线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血模型的要点和体会

目的:提高线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉脑缺血模型的成功率。方法:从鼠种、鼠龄、性别、侧别方面选择大鼠,分离颈总、颈内动脉、颈外动脉,结扎颈总、颈外动脉,用鱼线和指甲油的改良线栓法制备线栓,经由颈总动脉剪一小口,将制备好的栓线插入颈总动脉,并推送入颈内动脉。根据大鼠体重和施术者手感选择合适的进线深度,阻断大脑中动脉,制备模型,并观察大鼠脑组织的病理改变。结果:造模成功率明显提高,模型符合脑梗死的病理过程。结论:改良后的方法模型成功率提高,可复制性强。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型的有效制备

目的比较三种不同手术方法制作大鼠永久性脑缺血模型的效果,包括死亡率、神经功能评分、脑梗死体积、手术效率。方法将采用不同手术方法制备脑缺血模型的大鼠随机分为三组。1组在术中分别结扎颈总动脉（CCA）、颈外动脉（ECA）、枕动脉、翼腭动脉,并且用动脉夹对颈内动脉（ICA）进行临时夹闭;2组在术中分别结扎颈总动脉、颈外动脉,暴露枕动脉和翼腭动脉但不结扎,用丝线悬挂颈内动脉而不是用动脉夹夹闭,线栓在显微镜直视下插入颈内动脉越过翼腭动脉起始点至大脑中动脉分叉处;3组只暴露颈总动脉、颈外动脉和颈内动脉,结扎颈总动脉、颈外动脉,丝线悬挂颈内动脉,显微镜下将线栓盲插至颈内动脉大脑中动脉分叉处。分别检测三组模型的死亡率、神经功能评分、梗死体积、手术时间。结果第3组制作动物模型的方法所花费时间平均为17.5 min,死亡率较低,神经功能评分及梗死体积稳定。结论采用第3组手术方法可以缩短手术时间,提高手术效率,能够高效地制作出更加稳定的可用于临床实验的大鼠脑缺血模型。     

颈总动脉穿刺法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型

目的对颈总动脉穿刺法及传统线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型的时效性、成功率、死亡率比较。方法将32只雄性大鼠随机分为颈总动脉穿刺法组与传统线栓法组,将线栓从颈总动脉插入,栓塞大脑中动脉。采用Bederson神经功能评分标准,于术后24 h进行神经功能评分,并统计24 h成功率及死亡率。结果颈总动脉穿刺法和传统手术方法制备大鼠MCAO模型的插线栓时间、成功率、死亡率分别为(82.3±17.4)s和(164.6±22.0)s,差异有显著性(P0.01);87.5%和68.75%,差异无显著性(P0.05);6.25%和18.75%,差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论颈总动脉穿刺法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型简单省时,创伤小,可操作性强。     

改良线栓法大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞模型的建立

目的对大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞（MCAO）再灌注模型进行改良,通过比较再灌注24h时大鼠神经功能评分、梗死率、模型制作时间、成功率和死亡率等指标评价改良线栓法大鼠MCAO再灌注模型的有效性。方法12只SD大鼠随机分为对照和模型两组,对照组采用分离结扎翼腭动脉,从颈外动脉插入线栓至大脑中动脉。模型组采用不分离结扎翼腭动脉,从颈总动脉分叉处插入线栓至大脑中动脉。阻断大脑中动脉血供2h后将线栓拔出实现再灌注。于再灌注24h时观察脑组织组织病理学改变,计算比较两组大鼠神经功能评分、模型制作时间、模型成功率和死亡率以及鼠脑切片TTC染色测量脑梗死率。结果两组MCAO模型在再灌注24h后大鼠神经功能评分、梗死率、模型成功率和死亡率等方面没有显著差异;模型组的模型制作时间显著少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论采用不分离结扎翼腭动脉,由颈总动脉插入线栓的改良线栓法是稳定和可靠的MCAO造模方法。     

插线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流模型方法的改进

目的 探索插线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流模型方法的改进。方法 在前人制作模型方法基础上进行部分改进,用提线法阻断血流和在颈外动脉上剪小口进行插线。结果 缩短了手术时间,简化了模型制作过程,提高模型成功率。结论 本法复制插线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流模型,省时,操作简便,提高成功率。     

