COX-2抑制剂在胃癌中的研究进展

环氧合酶-2(COX-2)是催化花生四烯酸合成前列腺素的关键限速酶,呈诱导性表达在病变组织中,参与各种损伤性化学、肿瘤、炎症、发热、凝血、疼痛等病理过程。近年来大量研究表明,COX-2在胃癌的发生发展及转移中起着关键性作用,COX-2在肿瘤增殖、血管生成、侵袭转移及抑制细胞凋亡中的作用已经受到医学界的关注,诸多研究表明选择性COX-2抑制剂不仅能够抑制胃癌细胞的增殖和促进癌细胞凋亡,还能降低胃癌细胞的侵袭转移能力,有助于胃癌的防治。随着COX-2与胃癌关系研究的深入,作为胃癌防治靶点之一的COX-2,已经成为胃癌治疗的热点。本文主要讨论COX-2及其抑制剂在胃癌的中作用及研究进展。     

COX-2 与血液恶性疾病

环氧化酶(COX-2)是体内前列腺素(PG)合成过程中重要的限速酶,它在正常组织中表达甚少,但在肿瘤和炎性细胞中表达较多,近年来的研究表明COX-2的过表达与肿瘤的发生,发展有关,使COX-2成为肿瘤研究的新热点,但COX-2在实体肿瘤中的研究较多而与血液恶性疾病之间关系国内报道较少,现就COX-2的研究进展以及在血液恶性肿瘤中的作用做一综述。     

COX-2及其抑制剂在肿瘤防治中的作用

环氧化酶（cyclooxygenase,COX）是前列腺素合成途径中主要的限速酶之一,参与炎症、发热、出凝血等病理生理过程。COX-2在肿瘤发生发展、转移、凋亡抑制及促进肿瘤血管生成等方面发挥重要作用,己成为肿瘤防治的一个新靶点;COX-2及其抑制剂在肿瘤预防、放疗、化疗、生物疗法中具有广阔应用前景。本文就COX-2及其抑制剂在肿瘤防治中的进展作一详细综述。     

COX-2/PGE2对TNF-α促进MUC5AC分泌的影响

目的：研究环氧化酶-2（COX-2）/前列腺素（PGE2）在肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）刺激黏液生成过程中的作用。方法：体外培养的BEAS-2B气道上皮细胞系施以TNF-α刺激,以选择性及非选择性COX-2抑制剂为干预因素,比较各干预组与对照组中COX-2、PGE2水平及黏蛋白（MUC）5AC的含量的差异。结果：COX-2选择性抑制剂NS-398能抑制TNF-α引起的MUC5AC mRNA、MUC5AC蛋白含量增高（P〈0.05）,PGE2、COX-2及cAMP的含量也较刺激组减少,非选择性COX-2抑制剂吲哚美辛对MUC5AC mRNA及蛋白含量的影响不大。结论：在BEAS-2B上皮细胞系中,TNF-α能诱导COX-2/PGE2生成而引起黏蛋白分泌增加。     

环氧合酶-2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究

环氧合酶-2(COX-2)是合成前列腺素的性,其高表达可促进肿瘤转移.COX-2通过改变细胞表面粘着因子和细胞外基质、促进肿瘤血管生成以及改变肿瘤微环境等一系列病理生理变化促进肿瘤转移.COX-2已成为预防和阻止肿瘤转移的药靶,COX-2抑制剂对肿瘤有一定疗效.现就近年来COx.2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究作一综述.     

环氧合酶-2 在肿瘤中的表达及其抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用进展

环氧合酶-2(Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)是前列腺素合成过程中一重要的限速酶,COX-2的过度表达及其前列腺素产物与多种肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切,COX-2抑制剂通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,阻断致癌物的代谢,减弱肿瘤介导的免疫抑制,调节抑制血管生成,抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭,环氧合酶非依赖抑癌途径,对原癌基因及抑癌基因的影响等途径影响肿瘤的发生发展,这方面的研究为针对COX-2的抗肿瘤策略打开新的视野,提供新的线索。     

