鱼类动眼神经的形态学研究

目的：应用生物胞素法观察罗非鱼动眼神经的形态分布。方法：本实验用罗非鱼,10只（性别不限）,体长12．16cm,动物浸入140mg／L三卡因间氨苯酸乙脂甲磺酸盐{tricainemethanesulfonate（MS222）}溶液中麻醉,在手术显微镜下暴露动眼神经,通过生物胞素（Biocytin）结晶追踪技术研究定位硬骨鱼类动眼神经的形态分布。结果：①被标记的神经纤维长而粗细不等,排列比较松散,从后外向前内方向行走,逐渐靠近,终于位于中脑腹侧部的动眼神经核细胞,同时可以观察到有些神经纤维交叉到对侧。②神经核细胞呈圆形和卵圆形,大小不一,亦可见神经元的突起,有的突起呈螺旋状连于胞体,有的呈线状连于胞体,形成神经终末及突触联系,并可见到多极神经元,并在神经纤维之中也可以见到少数神经核细胞,但部分标记结构并不太完整,有些标记的神经细胞和神经纤维不是很清楚。结论：鱼类动眼神经纤维在中脑内的走行与其他动物基本一致,动眼神经核位于中脑水管腹侧部。     

Intrinsic properties guide proximal abducens and oculomotor nerve outgrowth in avian embryos

Proper movement of the vertebrate eye requires the formation of precisely patterned axonal connections linking cranial somatic motoneurons, located at defined positions in the ventral midbrain and hindbrain, with extraocular muscles. The aim of this research was to assess the relative contributions of intrinsic, population-specific properties and extrinsic, outgrowth site-specific cues during the early stages of abducens and oculomotor nerve development in avian embryos. This was accomplished by surgically transposing midbrain and caudal hindbrain segments, which had been pre-labeled by electroporation with an EGFP construct. Graft-derived EGFP+ oculomotor axons entering a hindbrain microenvironment often mimicked an abducens initial pathway and coursed cranially. Similarly, some EGFP+ abducens axons entering a midbrain microenvironment mimicked an oculomotor initial pathway and coursed ventrally. Many but not all of these axons subsequently projected to extraocular muscles that they would not normally innervate. Strikingly, EGFP+ axons also took initial paths atypical for their new location. Upon exiting from a hindbrain position, most EGFP+ oculomotor axons actually coursed ventrally and joined host branchiomotor nerves, whose neurons share molecular features with oculomotor neurons. Similarly, upon exiting from a midbrain position, some EGFP+ abducens axons turned caudally, elongated parallel to the brainstem, and contacted the lateral rectus muscle, their originally correct target. These data reveal an interplay between intrinsic properties that are unique to oculomotor and abducens populations and shared ability to recognize and respond to extrinsic directional cues. The former play a prominent role in initial pathway choices, whereas the latter appear more instructive during subsequent directional choices.     

鱼类滑车神经的形态学研究

目的：应用生物胞素法观察罗非鱼滑车神经的形态分布。方法：本实验用罗非鱼,10只（性别不限）,体长12～16cm,动物浸入140mg／L三卡因间氨苯酸乙脂甲磺酸盐{tricainemethanesulfonate（MS222）}溶液中麻醉,在手术显微镜下暴露滑车神经,通过生物胞素（Biocytin）结晶追踪技术研究定位硬骨鱼类滑车神经的形态分布。结果：①被标记的神经纤维长而粗细不等,平行致密排列,从后外下向前内上方向行走,逐渐上行,于中脑水管正中背侧部,进行交叉到对侧,终于中脑水管腹侧部的滑车神经核细胞。②神经核细胞呈圆形和卵圆形,大小不一,亦可见神经元的突起,有的突起呈螺旋状连于胞体,有的呈线状连于胞体,形成神经终末及突触联系,并可见到多极神经元。结论：鱼类滑车神经纤维在中脑内的走行与人类基本一致,滑车神经核位于中脑水管腹侧部。     

The aetiologies of unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy: a clinical analysis on 121 patients

Background and purpose: To strengthen the understanding, increase the early diagnostic rate, and improve the outcome of unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy through the analysis of the 121 patients suffering from this disease in our hospital.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed on the 121 patients with unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy diagnosed at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from October 2014 to October 2015. The clinical data, such as gender, age, aetiology, clinical features, laboratory tests, and six months follow up reports were analyzed.