线栓法插线深度对大鼠脑梗死模型制备的影响

目的比较不同栓线插线深度对线栓法制作大鼠脑梗死模型的影响。方法按照栓线深度将大鼠分为4组:(1)0.8 cm组;(2)1.3 cm组;(3)1.8 cm组;(4)2.2 cm组。模型前、模型后24 h和48 h分别称量体重和行神经损伤严重程度评分;模型后48 h计算各组大鼠存活率,处死大鼠行2,3,5-三苯氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色并计算脑梗死体积。结果 0.8 cm组和1.3 cm组大鼠症状不明显,TTC染色未见脑梗死;1.8 cm组和2.2 cm组大鼠出现典型偏瘫症状,但2.2 cm组大鼠梗死范围过大,存活率较1.8 cm组显著下降(P<0.05)。结论线栓法制作大鼠MCAO模型需要选择合适的插线深度;过浅模型易制作失败;过深则模型症状偏重,存活率降低;最佳深度为栓线头端置于大脑中动脉起始处。     

大鼠永久性大脑中动脉阻塞模型的建立

目的 建立稳定可靠的线栓法大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)永久性脑缺血模型.方法 对Koizumi和Zea Longa模型构建方法 加以改进.40只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为实验组和假手术组,分别进行模型制作和模型缺血的评价,采用2,3,5-氯化三苯四氮唑(2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色来计算大鼠脑梗死体积.结果 大鼠MCAO模型制作成功率为95%;神经功能缺失评分1～3级百分率为95%.结论 实验所采用的改良术式构建大鼠MCAO模型具有稳定性好、可重复率高、操作简便和手术时间短等优点,为基于大鼠永久性脑缺血模型开展的下游相关实验提供了良好的研究平台.     

介绍一种大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞／再灌流模型

介绍一种大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞／再灌流模型郑健董为伟１（第三军医大学新桥医院，重庆６３００３７；重庆医科大学神经病学研究所）局灶脑缺血／再灌流动物模型的建立是研究“再灌流”损害的基础。我们对Ｎａｇａｓａｗａ等建立的大鼠大脑中动脉线栓阻塞法局灶脑缺血模型做...     

Hippo信号通路在颈动脉结扎所致大鼠动脉血管重构中的表达及其意义

目的:在建立大鼠血管重构模型基础上探讨Hippo信号通路在该模型中的表达及意义。方法:模型组(n=40)经颈部正中切口游离出左侧颈总动脉,用6-0不可吸收线在尽量靠近近心端处结扎,完全阻断血流。对照组(n=20)仅将手术线穿过颈总动脉而不结扎,闭合切合。14 d后处死所有动物,经原手术路径分离颈总动脉,收集结扎处至远心端的动脉。用HE以及MASSON染色观察血管形态以及纤维化,免疫组织化学染色法检测颈动脉中α-肌动蛋白(α-MSA)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达,Western blot检测yes相关蛋白(YAP),PDZ结合基序的转录辅激活子(TAZ),TEAD1,Bax,Bcl-2的表达。结果:与对照组相比,造模组HE染色提示血管重构明显,新生内膜/中膜比例明显增加,MASSON染色提示纤维化明显增加;免疫组织化学染色法提示造模组血管α-MSA及PCNA表达明显增加; Western blot提示造模组血管YAP,TAZ,TEAD1,Bcl-2表达增加,而Bax表达降低,Bax/Bcl-2蛋白比例明显降低。结论:本研究成功建立颈动脉结扎介导的大鼠血管重构模型,另外证明Hippo信号通路在颈动脉结扎介导的大鼠血管重构模型中明显激活,以及可能介导增殖、凋亡相关的Bax/Bcl-2比值的改变,进而参与平滑肌细胞增殖促进血管重构。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型评价方法间关联性分析

