东北落叶松上球蚜的研究及一新种描述

本文是1960—1962及1964—1966年工作的阶段总结。文中对黑龙江伊春带岭地区落叶松上的四种球蚜——落叶松球蚜(Adelges laricis Vall.);落叶松绿球蚜(Sacchiphantes viridis Ratz.);落叶松梢球蚜(Cholodkovskya viridana Chol.);落叶松红瘿球蚜(Sacchiphantes roseigallis新种)的生活史及部分虫型的形态做了记述。提供了在野外工作中可利用的检索表。对这类害虫发生与环境的关系也做了初步的探讨。并对落叶松球蚜的大面积防治进行了报道。     

落叶松冠部6种病虫生态效应的研究

落叶松落叶病、枯梢病、褐锈病、兴安落叶松鞘蛾、落叶松球蚜、大蚜同为落叶松冠层的主要病虫害,但各具不同的生态位．不同害虫（ 包括虫态） 、病害对落叶松冠层的作用时序均具交错出现、相互回避的现象．对生态环境亦各有不同选择,鞘蛾和球蚜大都喜于平坦、阳坡的林分,林分郁闭度０ ．８ ～０ ．５ 为宜,尤以鞘蛾更喜于林缘和林分的天窗．通过对病虫害的综合作用研究,从落叶松生长期６ 种病虫作用生命表中得知,自５ 月下旬至７ 月上旬,落叶松冠层中以害虫危害为主,自７ 月下旬病害加入,使林木受害逐渐加重．仅有３ 种害虫危害时,生命表中Ｋｘ 值为０ ．０１６ ～０ ．０１９７ ,病害加入后Ｋｘ 值增至０ ．１２４ ,９ 月７ 日Ｋｘ 值达０ ．２６ ．３ 种病害的大量失叶时间为８ 月,可连续影响３ 年生长,影响最大者为第２ 年,鞘蛾在５ 月造成大量失叶．     

斑翅肩花蝽生物学特性、生境及食性选择

斑翅肩花蝽Tetraphleps galchanoides Ghauri是铁杉球蚜Adelges tsugae Annand (hemlock woolly adelgid) 的重要天敌昆虫。在云南省兰坪县天生桥林区通过实验室和林间的饲养观察与测定、林间线路调查等方法, 研究了斑翅肩花蝽的生物学特性、生境及食性选择,并描述各虫态形态特征。斑翅肩花蝽在该林区一年发生2代, 无世代重叠, 寿命长。第1代（5月下旬至10月下旬）卵期13.8±1.6 d,若虫期97.6±7.4 d,成虫期55.2±4.7 d;第2代（11月中旬至翌年4月下旬）卵期11.3±1.1 d,若虫期105.7±8.5 d,成虫期60.4±5.3 d。若虫共5龄,以5龄若虫在云南铁杉Tsuga dumosa枝条树皮裂缝下或枯枝落叶层内越冬。雌雄成虫性比8.5∶1,雌雄成虫飞行缓慢,其飞行活动主要受到交尾、产卵、捕食铁杉球蚜补充营养的影响,多在树冠下层活动。该林区的斑翅肩花蝽最适生境选择： 海拔为2 851~2 980 m,云南铁杉密度为13.3~15.5株/100 m、郁闭度为0.61~0.70。以寄主铁杉球蚜及附近常见的冷杉球蚜Aphrastasia pectinatae (Cholodkovsky)、华山松球蚜Pineus armandicola Zhang和落叶松球蚜Adelges laricis Vall为食物进行选择性试验,结果表明,斑翅肩花蝽对这4种球蚜的选择性存在显著差异,最喜好捕食铁杉球蚜,可成为生物防治铁杉球蚜的主要天敌之一。     