Results: The main causes identified in the 121 patients with unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy were intracranial aneurysm (29.8%), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (26.5%), painful ophthalmoplegia (9.9%), and other causes (33.9%). The results from the six month follow up showed that in all the patients, 53.7% were fully recovered, 38.0% improved, and 8.3% had no significant change in symptoms. The results also indicated that the patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy had the best outcome with 71.9% full recovery rate, which was significantly higher than that in the patients with intracranial aneurysm (36.1%, p?<?.05), and idiopathic causes (44.5%, p?<?.05).

Conclusions: Our data indicates that intracranial aneurysm is the leading cause of unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy, and that diabetic peripheral neuropathy has better outcome. Understanding the common causes and clinical features of unilateral oculomotor nerve paralysis is helpful for its early diagnosis and treatment.     

经翼点入路显微手术治疗后交通动脉瘤

目的：探讨显微手术治疗后交通动脉瘤的手术时机,避免术后脑积水的手段及双侧后交通动脉瘤的处理方法。方法：采用翼点入路,早期显微手术夹闭后交通动脉瘤41例,两例双侧后交通动脉瘤患者成功采用一侧翼点入路夹闭双侧动脉瘤。结果：本组41例动脉瘤均顺利夹闭,28例患者术前存在动眼神经麻痹,27例术后症状消失或者缓解,1例未有明显改善。41例患者均行终板造瘘,术后出现脑积水患者1例。无死亡病例。随访1～10月无动脉瘤残留及复发。结论：早期手术夹闭后交通动脉瘤有利于动眼神经麻痹的恢复,术中行终板造瘘可降低术后脑积水的发生,对侧后交通动脉瘤的指向、位置及后交通动脉与颈内动脉的解剖关系是影响一侧入路夹闭双侧后交通动脉瘤的关键因素。     

Midbrain hematoma presenting with isolated bilateral palsy of the third cranial nerve in a Moroccan man: a case report

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Bilateral third nerve palsy secondary to a hemorrhagic stroke is exceptional. To the best ofour knowledge, no similar case has been reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 69-year-old Moroccan man who presented with isolated suddenbilateral third nerve palsy. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed a midbrainhematoma. The oculomotor function gradually and completely improved over eight monthsof follow-up. CONCLUSION: Stroke should be included in the differential diagnosis of sudden isolated oculomotorparalysis even when it is bilateral because of the severity of the underlying disease and theimportance of its therapeutic implications.     

Development of midbrain and anterior hindbrain ocular motoneurons in normal and Wnt-1 knockout mice

The effect of homozygotic Wnt-1^?/? mutations on the development of ocular motoneurons was examined with the lipophilic dye DiI and compared to control and phenotypic wild-type mouse embryos. A piece of DiI-soaked filter paper was inserted into the orbit, the midbrain, or rhombomere 5 of the hindbrain in six paraformaldehydefixed litters (10.5, 12.5, and 14.5 days postcoitum) containing Wnt-1, Wnt^+/?, and Wnt-1^+/+ individuals and three control litters. We labeled all ocular motoneurons retrogradely and all relevant nerves anterogradely in all control and phenotypic wild-type animals. In all phenotypically identified Wnt-1^?/? mutants we could always label the abducens nerve and motoneurons and the optic fibers to the thalamus, but we were unable to lable oculomotor or trochlear nerves or motoneurons. In addition to Wnt-1 knockout mutants, we also labeled mice from the WZT9B transgenic line carrying a lacZ reporter gene driven by the Wnt-1 gene enhancer. In these embryos we tested for co-localization of Wnt-1 expression in biotinylated dextran amine-labeled ocular motoneurons using a newly developed technique. In younger embryos we obtained evidence for co-localization of the β-galactosidase reaction product derived from lacZ gene activity in some retrogradely filled oculomotor motoneurons and adjacent to other oculomotor and the trochlear motoneurons. Acetylcholine esterase, a marker of early differentiating cholinergic neurons, showed a similar topology with respect to the lacZ reaction product. Thus, at least some future oculomotor motoneurons express Wnt-1, whereas others and the trochlear motoneurons caudal to the ventral midbrain expression of Wnt-1 may be exposed to the short range diffusion of the Wnt-1 gene product. Thus, the Wnt-1^?/? mutation precludes formation or survival of midbrain and anterior hindbrain neurons, including oculomotor and trochlear motoneurons. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A role for midbrain arcs in nucleogenesis

