 31158 and the development of a genetic system for S. hindustanus, demonstrating the feasibility to manipulate TLM biosynthesis in S. hindustanus by gene inactivation and mutant complementation. Sequence analysis of the cloned 80.2 kb region revealed 40 open reading frames (ORFs), 30 of which were assigned to the TLM biosynthetic gene cluster. The TLM gene cluster consists of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes encoding nine NRPS modules, a polyketide synthase (PKS) gene encoding one PKS module, genes encoding seven enzymes for deoxysugar biosynthesis and attachment, as well as genes encoding other biosynthesis, resistance, and regulatory proteins. The involvement of the cloned gene cluster in TLM biosynthesis was confirmed by inactivating the tlmE glycosyltransferase gene to generate a TLM non-producing mutant and by restoring TLM production to the DeltatlmE::ermE mutant strain upon expressing a functional copy of tlmE. The TLM gene cluster is highly homologous to the BLM cluster, with 25 of the 30 ORFs identified within the two clusters exhibiting striking similarities. The structural similarities and differences between TLM and BLM were reflected remarkably well by the genes and their organization in their respective biosynthetic gene clusters.     

Discovery and molecular engineering of sugar-containing natural product biosynthetic pathways in actinomycetes

Significant progress has recently been made concerning the engineering of deoxysugar biosynthesis. The biosynthetic gene clusters of several deoxysugars from various polyketides and aminoglycosides-producing microorganisms have been cloned and studied. This review introduces the biosynthetic pathways of several deoxysugars and the generation of novel hybrid macrolide antibiotics via the coexpression of deoxysugar biosynthetic gene cassettes and the substrateflexible glycosyltransferases in a host organism as well as the production of TDP-deoxysugar derivatives via one-pot enzymatic reactions with the identified enzymes. These recent developments in the engineering of deoxysugars biosynthesis may pave the way to create novel secondary metabolites with potential biological activities.     

Reconstitution of the FK228 biosynthetic pathway reveals cross talk between modular polyketide synthases and fatty acid synthase

Functional cross talk between fatty acid biosynthesis and secondary metabolism has been discovered in several cases in microorganisms; none of them, however, involves a modular biosynthetic enzyme. Previously, we reported a hybrid modular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway for the biosynthesis of FK228 anticancer depsipeptide in Chromobacterium violaceum strain 968. This pathway contains two PKS modules on the DepBC enzymes that lack a functional acyltransferase (AT) domain, and no apparent AT-encoding gene exists within the gene cluster or its vicinity. We report here that, through reconstitution of the FK228 biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli cells, two essential genes, fabD1 and fabD2, both encoding a putative malonyl coenzyme A (CoA) acyltransferase component of the fatty acid synthase complex, are positively identified to be involved in FK228 biosynthesis. Either gene product appears sufficient to complement the AT-less PKS modules on DepBC for polyketide chain elongation. Concurrently, a gene (sfp) encoding a putative Sfp-type phosphopantetheinyltransferase was identified to be necessary for FK228 biosynthesis as well. Most interestingly, engineered E. coli strains carrying variable genetic components produced significant levels of FK228 under both aerobic and anaerobic cultivation conditions. Discovery of the trans complementation of modular PKSs by housekeeping ATs reveals natural product biosynthesis diversity. Moreover, demonstration of anaerobic production of FK228 by an engineered facultative bacterial strain validates our effort toward the engineering of novel tumor-targeting bioagents.     