环氧合酶-2在肿瘤中的表达及其抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用进展

环氧合酶-2（Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）是前列腺素合成过程中一重要的限速酶,COX-2的过度表达及其前列腺素产物与多种肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切,COX-2抑制剂通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,阻断致癌物的代谢,减弱肿瘤介导的免疫抑制,调节抑制血管生成,抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭,环氧合酶非依赖抑癌途径,对原癌基因及抑癌基因的影响等途径影响肿瘤的发生发展,这方面的研究为针对COX-2的抗肿瘤策略打开新的视野,提供新的线索。     

前列腺素E2在癌症发生发展中的研究进展

环氧合酶2、微粒体前列腺素E合酶1催化产生的前列腺素E2在肿瘤的发展过程中具有重要作用。COX2/PEG2途径的失调通过多种机制影响癌症的发生和发展。如促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和存活、抗凋亡,在肿瘤微环境中,前列腺素E2的升高促进血管再生、肿瘤细胞的粘附和迁移,促进癌症的转移。因此,研发在前列腺素E2合成过程中关键酶的抑制剂是治疗前列腺素E2相关癌症的策略之一。     

COX-2在炎症消退中的研究进展

环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)为一种在正常组织中较少表达的诱导酶,而当细胞受到炎症刺激时大量表达。由于COX-2可以快速应答一系列促炎介质和细胞因子,因此长久以来一直被认为在炎症发生的病理过程中扮演重要角色。然而COX-2通过产生不同的前列腺素不仅具有促炎作用,还可发挥抗炎促消退功能,如通过产生15ΔPGJ2与NF-κB、STAT3、AP-1等促炎转录因子相互作用发挥拮抗炎症和氧化应激的保护功能。考虑到减少COX-2表达导致的负面影响的同时也损害了它的积极作用,我们认为抑制COX-2表达以抑制炎症的这种治疗方案有待商榷。本文概述了COX-2/前列腺素在炎症中的积极作用,并期望通过进一步理解COX-2的双重作用,来探索发展炎症疾病的新型治疗方案。     

环氧合酶2与肝纤维化关系的研究进展

环氧舍酶(cyclooxygenase COX)是花生四烯酸合成前列腺素的关键酶,目前已发现其有三种同工酶COX1、COX2和COX3,其中COX2为诱导型酶.正常状态下在组织中表达极低或不表达,但可被多种激活物诱导例如某些细胞因子、促有丝分裂物质和内毒素等.研究表明COX-2在多种细胞和组织的炎症及增殖中起重要作用.本文对COX2在肝纤维化中的作用及其机制进行了综述.     

COX-2 Inhibition Combined with Radiation Reduces Orthotopic Glioma Outgrowth by Targeting the Tumor Vasculature

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors have been shown to enhance tumor''s response to radiation in several animal models. The strong association of COX-2 and angiogenesis suggests that the tumor vasculature may be involved in this process. The current study investigated whether treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor E-6087 could influence response to local radiation in orthotopically growing murine gliomas and aimed to analyze the involvement of the tumor vasculature. GL261 glioma cells were injected into the cerebrum of C57bl/6 mice. From day 7 after tumor cell injection, mice were treated with COX-2 inhibitor at 50 mg/kg i.p. every third day. Radiation consisted of three fractions of 2 Gy given daily from day 9 to day 11. Mice were killed at day 21. The COX-2 inhibitor significantly enhanced the response to radiation, reducing mean volume to 32% of tumors treated with radiation only. The combination treatment neither increased apoptosis of tumor cells or stromal cells nor affected tumor microvascular density. In vitro, E-6087 and its active metabolite did not affect clonogenic survival of GL261 cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cell after radiation. In vivo, however, there was a nonsignificant increase in Angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Tie-2 mRNA levels and a decrease of Ang-2 mRNA levels after combination treatment. These changes coincided with a significant increase in α-smooth muscle actin-positive pericyte coverage of tumor vessels. In conclusion, the antitumor effect of radiation on murine intracranial glioma growth is augmented by combining with COX-2 inhibition. Our findings suggest an involvement of the tumor vasculature in the observed effects.     