Nuclei are fundamental units of vertebrate brain organization, but the mechanisms by which they are generated in development remain unclear. One possibility is that the early patterning of brain tissue into reiterated territories such as neuromeres and columns serves to allocate neurons to distinct nuclear fates. We tested this possibility in chick embryonic ventral midbrain, where a periodic pattern of molecularly distinct stripes (midbrain arcs) precedes the appearance of midbrain nuclei. We found that midbrain arc patterning has a direct relationship to the formation of nuclei. Both differential homeobox gene expression and diagnostic axon tracing studies established that the most medial arc contains primordia for two major midbrain nuclei: the oculomotor complex and the red nucleus. We tested the relationship of the medial arc to oculomotor complex and red nucleus development by perturbing arc pattern formation in Sonic Hedgehog and FGF8 misexpression experiments. We found that Sonic Hedgehog manipulations that induce ectopic arcs or expand the normal arc pattern elicit precisely parallel inductions or expansions of the red nucleus and oculomotor complex primordia. We further found that FGF8 manipulations that push the medial arc rostrally coordinately move both the red nucleus and oculomotor complex anlagen. Taken together, these findings suggest that arcs represent a patterning mechanism by which midbrain progenitor cells are allocated to specific nuclear fates.     

电刺激猫中脑中央灰质发音区的反应及该区的传入联系

刺激猫中脑中央灰质发音区可引起动物发音、情绪反应以及心律异常、血压升高等变化。同时,本研究还揭示,分别在中脑中央灰质嘴侧和尾侧发音区注入辣根过氧化物酶后,其逆行标记神经元分布相类似;但是,中脑中央灰质发音区和非发音区的传入联系则互不相同。     

The autonomic division of oculomotor nerve nuclei in mammals and during human development]

Development of the vegetative component of the oculomotor nerve nuclei was studied in the main mammalia orders and in human ontogenesis. In phylogenesis parasympathetic nuclei of Jakubovitch--Edinger--Westphal and those of Perlia are formed later than somatic nuclei of the oculomotor nerve. The animals studied have, together with well developed somatic components of the oculomotor nerve nuclei, gomologues of parasympathetic nuclei, which are rather well developed in carnivores and monkeys. In human prenatal ontogenesis, somatic nuclei are formed first and then parasympathetic ones. Both parts of the oculomotor nerve nuclei are fully developed in adult man.     

A comparative study of oculomotor,trochlear and abducens nerves in Arabian foals

We investigated the microscopic structure of transverse sections of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves of Arabian foals using stereological methods. Bilateral nerve pairs from 2-month-old female Arabian foals were analyzed. The tissues were embedded in plastic blocks, then 1 µm thick sections were cut and stained with osmium tetroxide and methylene blue-azure II. Stereology was performed using light microscopy. Morphometry showed that the right and left pairs of nerves were similar. The transverse sectional areas of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves were 1.93 ± 0.19 mm², 0.32 ± 0.06 mm² and 0.70 ± 0.08 mm², respectively. The oculomotor nerve exhibited a significantly greater number of myelinated axons (16755 ± 1279) and trochlear (2656 ± 494) and the abducens nerves (4468 ± 447). The ratio of the axon diameter to myelinated nerve fiber diameter was 0.58, 0.55 and 0.55 for the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves, respectively. Of the three nerves studied, the abducens nerve exhibited the greatest nerve fiber area, myelin area, nerve and axon diameters, and myelin thickness. The ratio of small myelinated nerve fibers was greatest in the oculomotor nerve.     

