Bt水稻田重要非靶标节肢动物暴露于Cry2Aa蛋白的程度分析

根据风险=危险×暴露的原理,在实验室条件下评价转基因作物对非靶标节肢动物影响时,所选择的代表性非靶标生物通常是在农田系统中较高地暴露于转基因外源杀虫蛋白的节肢动物种.为了弄清Bt稻田主要节肢动物暴露于Cry蛋白的程度,选择合适的非靶标节肢动物,用于转基因抗虫水稻的风险评价,本文采用酶联免疫技术检测了水稻不同生长期从转cry2Aa基因水稻田采集的不同节肢动物体内Cry2Aa蛋白的含量.结果表明: 不同节肢动物种体内的Cry蛋白含量差异显著.一些节肢动物体内不含Cry蛋白,而一些节肢动物体内含有较高的Cry蛋白;相对于花期后采集的节肢动物,在Bt水稻花期采集的节肢动物,特别是捕食性节肢动物体内的Cry蛋白含量较高;寄生性节肢动物体内未检测到Cry蛋白.这为在实验室条件下评价转基因水稻对农田非靶标节肢动物的影响奠定了基础.     

抗虫转基因植物对非靶标节肢动物生态影响的研究进展

重组DNA技术的发展为培育高效的抗虫作物提供了前所未有的便利条件。通过转基因技术,全世界已培育出众多转基因抗虫植物品系。其中,表达苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)基因的作物品系如Bt棉花和Bt玉米已在很多国家大规模种植,在害虫控制方面发挥了重要的作用。转基因抗虫作物可能带来的生态风险问题,如对农田非靶标节肢动物的潜在影响,一直受到相关研究者及民众的广泛关注。至今,已有大量研究论文发表。本文在总结、归纳前人研究的基础上,阐述了从实验室到田间多层次评价转基因抗虫作物对非靶标生物影响的一般研究程序和方法,并简要综述了Bt玉米和Bt棉花2种已商业化种植的转基因抗虫作物对农田非靶标节肢动物生态影响的研究进展。现有研究表明:当前种植的Bt作物所表达的Cry蛋白杀虫专一性非常强,对农田非靶标节肢动物没有毒性;且Bt作物的利用降低了广谱化学杀虫剂的施用量,从而提高了非专一性害虫天敌的种群密度,加强了对害虫的控制,并有效地保护了生态环境和农民健康。因此,Bt作物可以作为害虫综合防治(IPM)的一个策略,结合其他防治措施可加强对害虫的有效控制。     

种植Bt水稻后的土壤对赤子爱胜蚓生长发育及酶活性的影响

【背景】转基因作物种植的安全问题一直备受关注。关于Bt蛋白对地下非靶标生物影响的研究是转基因作物安全评价的重要内容。【方法】在转Bt基因水稻收割后的稻田里分别种植豌豆、紫云英和油菜作为后茬作物。分别于2013年1、3和6月3次采集不同后茬作物田中的土壤作为材料,于室内饲养赤子爱胜蚓,4周和7周后,测定蚯蚓的生长发育指标、存活率以及体内酶活性的变化情况。此外,还测定了不同深度土壤中Bt蛋白的含量以及用Bt蛋白直接饲喂的赤子爱胜蚓的存活率。【结果】与种植过非转基因水稻MH63的土壤相比,分别种植过含cry2A和cry1C基因水稻后的土壤对赤子爱胜蚓的生长发育、存活率及体内酶活性无显著影响。1月份和3月份转cry2A基因水稻田以及1月份转cry1C基因水稻田采集的表层土样中的Bt蛋白含量显著高于地下10 cm和地下20 cm土壤中的含量,地下2层土样中的Cry2A蛋白含量之间无差异。3月份转cry1C基因水稻田以及6月份转cry2A和转cry1C基因水稻田的土壤中Bt蛋白的含量均不受土壤深度的影响。种植的后茬作物对土壤中的Bt蛋白无显著消解作用。室内模拟土壤最高Bt蛋白浓度的条件下,Cry2A蛋白处理的蚯蚓存活率为96.7%,Cry1C蛋白处理的蚯蚓存活率为95.0%,两者与对照相比无显著差异。【结论与意义】转cry2A和cry1C基因Bt水稻的种植对蚯蚓的生长发育和体内酶活性无显著影响。本研究为转基因水稻的安全评价提供了一定的依据。     