目的分析评价线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞模型成功的三种方法之间的相关性,为评价该模型提供一种新的方法和标准。方法雄性SD大鼠共(30)只,随机分成假手术组(n=15)、模型组(n=15),参照Zea-Longa线栓法稍加改进制备局灶性脑缺血模型,于术前术后检测各组大鼠脑血流变化。以大鼠脑梗死面积率为金标准,分析该标准与脑血流变化之间的相关性。结果模型大鼠脑梗死面积率与脑血流变化量呈正相关,与行为学评分高低无关。结论大鼠脑血流量变化可作为评价局灶性脑缺血模型成功的标准。     

开放翼腭动脉改良制备大鼠自体血栓脑梗死模型比较

目的：利用大鼠自体血栓,在开放翼腭动脉（ pterygopalatine artery,PPA）的情况下堵塞其大脑中动脉,造成大脑中动脉远端供血区的脑梗死模型。方法开放PPA,结扎颈外动脉（ external carotid artery,ECA）,将栓子通过颈总动脉（common carotid artery,CCA）血流将栓子冲大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）远端,造成梗死模型,按Bederson评分对其神经功能进行评分,TTC染色确定梗死体积。结果两手术组模型比较,评分均升高,且出现白色梗死区,经统计检测分析无明显差异。结论开放PPA大鼠自体血栓制造脑梗死模型可缩短手术时间,降低死亡率。     

Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in 2009^{1, 2}. Several models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to mimic the human condition of stroke. It has been suggested that up to 80% of all strokes result from ischemic damage in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) area³. In the early 1990s, endothelin-1 (ET-1) ⁴ was used to induce ischemia by applying it directly adjacent to the surface of the MCA after craniotomy. Later, this model was modified ⁵ by using a stereotaxic injection of ET-1 adjacent to the MCA to produce focal cerebral ischemia. The main advantages of this model include the ability to perform the procedure quickly, the ability to control artery constriction by altering the dose of ET-1 delivered, no need to manipulate the extracranial vessels supplying blood to the brain as well as gradual reperfusion rates that more closely mimics the reperfusion in humans^5-7. On the other hand, the ET-1 model has disadvantages that include the need for a craniotomy, as well as higher variability in stroke volume⁸. This variability can be reduced with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to verify cerebral ischemia during ET-1 infusion. Factors that affect stroke variability include precision of infusion and the batch of the ET-1 used⁶. Another important consideration is that although reperfusion is a common occurrence in human stroke, the duration of occlusion for ET-1 induced MCAO may not closely mimic that of human stroke where many patients have partial reperfusion over a period of hours to days following occlusion^{9, 10}. This protocol will describe in detail the ET-1 induced MCAO model for ischemic stroke in rats. It will also draw attention to special considerations and potential drawbacks throughout the procedure.     

3D model-based approach to identification of laminar structures of the cerebral cortex: Application to Brodmann areas 17 and 18

The human cerebral cortex may be subdivided into architectonic fields according to variations within its laminar structure. Studies have shown correspondences between the locations of functional activation foci and architectonic regions. In order to perform accurate localization of functional activation foci to architectonic regions, a parcellation algorithm capable of segmenting architectonic regions on in vivo imaging datasets is required. This paper presents a novel 3D model-based approach to directly detect cortical layers and classify architectonic fields. The column-like structure of the cortex is modeled using a Laplace equation method which generates a collection of intensity profiles that span the cortical mantle. Bayesian evidence for intensity profile elements belonging to hyper- or hypo-intense bands, which represent cell or myelin poor or rich layers in imaging data, is gathered. A non-isotropic Markov Random Field model is used to encourage contiguous bands as well as a penalty term that completes bands across highly curved cortical regions where neighbouring evidence for banding is strong. This algorithm is validated on a 3D histological dataset of a macaque brain with visible layering at intermediate resolution between high-resolution MRI and histology. The algorithm detects the myelin-rich Stria of Gennari and uses this as the basis for finding the Brodmann Area 17/18 boundary.     