Both neural crest and placode contribute to the ciliary ganglion and oculomotor nerve

The chick ciliary ganglion is a neural crest-derived parasympathetic ganglion that innervates the eye. Here, we examine its axial level of origin and developmental relationship to other ganglia and nerves of the head. Using small, focal injections of DiI, we show that neural crest cells arising from both the caudal half of the midbrain and the rostral hindbrain contribute to the ciliary as well as the trigeminal ganglion. Precursors to both ganglia have overlapping migration patterns, moving first ventrolaterally and then rostrally toward the optic vesicle. At the level of the midbrain/forebrain junction, precursors to the ciliary ganglion separate from the main migratory stream, turn ventromedially, and condense in the vicinity of the rostral aorta and Rathke's pouch. Ciliary neuroblasts first exit the cell cycle at early E2, prior to and during ganglionic condensation, and neurogenesis continues through E5.5. By E3, markers of neuronal differentiation begin to appear in this population. By labeling the ectoderm with DiI, we discovered a new placode, caudal to the eye and possibly contiguous to the trigeminal placode, that contributes a few early differentiating neurons to the ciliary ganglion, oculomotor nerve, and connecting branches to the ophthalmic nerve. These results suggest for the first time a dual neural crest and placodal contribution to the ciliary ganglion and associated nerves.     

Morphometric comparison between human and rat abducens and oculomotor nerves

A morphologic and morphometric comparison between normal human and rat extraocular muscle nerves was performed using a computer-assisted method to obtain scatter diagrams of relative sheath thickness (g ratio = quotient axon diameter/fiber diameter). Human and rat extraocular muscle nerves (nervus abducens and ramus medialis n. oculomotorii) were excised immediately before the nerve branching at the entering point into the muscle. There was no difference in the absolute number of myelinated fibers between the oculomotor and abducens nerves in both species. The distribution of myelinated fibers was classified according to their g ratios into a two-stage density cluster analysis. Two main populations of nerve fibers for human oculomotor and rat oculomotor and abducens nerves and three main populations for human abducens nerve were differentiated morphometrically and mathematically, differing in their relative sheath thicknesses. There are distinct differences between scatter diagrams of human and rat extraocular muscle nerves, in correlation with the basically different oculomotor functions of these two species. The morphometric differences between human and rat extraocular muscle nerves suggest a difference in the myelination process and the presence of functionally different nerve fibers, strongly indicated by the populations and subpopulations of myelinating nerve fibers peculiar to extraocular muscle. The existence of more than two different types of myelinated fibers in the human nerves implies that the traditional classification based on fiber caliber must be reviewed and a comparison of different classes of nerve and muscle fibers should be performed.     

Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 and hepatocyte growth factor guide axon projections to the extraocular muscles

Vertebrate eye movements depend on the co‐ordinated function of six extraocular muscles that are innervated by the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. Here, we show that the diffusible factors, stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), guide the development of these axon projections. SDF‐1 is expressed in the mesenchyme around the oculomotor nerve exit point, and oculomotor axons fail to exit the neuroepithelium in mice mutant for the SDF‐1 receptor CXCR4. Both SDF‐1 and HGF are expressed in or around the ventral and dorsal oblique muscles, which are distal targets for the oculomotor and trochlear nerves, respectively, as well as in the muscles which are later targets for oculomotor axon branches. We find that in vitro SDF‐1 and HGF promote the growth of oculomotor and trochlear axons, whereas SDF‐1 also chemoattracts oculomotor axons. Oculomotor neurons show increased branching in the presence of SDF‐1 and HGF singly or together. HGF promotes the growth of trochlear axons more than that of oculomotor axons. Taken together, these data point to a role for both SDF‐1 and HGF in extraocular nerve projections and indicate that SDF‐1 functions specifically in the development of the oculomotor nerve, including oculomotor axon branch formation to secondary muscle targets. HGF shows some specificity in preferentially enhancing development of the trochlear nerve. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 549–564, 2010     

Branching patterns of rabbit oculomotor and trochlear nerves demonstrated by Sihler's stain technique

A modified Sihler's stain technique was used to visualize the branching patterns of oculomotor and trochlear nerves. The levator palpebrae, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique and tensor trochlea muscles were isolated from the eyes of normal rabbits and processed using modified Sihler's technique. The distributions and terminal ramifications of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves were observed. Two distinct divisions and terminal branches of the oculomotor nerve were shown in detail together with the trochlear nerve distribution. The application of Sihler's technique enables researchers to trace nerve branching within relatively transparent muscles, whereas the nerve fibers are counterstained and clearly visible. This technique could be useful for detailed studies of the motor control of extraocular muscles.     