转Bt基因抗虫作物对鳞翅目非靶标昆虫生态影响的研究进展

任何转基因作物在进入商业化应用之前都必须经过严格的环境风险评价。评价转基因作物特别是抗虫作物对农田重要非靶标节肢动物的生态影响是其中一项重要内容。当前,全球种植的转基因抗虫作物大多表达对鳞翅目害虫具有活性的Cry1或Cry2类杀虫蛋白。由于非靶标鳞翅目昆虫如斑蝶、家蚕等与靶标害虫具有较近的亲缘关系,其幼虫可能同样对这类杀虫蛋白敏感。因此,这类转基因抗虫作物对非靶标鳞翅目害虫的潜在影响引起了研究者的广泛关注。在总结国内外相关研究数据的基础上,系统分析了转基因抗虫作物对非靶标蝶类和蚕类昆虫的潜在影响,获得以下结论：虽然蚕类和蝶类昆虫对Cry1或Cry2类杀虫蛋白敏感,但在自然条件下这类非靶标昆虫暴露于Cry杀虫蛋白的水平很低,抗鳞翅目害虫转基因作物的种植不可能显著影响田间蝶类昆虫的种群密度,也不会给我国的蚕丝产业带来负面影响。     

转Bt基因棉花中Cry1Ac蛋白经烟粉虱途径向龟纹瓢虫的传递

【目的】烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci是转基因棉的非靶标害虫,对棉花生产造成严重影响。本文探讨转Bt基因棉花中Cry1Ac蛋白在棉花-烟粉虱-龟纹瓢食物链中的传递规律,以期为转基因棉的环境安全评价提供科学依据。【方法】在实验室条件下,以常规棉SM3号、33、SY321为对照,分析转Bt基因棉花GK12、XM33B、SGK321叶片、在这些棉花上取食的烟粉虱、以及捕食烟粉虱的瓢虫体内Cry1Ac蛋白含量。同时,将取食转Bt基因棉花上的烟粉虱的瓢虫转接到对应的受体亲本棉花上,分析瓢虫体内Cry1Ac蛋白含量变化规律。【结果】在转Bt基因棉花上取食的烟粉虱成虫和若虫以及它们的蜜露中均能检测到Cry1Ac蛋白,以转Bt基因棉花上的烟粉虱若虫为食料的龟纹瓢虫体Propylaea japonica内也能检测到Cry1Ac蛋白。龟纹瓢虫取食转Bt基因棉花上的烟粉虱若虫1 d后体内即能检测到Cry1Ac蛋白,并且随着取食时间的延长,体内Cry1Ac蛋白的含量逐渐增加,但到第6~8天后Cry1Ac蛋白的含量相对稳定。取食3个不同品种棉花上烟粉虱若虫的龟纹瓢虫体内Cry1Ac蛋白的含量存在明显差异,这种差异与棉花叶片上表达的Cry1Ac蛋白量呈正相关。但取食后6 d,在3个品种棉花上取食的龟纹瓢虫体内的Cry1Ac蛋白含量之间没有明显的差异。以转Bt基因棉花上的烟粉虱若虫为食料的龟纹瓢虫转移到对应的常规棉亲本上以后,体内的Cry1Ac蛋白的含量迅速下降,但10 d后仍能检测到微量的Cry1Ac蛋白。【结论】转Bt基因棉花中的Cry1Ac蛋白可以通过烟粉虱途径传递到龟纹瓢虫体内,龟纹瓢虫对食料中的Cry1Ac蛋白具有富集作用,并且Cry1Ac蛋白的富集存在饱和现象,富集饱和量与食料中的Cry1Ac含量无关;龟纹瓢虫脱离含有Cry1Ac蛋白的食料环境后,体内的Cry1Ac蛋白可以消减,但在10 d时间内龟纹瓢虫体内仍会有Cry1Ac残留。     