Cyclooxygenase isoforms and atherosclerosis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the treatment of arthritis and pain. However, their long-term use is limited by gastrointestinal (GI) side effects such as gastric ulcers. NSAIDs act by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyses the generation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Two isoforms of the enzyme exist--COX-1 and COX-2--both of which are targets for NSAIDs. Although they are associated with GI toxicity, NSAIDs have important antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The GI injury has been attributed to COX-1 inhibition and the anti-inflammatory effects to COX-2 inhibition. As COX-2 is traditionally viewed as an inducible enzyme, selective inhibition of COX-2 by 'coxibs' (selective COX-2 inhibitors) has been employed to achieve anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects without GI side effects. However, recently there have been suggestions that chronic administration of coxibs might increase the risk of cardiovascular events, such as atherosclerosis, compared with traditional NSAIDs. In vascular disease, there is increased expression of both COX-1 and COX-2, resulting in enhanced prostaglandin generation. The specific role of COX-1 and COX-2 in vascular regulation is still unknown but such knowledge is essential for the effective use of coxibs. Although more evidence is pointing to selective COX-1 inhibition as a therapeutic measure in inflammatory atherosclerosis, there are some studies that suggest that inhibition of COX-2 might have a potential benefit on atherosclerosis.     

Differential direct effects of cyclo-oxygenase-1/2 inhibition on proteoglycan turnover of human osteoarthritic cartilage: an in vitro study

Treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diminishes inflammation along with mediators of cartilage destruction. However, NSAIDs may exert adverse direct effects on cartilage, particularly if treatment is prolonged. We therefore compared the direct effects of indomethacin, naproxen, aceclofenac and celecoxib on matrix turnover in human OA cartilage tissue. Human clinically defined OA cartilage from five different donors was exposed for 7 days in culture to indomethacin, naproxen, aceclofenac and celecoxib--agents chosen based on their cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 selectivity. As a control, SC-560 (a selective COX-1 inhibitor) was used. Changes in cartilage proteoglycan turnover and prostaglandin E2 production were determined. OA cartilage exhibited characteristic proteoglycan turnover. Indomethacin further inhibited proteoglycan synthesis; no significant effect of indomethacin on proteoglycan release was found, and proteoglycan content tended to decrease. Naproxen treatment was not associated with changes in any parameter. In contrast, aceclofenac and, prominently, celecoxib had beneficial effects on OA cartilage. Both were associated with increased proteoglycan synthesis and normalized release. Importantly, both NSAIDs improved proteoglycan content. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production indirectly showed that all NSAIDs inhibited COX, with the more COX-2 specific agents having more pronounced effects. Selective COX-1 inhibition resulted in adverse effects on all parameters, and prostaglandin E2 production was only mildly inhibited. NSAIDs with low COX-2/COX-1 selectivity exhibit adverse direct effects on OA cartilage, whereas high COX-2/COX-1 selective NSAIDs did not show such effects and might even have cartilage reparative properties.     

The role of the cylooxygenase pathway in nociception and pain

Cycloxygenase (COX) pathways have long been targeted for the treatment of inflammatory pain, initially through the use of NSAIDs. With the demonstration of two major COX isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, involved in the production of prostanoids, but with different distribution and regulation, selective COX-2 inhibitors have been developed. This review covers factors influencing COX enzyme activity, the role of their products in the development and maintenance of pain and discusses recent safety concerns of COX-2 inhibitors.     

Differential direct effects of cyclo-oxygenase-1/2 inhibition on proteoglycan turnover of human osteoarthritic cartilage: an <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>study

Treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diminishes inflammation along with mediators of cartilage destruction. However, NSAIDs may exert adverse direct effects on cartilage, particularly if treatment is prolonged. We therefore compared the direct effects of indomethacin, naproxen, aceclofenac and celecoxib on matrix turnover in human OA cartilage tissue. Human clinically defined OA cartilage from five different donors was exposed for 7 days in culture to indomethacin, naproxen, aceclofenac and celecoxib – agents chosen based on their cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 selectivity. As a control, SC-560 (a selective COX-1 inhibitor) was used. Changes in cartilage proteoglycan turnover and prostaglandin E₂ production were determined. OA cartilage exhibited characteristic proteoglycan turnover. Indomethacin further inhibited proteoglycan synthesis; no significant effect of indomethacin on proteoglycan release was found, and proteoglycan content tended to decrease. Naproxen treatment was not associated with changes in any parameter. In contrast, aceclofenac and, prominently, celecoxib had beneficial effects on OA cartilage. Both were associated with increased proteoglycan synthesis and normalized release. Importantly, both NSAIDs improved proteoglycan content. Inhibition of prostaglandin E₂ production indirectly showed that all NSAIDs inhibited COX, with the more COX-2 specific agents having more pronounced effects. Selective COX-1 inhibition resulted in adverse effects on all parameters, and prostaglandin E₂ production was only mildly inhibited. NSAIDs with low COX-2/COX-1 selectivity exhibit adverse direct effects on OA cartilage, whereas high COX-2/COX-1 selective NSAIDs did not show such effects and might even have cartilage reparative properties.     