球蚜科分类概述

球蚜科是蚜虫类的一个重要类群,包括多种林业害虫和检疫害虫,本文从形态特征、生活史、寄主植物、地理分布,进化起源等方面对世界及中国球蚜物种进行了综合论述.结果表明,球蚜科具有较多原始的特征,是蚜虫中较为古老的一类;球蚜具有包括异寄主全周期、异寄主不全周期、同寄主不全周期等复杂的生活周期,形成虫瘿是其主要的为害特征;球蚜科物种专性寄生在松科植物上,主要包括云杉属Picea、松属Pinus、落叶松属Larix、冷杉属Abies等属的植物,在蚜虫物种和寄主植物之间存在着平行演化的现象;球蚜的分布与寄主植物的分布相一致,主要是北半球温带和亚热带高山.世界球蚜有8属59种,区系成分主要是新北区、古北区.中国球蚜科有6属20种,分布在黑龙江、云南、四川等地,主要是古北区成分.初步推测球蚜科可能首先在松属植物上起源.     

利用异色瓢虫防治球蚜

小兴安岭南坡带岭林区及苗圃的幼苗、人工幼林受红松、落叶松球蚜危害较重。为了保护食蚜蝇、食蚜     

A NEW SPECIES OF PRISTIPHORA (HYMENOPTERA,TENTHREDINIDAE) FEEDING ON LARIX FROM CHINA

记述采自中国西北地区的突瓣叶蜂亚科1新种:西北槌缘叶蜂Pristiphora xibei sp,nov.,编制了古北区危害落叶松属植物的槌缘叶蜂属种类分种检索表.在宁夏地区,新种危害华北落叶松Larix gmelinii var.principisrupprechtii(Mayr.) Pilger,并与红环槌缘叶蜂(落叶松红腹叶蜂)Pristiphora erichhsonii (Hartig,1837)混合发生,但种群数量显著小于后者.     

取食落叶松的槌缘叶蜂属一新种(膜翅目,叶蜂科)

记述采自中国西北地区的突瓣叶蜂亚科1新种:西北槌缘叶蜂Pristiphora xibei sp.nov.,编制了古北区危害落叶松属植物的槌缘叶蜂属种类分种检索表。在宁夏地区,新种危害华北落叶松Larix gmelinii var.principisrupprechtii(Mayr.)Pilger,并与红环槌缘叶蜂(落叶松红腹叶蜂)Pristiphora erichsonii(Hartig,1837)混合发生,但种群数量显著小于后者。     

云南丽江地区铁杉球蚜发生与环境因子的关系

铁杉球蚜Adelges tsugae Annand(Hemiptera:Adelgidae)是铁杉的主要害虫,在北美造成铁杉成片死亡。为有效地寻找控制铁杉球蚜的天敌,作者于2005年8~2006年12月,在云南省丽江地区的河源、牦牛坪、黑水河3个地点对铁杉球蚜的发生进行6次调查,统计不同树枝方位、不同树冠层次、不同取样地点、不同取样时间的铁杉球蚜的为害率。在多数情况下,铁杉北向和南向树枝上的球蚜为害率高于西向和东向;树冠下层的铁杉树枝上的球蚜为害率高于树冠上层;5月树冠上层球蚜为害率反而高于下层,树冠层次球蚜密度随着时间而变化的现象,与铁杉球蚜第2代发生高峰期相吻合。3个地点的每株树铁杉球蚜为害率平均为24.6%,河源的球蚜为害率又高于牦牛坪和黑水河。对来自3个地点的12块样地的每样地铁杉球蚜为害率与环境因子进行偏相关分析表明,坡向、年均相对湿度、年均降雨量与铁杉球蚜发生呈显著正相关。在调查铁杉球蚜的发生或采集球蚜天敌昆虫时,应在不同时间依据树枝方位和树冠层次来分别进行。在选择调查采集地点时,应以林区坡向、相对湿度、降雨量等环境因子为依据。     

几种为害蔬菜蚜虫的鉴别

为害蔬菜的重要蚜虫有萝卜蚜Rhopalosiphumpseudobrassicae(Davis)、桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)、甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae(L.)、瓜蚜(棉蚜)Aphisgossypii Glover、苜蓿蚜Aphis medicaginis Koch和芹菜蚜Brachycolus heraclei Taka.等。其中只有甘蓝蚜     