NGF 对大鼠胚胎中脑神经细胞体外增殖和分化的影响

目的:探讨神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)对大鼠胚胎中脑神经细胞体外增殖和分化的影响。方法:在体外分离培养大鼠胚胎中脑神经细胞的培养液中加入不同浓度(10、50、100、200ng/ml)的NGF,培养不同时间,以不加神经营养因子的细胞为对照组,通过MTT法检测细胞活性,神经元特异性烯醇化酶免疫细胞荧光技术鉴定神经细胞,光镜下形态学观察各组大鼠中脑神经细胞体外增殖和分化情况。结果:胚胎中脑神经细胞胞体增大、突起延长且有丰富的神经纤维连结成网络状,细胞集落数增加,显示出剂量-效应关系。结论:一定剂量的NGF能促进大鼠中脑神经细胞分化和增殖,增强其活性。     

Oculomotor neuroblast migration in the chick embryo in the absence of tecto-tegmental fibers.

This study investigated a hypothesized relationship between the migration of the oculomotor complex, particularly the ventromedial subnucleus, and the presence of the tecto-tegmental fiber system in the chick embryo. It has been suggested that the presence of these fibers at the time of the initiation and continuation of neuroblast migration in this system might serve as some sort of stimulus influencing or guiding this migration. In order to examine this hypothesis, the dorsal midbrain was ablated in stage 12 embryos, thus removing the source of the tecto-tegmental fibers prior to the development of the oculomotor complex. The results indicated that in the complete absence of the tecto-tegmental fibers, all oculomotor subnuclei migrated normally, attained their normal terminal locations, and appeared to differentiate normally. These results are discussed in relation to other studies of possible extracellular influences during early neurogenesis and the possible importance of within-system versus without-system influences is considered.     

A new surgical technique for the treatment of high common peroneal nerve palsy

In this article, the authors introduce a new procedure for the treatment of high common peroneal nerve palsy. The principle of this technique consists of the neurotization of the anterior tibial nerve (deep peroneal nerve) with the bundle composed of the nerves to the soleus and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscles. The authors used this procedure for eight children who had permanent common peroneal nerve palsy caused by the injection of diclofenac in the gluteal region and for a 25-year-old male patient whose common peroneal nerve was transected near the gluteal region by a stab wound. For the cases in which paralysis was less than 8 months in duration, the results are satisfactory.     

GnRH在文昌鱼脑和哈氏窝的分布

用免疫细胞化学方法和抗哺乳动物ＧｎＲＨ抗体研究了ＧｎＲＨ免疫活性细胞在文昌鱼脑和哈氏窝的分布。ＡＰＡ免疫染色法证明了哺乳动物ＧｎＲＨ免疫活性结构分布在文昌鱼端脑前端和靠近中脑的背部,中脑中部,神经管和哈氏窝中。ＧｎＲＨ－ｉｒ胞体有多种类型,一种是大脑胞体,可见在端脑和中脑,另一种为中等和小型胞体,这些胞体聚集在中脑中部（相当于鱼类下丘脑）以及端脑。长的念珠状ＧｎＲＨ－ｉｒ神经纤维从端脑腹外侧面延伸     

Perinatal development of mammillotegmental connections in rats

Development of direct axonal connections of the hypothalamic mammillary bodies with ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei of Gudden was studied on fixed rat brains from day 14 of embryonic development until day 10 of postnatal development using the method of diffusion of the lipophilic fluorescent carbocyanine tracer 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate along the neuronal membranes. The tracer was inserted into the mammillary bodies or into the tegmentum and, after incubation in a fixative, fluorescent nerve cells and nerve fibers were visualized in the brain tissue. The mammillotegmental tract was found to start developing earlier than other projection systems of the mammillary bodies. On days 14–15 of embryonic development, it was visualized as a bundle of axons running from the mammillary bodies caudally to the midbrain. A group of neurons in the midbrain tegmentum and their axons going to the mammillary bodies via the mammillary peduncle were first visualized on day 19 of embryonic development. The mammillotegmental tract and mammillary peduncle developed progressively from the moment of birth. Ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei were formed in the midbrain by day 10 of the postnatal development. Thus, the formation of reciprocal connections of the mammillary bodies with midbrain tegmental nuclei was first described during perinatal development in rats.