Expression of proteinase-activated receptor 2 on human primary gastrointestinal myofibroblasts and stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis

It is known that subepithelial myofibroblast-derived prostaglandin (PG)E2 can regulate intestinal epithelial cell functions, and that proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is abundantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. Since PAR2 activation has previously been associated with stimulation of PGE2 synthesis, we hypothesized that PAR2 expressed on primary human gastrointestinal myofibroblasts regulates PGE2 synthesis via cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and (or) COX-2, and associated PGE synthases. Primary human myofibroblasts were isolated from the resection tissue of the esophagus, small intestine, and colon. Expression of functional PAR2 was determined by RT-PCR and by calcium mobilization in Fura-2/AM-loaded cells. Trypsin and the selective PAR2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP) SLIGRL-NH2 stimulated PGE2 synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, as measured by enzyme immunoassay. Selective COX inhibition showed PAR2-induced PGE2 synthesis to be COX-1 dependent in esophageal myofibroblasts and both COX-1 and COX-2 dependent in colonic cells, consistent with the distribution of COX-1 and COX-2 expression. Although both cytosolic and microsomal PGE synthases were expressed in cells from all tissues, microsomal PGE synthases were expressed at highest levels in the colonic myofibroblasts. Activation of PAR2 on gastrointestinal myofibroblasts stimulates PGE2 synthesis via different pathways in the colon than in the esophagus and small intestine.     

In vivo activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the rat hippocampus increases prostaglandin E(2) extracellular levels and triggers lipid peroxidation through cyclooxygenase-mediated mechanisms

Cyclooxygenases (COX) are a family of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxanes. The inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the major isoform found in normal brain, where it is constitutively expressed in neurons and is further up-regulated during several pathological events, including seizures and ischaemia. Emerging evidence suggests that COX-2 is implicated in excitotoxic neurodegenerative phenomena. It remains unclear whether PGs or other products associated to COX activity take part in these processes. Indeed, it has been suggested that reactive oxygen species, produced by COX, could mediate neuronal damage. In order to obtain direct evidence of free radical production during COX activity, we undertook an in vivo microdialysis study to monitor the levels of PGE(2) and 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) following infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). A 20-min application of 1 mm NMDA caused an immediate, MK-801-sensitive increase of both PGE(2) and 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) basal levels. These effects were largely prevented by the specific cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2) ) inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK), by non- selective COX inhibitors indomethacin and flurbiprofen or by the COX-2 selective inhibitor NS-398, suggesting that the NMDA-evoked prostaglandin synthesis and free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation are largely dependent on COX-2 activity. As several lines of evidence suggest that prostaglandins may be potentially neuroprotective, our findings support the hypothesis that free radicals, rather than prostaglandins, mediate the toxicity associated to COX-2 activity.     

Cyclooxygenase-2 increased the angiogenic and metastatic potential of tumor cells

It seems certain that COX-2 is related to tumor and some data suggested that COX-2 might have relation to tumor malignance and angiogenesis. In order to elucidate the relationship between COX-2 and tumor invasive and angiogenic ability, we transfected human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell line, EJ, permanently with a COX-2 expression vector or the mock vector. The EJ-COX(2) cells, which overexpressed COX-2, acquired increased invasiveness and angiogenic ability by activation of VEGF, uPA, and MMP-2. Increased invasiveness and angiogenic ability were reversed by treatment with either selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, or dual COX inhibitor, indomethacin. These results demonstrate that overexpression of COX-2 can lead to phenotypic changes that alter the metastatic and angiogenic potential of TCC cancer cells.