转基因抗虫水稻的安全性及其防范策略

简要综述了转基因抗虫水稻的潜在影响,主要包括转基因抗虫水稻表达的抗虫毒蛋白对稻田土壤微生态系统、靶标害虫、非靶标害虫、节肢动物种群动态、自然天敌的影响以及抗虫Bt蛋白在食物链中的传递规律,并对转基因抗虫水稻潜在的不利影响提出了相应的防范策略.     

不同种植方式下转Bt基因水稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

如何设置庇护所使其在转基因作物靶标害虫抗性治理中达到更高的效率,就此,本文 研究了Bt水稻与非Bt水稻不同种植方式对Bt稻田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,整体上,块块种植和列列混栽方式对Bt稻田节肢动物群落多样性、均匀度和优势集中性无显著影响;但混栽方式下的Bt稻田节肢动物群落个体密度和物种丰富度显著偏低。在水稻发育中期,混栽方式下Bt稻田节肢动物群落季节动态与块块种植方式下的明显不同,其多样性、均匀度、优势集中性指数均类似于同种植方式下非Bt稻上各参数的季节动态。混栽方式下的庇护所效应更明显。     

温度对Bt水稻及其非靶标害虫褐飞虱生态适应性的影响

【背景】温度是影响植物生长发育最为重要的环境因子之一。明确温度对Bt水稻及其非靶标害虫的影响有助于今后Bt水稻的推广应用。【方法】设置不同的温度梯度(26、30和34℃)分别处理Bt水稻T2A-1(表达Cry2A蛋白),在处理后不同天数内分别测定Cry蛋白、叶绿素、草酸、可溶性糖和总氮含量,同时评价不同温度处理下Bt水稻上褐飞虱的生态适应性。【结果】Cry蛋白含量显著受温度影响,随着温度升高Cry蛋白含量下降。温度、处理时间及两者相互作用均显著影响Bt水稻T2A-1的叶片叶绿素、叶鞘草酸、可溶性糖和总氮含量。叶绿素含量在26℃处理20 d时高于30、34℃的处理。随着温度的升高,Bt水稻叶鞘草酸含量升高。可溶性糖含量高温(30和34℃)处理后20 d低于26℃处理。Bt水稻叶鞘内可溶性氮含量随着温度的升高而升高。温度对非Bt水稻MH63上叶绿素、草酸、可溶性糖和总氮含量的影响与T2A-1趋势一致。高温(34℃)处理的Bt水稻上的褐飞虱雌雄虫寿命、每雌产卵量及卵孵化率显著低于26℃处理。温度对非Bt水稻MH63上褐飞虱生态适应性参数的影响与T2A-1趋势一致。【结论与意义】温度对Bt水稻具有显著影响,且对Bt水稻上非靶标害虫褐飞虱的生态适应性产生不利影响。本研究有利于今后Bt稻田的害虫综合治理措施的制定。     

转Bt基因稻谷对印度谷螟生长发育的影响

为建立仓储阶段转Bt水稻安全性评价中靶标害虫抗性汰选研究体系,配制了含不同比例(70%,50%,30%,10%)转Bt基因(Cry1Ab/Cry1Abc)明辉63水稻谷粉(简称Bt谷粉)的人工饲料饲喂印度谷螟Plodia interpunctella(Hübner),测定其对1～3龄幼虫在72h内的急性毒力,及对印度谷螟种群生长发育的影响,并采用ELISA法检测转基因稻谷和末龄幼虫体内Bt蛋白含量。结果发现:4种比例人工饲料对幼虫的毒力作用均发生在取食48h后,72h后剂量效应明显。含Bt水稻较高比例的饲料对印度谷螟发育的负面效应明显:幼虫死亡率高,发育历期延长。Bt蛋白在幼虫体内含量与对应饲料中的含量基本成正比。综合考虑,将Bt杀虫蛋白含量2.35μg/g作为转Bt基因稻谷对印度谷螟的亚致死剂量最为合适。     