Inverse method of stress analysis for cerebral aneurysms

We present a method for predicting the wall stress in a class of cerebral aneurysms. The method hinges on an inverse formulation of the elastostatic equilibrium problem; it takes as the input a deformed configuration and the corresponding pressure, and predicts the wall stress in the given deformed state. For a membrane structure, the inverse formulation possesses a remarkable feature, that is, it can practically determine the wall tension without accurate knowledge of the wall elastic properties. In this paper, we present a finite element formulation for the inverse membrane problem and perform material sensitivity studies on idealized lesions and an image-based cerebral aneurysm model.     

局部脑缺血－再灌注大鼠行为和运动功能的动态观察

采用定量的方法动态观察局部脑缺血－再灌注大鼠的行为和运动能力,旨在为缺血性脑损伤行为评价提供敏感的指标。用直径０．２ｍｍ的尼龙线经颈内动脉可逆性插入到大脑前动脉,建立局部脑缺血－再灌注大鼠模型。术后１、２、４、８、２４、４８ｈ观察神经症状。运动能力的评价采用握－引测验、网屏测验和转棒测验,在术后１、２、３、７、１４ｄ进行。主要结果如下：该模型的偏瘫很快消失,术后４ｈ就难以用肉眼观察出运动的异常。而提尾悬空试验的阳性体征持续到术后３ｄ,转棒的成绩在术后１周恢复正常。握－引和网屏测验未能显示出肌力的异常,应考虑设计更完善的方法以排除干扰因素。上述结果提示提尾悬空和转棒测验是评价脑缺血大鼠运动缺陷的简便、客观且较敏感方法。     

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are very limited. To meet the need for novel therapeutic approaches, experimental stroke research frequently employs rodent models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Most researchers use permanent or transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice or rats.Proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the intraluminal suture technique (so called filament or suture model) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. The intraluminal MCAO model offers the advantage of inducing reproducible transient or permanent ischaemia of the MCA territory in a relatively non-invasive manner. Intraluminal approaches interrupt the blood flow of the entire territory of this artery. Filament occlusion thus arrests flow proximal to the lenticulo-striate arteries, which supply the basal ganglia. Filament occlusion of the MCA results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be either permanent or transient. In contrast, models inducing distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA occlusion typically spare the striatum and primarily involve the neocortex. In addition these models do require craniectomy. In the model demonstrated in this article, a silicon coated filament is introduced into the common carotid artery and advanced along the internal carotid artery into the Circle of Willis, where it blocks the origin of the middle cerebral artery. In patients, occlusions of the middle cerebral artery are among the most common causes of ischaemic stroke. Since varying ischemic intervals can be chosen freely in this model depending on the time point of reperfusion, ischaemic lesions with varying degrees of severity can be produced. Reperfusion by removal of the occluding filament at least partially models the restoration of blood flow after spontaneous or therapeutic (tPA) lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans.In this video we will present the basic technique as well as the major pitfalls and confounders which may limit the predictive value of this model.     

双侧迷走神经和颈总动脉联合切断法建立急性脑缺血大鼠模型

目的建立一种操作简单的急性脑缺血动物模型。方法取雄性Wistar大鼠40只,体重200～230g,手术前禁食12 h,自由饮水,随机分为对照组A、B、C组及模型D组,共4组,每组10只。即A组:假手术组,仅切开颈部两侧皮肤,分离双侧颈总动脉和迷走神经,不切断,然后缝合;B组:仅切断双侧颈部迷走神经;C组:结扎并切断双侧颈总动脉(CCA);D组:联合组,即结扎并切断双侧颈总动脉,同时切断双侧颈部迷走神经。观察各组大鼠手术后的脑缺血症状,记录各组大鼠在8h内的死亡情况,超过8h死亡的动物按8h计,计算死亡率和死亡时间。结果 A组大鼠没有脑缺血症状,无死亡;B组大鼠无脑缺血症状,呼吸变慢变深,心率血压上升,但无死亡;C组大鼠部分出现脑缺血症状,眼睑下垂,活动能力低下,自发运动减少,有些大鼠术后自发运动增加,在8 h内无死亡;D组大鼠大多数出现较为明显的脑缺血症状,在8 h内全部死亡。结论采取同时结扎并切断大鼠双侧颈总动脉和双侧颈部迷走神经的方法,可以建立急性脑缺血大鼠动物模型,此方法具有手术简单,成功率高,术后动物缓慢死亡的特点。     