高等植物赤霉素生物合成及其调节研究进展

主要介绍近年来高等植物中生物活性GAs的生物合成,拟南芥GA生物合成途径中关键酶基因（GA1－GA5）的克隆和GA3基因CYP701A3的母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）中的成功表达。评述了活性GAs对赤霉不生物合成的反馈抑制作用和反馈调节中信号的传递和接收问题。高等植物中光周期对GA生物合成的调节主要是在20－氧化和／或3β－羟基化步骤。     

New genes in alkaloid metabolism and transport

The biosynthetic pathway of plant alkaloids is composed of several distinct enzymes of varying substrate specificities. Homology-based cloning of candidate genes and their subsequent functional testing in heterologous expression systems are accelerating the pace at which the gene catalogues of alkaloid biosynthesis are expanding. Availability of diverse genes involved in the biosynthesis, catabolism, transport, and regulation of pharmaceutically important alkaloids should steadily advance our molecular understanding of alkaloid biology and will enable us to devise more rational strategies for metabolic engineering.     

基因簇大片段克隆技术研究进展及挑战

天然产物结构复杂、活性多样,是新药开发的重要来源,对天然产物生物合成途径的研究,有利于探索酶催化的合成机制,促进复杂天然产物的应用。天然产物的生物合成由其对应的基因簇调控,其中大量天然产物生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene clusters,BGCs)在野生型菌株中无法表达或表达量低。对这些基因簇的研究,需要进行克隆表达,而如何克隆大片段基因簇并使其表达,从而发现新型天然产物是一个具有挑战性的问题。其中构建基因组文库、转化关联重组(transformation-associated recombination,TAR)、Red/ET重组等是克隆大片段基因簇的重要技术。本文从克隆技术的策略和应用两个方面,总结了这3种克隆技术目前的研究进展,讨论了目前大片段基因簇克隆技术面临的挑战,为研究大片段基因簇提供方法学借鉴。     

Investigation of cellular targeting of carotenoid pathway enzymes in Pichia pastoris

Cellular targeting of lycopene biosynthetic enzymes was investigated in Pichia pastoris X-33. Three lycopene pathway enzymes, CrtE, CrtB, and CrtI, were fused to fluorescent EGFPs with or without a peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS1) and then expressed in P. pastoris. When P. pastoris was grown in YPD, the PTS1 fusion enzymes were found to be localized in peroxisomes, whereas the enzymes not fused with PTS1 were equally distributed throughout the entire cell. A similar targeting pattern was also observed in P. pastoris strains that were grown in peroxisome-proliferating medium, YPOT. Analysis of the fluorescent images of isolated peroxisomes showed that the PTS1 fused enzymes were dominantly present in peroxisomes whereas small amount of the enzymes not fused with PTS1 were non-specifically sent to peroxisomes. These results indicate that PTS1 specifically target lycopene pathway enzymes into peroxisomes and this targeting pathway was strong enough to overcome their inherent targeting program. In conclusion, we first showed that carotenogenic enzymes can be targeted into the specific cellular location of recombinant hosts and this targeting strategy can serve as the basis for the subsequent development of sophisticated pathway engineering in microorganisms.     

Insights into an Unusual Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Biosynthesis: IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GE81112 BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTER*

The GE81112 tetrapeptides (1–3) represent a structurally unique class of antibiotics, acting as specific inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of the GE81112 biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. L-49973 and the development of a genetic manipulation system for Streptomyces sp. L-49973. The biosynthetic gene cluster for the tetrapeptide antibiotic GE81112 (getA-N) was identified within a 61.7-kb region comprising 29 open reading frames (open reading frames), 14 of which were assigned to the biosynthetic gene cluster. Sequence analysis revealed the GE81112 cluster to consist of six nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes encoding incomplete di-domain NRPS modules and a single free standing NRPS domain as well as genes encoding other biosynthetic and modifying proteins. The involvement of the cloned gene cluster in GE81112 biosynthesis was confirmed by inactivating the NRPS gene getE resulting in a GE81112 production abolished mutant. In addition, we characterized the NRPS A-domains from the pathway by expression in Escherichia coli and in vitro enzymatic assays. The previously unknown stereochemistry of most chiral centers in GE81112 was established from a combined chemical and biosynthetic approach. Taken together, these findings have allowed us to propose a rational model for GE81112 biosynthesis. The results further open the door to developing new derivatives of these promising antibiotic compounds by genetic engineering.