转Bt基因水稻对白符跳虫取食选择行为的影响

【目的】为探讨转基因Bt水稻种植对土壤动物的潜在生态风险性。【方法】本研究将3种转Bt基因水稻及其非转基因亲本水稻叶片残体饲养白符跳虫Folsomia candida,通过观察其粪便的数量与分布以分析白符跳虫对Bt水稻的取食选择行为。【结果】研究结果表明,Bt蛋白(Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac)不会影响白符跳虫的取食选择;而Bt基因插入后导致的水稻成分的变化可能影响了白符跳虫对水稻残体的偏好性。结果可为评估转Bt水稻对土壤生态系统影响提供参考价值,为转Bt水稻安全性评价提供科学的依据。     

Progressively excluding mammals of different body size affects community and trait structure of ground beetles

Mammalian grazing induces changes in vegetation properties in grasslands, which can affect a wide variety of other animals including many arthropods. However, the impacts may depend on the type and body size of these mammals. Furthermore, how mammals influence functional trait syndromes of arthropod communities is not well known. We progressively excluded large (e.g. red deer, chamois), medium (e.g. alpine marmot, mountain hare), and small (e.g. mice) mammals using size‐selective fences in two vegetation types (short‐ and tall‐grass vegetation) of subalpine grasslands. We then assessed how these exclusions affected the community composition and functional traits of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae), and which vegetation characteristic mediated the observed effects. Total carabid biomass, the activity densities of carabids with specific traits (i.e. small eyes, short wings), the richness of small‐eyed species and the richness of herbivorous species were significantly higher when certain mammals were excluded compared to when all mammals had access, regardless of vegetation type. Excluding large and medium mammals increased the activity density of herbivorous carabid species, but only in short‐grass vegetation. Similarly, excluding large mammals (ungulates) altered carabid species composition in the short‐, but not in the tall‐grass vegetation. All these responses were related to aboveground plant biomass, but not to plant Shannon diversity or vegetation structural heterogeneity. Our results indicate that changes in aboveground plant biomass are key drivers of mammalian grazers’ influence on carabids, suggesting that bottom–up forces are important in subalpine grassland systems. The exclusion of ungulates provoked the strongest carabid response. Our results, however, also highlight the ecological significance of smaller herbivorous mammals. Our study furthermore shows that mammalian grazing not only altered carabid community composition, but also caused community‐wide functional trait shifts, which could potentially have a wider impact on species interactions and ecosystem functioning.     

土壤重金属向节肢动物的传递及影响

土壤中重金属可通过食物链传递至节肢动物,并在其体内累积。文章介绍影响重金属传递和积累的主要因子,及重金属对植食性、捕食性、寄生性、腐食性节肢动物种群及群落的影响情况。建议对影响传递与累积的机制开展深入研究,并重点从节肢动物群落生态学、行为学、生理学等角度开展更多工作。     

High-Arctic butterflies become smaller with rising temperatures

The response of body size to increasing temperature constitutes a universal response to climate change that could strongly affect terrestrial ectotherms, but the magnitude and direction of such responses remain unknown in most species. The metabolic cost of increased temperature could reduce body size but long growing seasons could also increase body size as was recently shown in an Arctic spider species. Here, we present the longest known time series on body size variation in two High-Arctic butterfly species: Boloria chariclea and Colias hecla. We measured wing length of nearly 4500 individuals collected annually between 1996 and 2013 from Zackenberg, Greenland and found that wing length significantly decreased at a similar rate in both species in response to warmer summers. Body size is strongly related to dispersal capacity and fecundity and our results suggest that these Arctic species could face severe challenges in response to ongoing rapid climate change.     