红茶菌在脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型中的作用研究

摘要 目的：探讨红茶菌在脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型中是否有改善效果。方法：将48只清洁级SD大鼠根据随机数字表法分为假手术组、模型组、红茶菌组、依达拉奉组。红茶菌组术前给予红茶菌液灌胃7天以及再灌注麻醉清醒后追加灌胃1次,依达拉奉组大鼠在再灌注前15 min经腹腔注射依达拉奉,模型组和假手术组给予生理盐水。遵循Zea Longa线栓法阻断大鼠大脑中动脉血流2 h后恢复再灌注24 h 建立MCAO模型,假手术组大鼠仅分离劲总动脉。再灌注24 h后,神经行为学评分评估脑损伤程度;TTC染色观察红茶菌对大鼠脑梗死面积比的影响并用Image J软件测定梗死面积;HE染色后观察大鼠脑组织皮层神经元病理形态学;透射电镜观察大鼠皮层神经元超微结构及线粒体形态。结果：脑缺血再灌注24 h后,对大鼠进行神经行为学评分,红茶菌组神经神经行为学评分为（2.21±0.60）,依达拉奉组神经行为学评分为（2.01±0.66）,均显著低于模型组（2.52±0.52）（P＜0.05）;TTC染色后观察到模型组大鼠大脑梗死灶明显,红茶菌组与依达拉奉组较模型组大鼠梗死面积明显减小;HE结果显示模型组大脑皮层神经元损伤明显,红茶菌组与依达拉奉组较模型组大脑皮层神经元坏死减轻,梗死面积缩小;透射电镜下观察到模型组大鼠染色质溶解,线粒体肿胀,红茶菌组与依达拉奉组较模型组溶解减少,线粒体结构较完整。结论：红茶菌可减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型的神经元损伤,有望成为改善脑缺血再灌注损伤的疗法或辅助疗法。     

Neuroprotective Mechanism of BNG-1 against Focal Cerebral Ischemia: A Neuroimaging and Neurotrophin Study

BNG-1 is a herb complex used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat stroke. In this study, we attempted to identify the neuroprotective mechanism of BNG-1 by using neuroimaging and neurotrophin analyses of a stroke animal model. Rats were treated with either saline or BNG-1 for 7 d after 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion by filament model. The temporal change of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of brain was studied using a 7 Tesla MR imaging (MRI) system and the temporal expressions of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) in brain were analyzed before operation and at 4 h, 2 d, and 7 d after operation. Compared with the saline group, the BNG-1 group exhibited a smaller infarction volume in the cerebral cortex in T2 image from as early as 4 h to 7 d, less edema in the cortex in diffusion weighted image from 2 to 7 d, earlier reduction of postischemic hyperperfusion in both the cortex and striatum in perfusion image at 4 h, and earlier normalization of the ischemic pattern in the striatum in susceptibility weighted image at 2 d. NT-3 and BDNF levels were higher in the BNG-1 group than the saline group at 7 d. We concluded that the protective effect of BNG-1 against cerebral ischemic injury might act through improving cerebral hemodynamics and recovering neurotrophin generation.     

Conditions for the Emergence of Shared Norms in Populations with Incompatible Preferences

Understanding norms is a key challenge in sociology. Nevertheless, there is a lack of dynamical models explaining how one of several possible behaviors is established as a norm and under what conditions. Analysing an agent-based model, we identify interesting parameter dependencies that imply when two behaviors will coexist or when a shared norm will emerge in a heterogeneous society, where different populations have incompatible preferences. Our model highlights the importance of randomness, spatial interactions, non-linear dynamics, and self-organization. It can also explain the emergence of unpopular norms that do not maximize the collective benefit. Furthermore, we compare behavior-based with preference-based punishment and find interesting results concerning hypocritical punishment. Strikingly, pressuring others to perform the same public behavior as oneself is more effective in promoting norms than pressuring others to meet one’s own private preference. Finally, we show that adaptive group pressure exerted by randomly occuring, local majorities may create norms under conditions where different behaviors would normally coexist.