复合荔枝园节肢动物群落动态的研究

对单一荔枝和复合荔枝园节肢动物群落进行了调查、分析,结果表明：复合园的捕食性、寄生性昆虫以及蜘蛛类群的数量和丰富度明显高于单一园,而植食性类群的数量和主要害虫发生数量明显少于单一园。复合园各种类型的多样性指数季节变化,其总趋势比单一园大,波动程度比单一园低。复合园的均匀度全年维持在０．８以上,而单一园的则波动很大。     

Effects of bird predation on canopy arthropods in wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo woodland

Abstract: As top predators, birds may have significant effects on arthropod abundances and affect the trophic structure of arthropod communities through predation of lower order predators (e.g. spiders) and by competition for prey. We investigated the effects of bird predation on canopy arthropods in south‐western Australia by using plastic bird mesh to exclude insectivorous birds from the foliage of wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo saplings. Exclosure resulted in an increase in the number of herbivorous and predatory arthropods. Total arthropods (with and without ants), spiders, adult Coleoptera, and larval Lepidoptera were significantly more abundant on meshed than unmeshed saplings. All size‐classes of arthropods, taxa grouped, were more abundant on meshed than unmeshed saplings, but with no evidence of a disproportionate increase of the largest arthropods on meshed saplings. All size‐classes of spiders increased in abundance on saplings from which birds were excluded. There were significant differences in the total abundance of arthropods (with and without ants), spiders (Araneae), sucking bugs (Homoptera), adult beetles (Coleoptera), larval moths (Lepidoptera), and wasps and ants (Hymenoptera) for both unmeshed and meshed saplings between sample periods. These seasonal patterns of abundance and differences between sample periods appeared to be determined by seasonal weather patterns, with the lowest numbers associated with drier and hotter conditions in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. The conclusion reached is that eucalypt forest birds have limited effects on temporal variation in canopy arthropod abundances, but depress abundances, and affect the size and trophic composition of the fauna. Given the cascading effects of birds as predators on arthropods, successful conservation management of eucalypt ecosystems, including plantations and revegetation, should be planned to maximize bird numbers and diversity.     

A NEW METAZOAN FROM THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN OF UTAH AND THE NATURE OF THE VETULICOLIA

Abstract:  A new metazoan, Skeemella clavula gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Middle Cambrian Pierson Cove Formation of the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA. Skeemella is similar to vetulicolians, but differs from other examples of this group in the relative proportions of the anterior and posterior sections, the large number of divisions, and the elongate bifid termination. The posterior section is arthropodan in character. The similarity of this fossil to vetulicolians throws hypotheses of their deuterostome affinity into question and highlights their problematic status.     

A congruent solution to arthropod phylogeny: phylogenomics,microRNAs and morphology support monophyletic Mandibulata

While a unique origin of the euarthropods is well established, relationships between the four euarthropod classes—chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans and hexapods—are less clear. Unsolved questions include the position of myriapods, the monophyletic origin of chelicerates, and the validity of the close relationship of euarthropods to tardigrades and onychophorans. Morphology predicts that myriapods, insects and crustaceans form a monophyletic group, the Mandibulata, which has been contradicted by many molecular studies that support an alternative Myriochelata hypothesis (Myriapoda plus Chelicerata). Because of the conflicting insights from published molecular datasets, evidence from nuclear-coding genes needs corroboration from independent data to define the relationships among major nodes in the euarthropod tree. Here, we address this issue by analysing two independent molecular datasets: a phylogenomic dataset of 198 protein-coding genes including new sequences for myriapods, and novel microRNA complements sampled from all major arthropod lineages. Our phylogenomic analyses strongly support Mandibulata, and show that Myriochelata is a tree-reconstruction artefact caused by saturation and long-branch attraction. The analysis of the microRNA dataset corroborates the Mandibulata, showing that the microRNAs miR-965 and miR-282 are present and expressed in all mandibulate species sampled, but not in the chelicerates. Mandibulata is further supported by the phylogenetic analysis of a comprehensive morphological dataset covering living and fossil arthropods, and including recently proposed, putative apomorphies of Myriochelata. Our phylogenomic analyses also provide strong support for the inclusion of pycnogonids in a monophyletic Chelicerata, a paraphyletic Cycloneuralia, and a common origin of Arthropoda (tardigrades, onychophorans and arthropods), suggesting that previous phylogenies grouping tardigrades and nematodes may also have been subject to tree-reconstruction artefacts.     

Can colonization by an endophytic fungus transform a plant into a challenging host for insect herbivores?

Endophytic growth of arthropod pathogenic fungi can parasitize insect herbivores without causing damage to the crop. However, studies addressing this tritrophic interaction are absent. Here, the endophytic arthropod pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordyciptaceae), the polyphagous two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), and its preferred plant host Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae) were selected to study the multi-kingdom interactions among plants, arthropods, and entomopathogenic fungi. Real-Time PCR analysis of nine defense-related genes revealed that a broad range of plant defense mechanisms is activated in response to the endophytic growth of B. bassiana. Moreover, we studied the molecular mechanism adapted by the two-spotted spider mite that underlies resistance. The analysis of 41 detoxification genes revealed that relatively moderate, high, and few numbers of genes were changed in the adults, nymphs, and eggs stages of T. urticae, respectively, after inoculation on colonized tissues of P. vulgaris. The endophytic growth of B. bassiana can have a negative effect on the growth and performance of the pest, in a developmental stage-dependent manner, by priming plant defense pathways. In parallel, the herbivore induces a broad range of detoxification genes that could potentially be involved in adaptation to endophytically colonized plant tissues.     

Long‐term patterns of invertebrate abundance and relationships to environmental factors in arid Australia

Resource pulses are a key feature of semi‐arid and arid ecosystems and are generally triggered by rainfall. While rainfall is an acknowledged driver of the abundance and distribution of larger animals, little is known about how invertebrate communities respond to rain events or to vegetative productivity. Here we investigate Ordinal‐level patterns and drivers of ground‐dwelling invertebrate abundance across 6 years of sampling in the Simpson Desert, central Australia. Between February 1999 and February 2005, a total of 174 381 invertebrates were sampled from 32 Orders. Ants were the most abundant taxon, comprising 83% of all invertebrates captured, while Collembola at 10.3% of total captures were a distant second over this period. Temporal patterns of the six invertebrate taxa specifically analysed (Acarina, ants, Araneae, Coleoptera, Collembola and Thysanura) were dynamic over the sampling period, and patterns of abundance were taxon‐specific. Analyses indicate that all six taxa showed a positive relationship with the cover of non‐Triodia vegetation. Other indicators of vegetative productivity (seeding and flowering) also showed positive relationships with certain taxa. Although the influence of rainfall was taxon‐dependent, no taxon was affected by short‐term rainfall (up to 18 days prior to survey). The abundance of Acarina, ants, and Coleoptera increased with greater long‐term rainfall (up to 18 months prior to survey), whilst Araneae showed the opposite effect. Temperature and dune zone (dune crest vs. swale) also had taxon‐specific effects. These results show that invertebrates in arid ecosystems are influenced by a variety of abiotic factors, at multiple scales, and that responses to rainfall are not as strong or as predictable as those seen for other taxa. Our results highlight the diversity of invertebrates in our study region and emphasize the need for targeted long‐term sampling to enhance our understanding of the ecology of these taxa and the role they play in arid ecosystems.     

桃园节肢动物群落相对丰盛度的季节动态研究

以合肥市杏花林果科技示范园为例,研究了桃园节肢动物群落物种的组成和数量,对植食类、捕食类、寄生类和其它类4种功能类群的相对丰盛度作了详尽的阐述。捕食类同植食类的相对丰盛度变化趋势一致,说明捕食类节肢动物是桃树生长期植食类害虫的重要天敌。