新疆麦田主要蚜虫的生态位

利用生态位理论,对新疆塔城、伊犁两地区麦田的麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)、麦二叉蚜Shizaphis graminum (Rondani)、麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (F.)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)等4种麦蚜生态位宽度和重叠度进行了估测和分析。在塔城麦田麦双尾蚜时间生态位宽度最大,麦双尾蚜和麦二叉蚜时间生态位重叠最大,竞争激烈。伊犁麦田禾谷缢管蚜时间生态位宽度最大,麦二叉蚜在空间生态位和时 空二维生态位上均占有明显的优势,麦长管蚜和麦双尾蚜的时间生态位重叠最大,麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜在空间生态位和时 空生态位重叠最大。     

Granier树干液流测定系统在马占相思的水分利用研究中的应用

介绍了Granier热消散探针在树干液流测定中的工作原理,并利用该系统长期监测广东鹤山马占相思林14株样树的液流密度,分析了树木个体内和个体之间液流密度的差异、整树和林段水分利用的量化特征.由于树木边材结构以及周围微环境的差别,树木内和个体间的液流密度差异非常明显,变异系数的平均值分别为15.51%-37.26%、37.46%-50.73%.尽管液流密度的差异较大,但同一株树木不同方位的液流密度之间却呈现明显的线性相关（p＜0.0001）,这是重要的特征值,使得只需测定某一方位的液流密度经尺度外推计算整树和林段蒸腾成为可能.树木液流对环境因子响应的变化规律取决于所参照的时间尺度,日变化主要受光辐射、水汽压差等气候因子的控制,而土壤水份对液流的季节变化影响较大.形态特征明显影响树木的液流,高大树木由于边材较厚、树干粗壮和冠幅较宽而承载较多的辐射能量,因而水分蒸腾较高.对树木液流密度在径向和方位上进行适当的整合,可较准确地计算整树和林段蒸腾.由液流估测的马占相思整树和林段蒸腾的结果显示,该群落的水分利用在时间和空间上均有明显的分化.     

中国主要树种木材物理力学属性的地理格局及其环境控制

木材的物理力学属性制约树木生长发育的重要过程,也是决定木材用途的主要依据.研究木材的物理力学属性及其影响因素,可为合理应用木材、科学开展林木选育、改进林业管理等提供必要参考.目前已有的研究多关注单一的木材密度指标,且缺乏多种影响因子的比较.本研究通过建立中国木材物理力学属性及影响因素综合数据库,对自然状态下我国主要树种木材力学属性的分布格局及其驱动因素进行了探讨.结果表明,选择气干密度、弦向干缩系数和冲击韧性作为评估木材物理力学属性的基础指标,比单一木材密度指标更准确,解释率更高;在选用的生活型、气候和土壤等3类因素中,生活型是影响木材力学物理属性变化的最重要因素,气候因子次之,土壤因子基本可忽略,并且气候和土壤因子的作用被生活型所掩盖,这意味着气候因子对于木材物理力学属性的影响是通过影响物种分布而产生作用的.     

Patterns and determinants of wood physical and mechanical properties across major tree species in China

The physical and mechanical properties of wood affect the growth and development of trees, and also act as the main criteria when determining wood usage. Our understanding on patterns and controls of wood physical and mechanical properties could provide benefits for forestry management and bases for wood application and forest tree breeding. However, current studies on wood properties mainly focus on wood density and ignore other wood physical properties. In this study, we established a comprehensive database of wood physical properties across major tree species in China. Based on this database, we explored spatial patterns and driving factors of wood properties across major tree species in China. Our results showed that(i) compared with wood density, air-dried density, tangential shrinkage coefficient and resilience provide more accuracy and higher explanation power when used as the evaluation index of wood physical properties.(ii) Among life form, climatic and edaphic variables, life form is the dominant factor shaping spatial patterns of wood physical properties, climatic factors the next, and edaphic factors have the least effects, suggesting that the effects of climatic factors on spatial variations of wood properties are indirectly induced by their effects on species distribution.     

辽东山区蒙古栎径向生长对林分密度和气候因子的响应

为探究林分密度和气候因子对蒙古栎径向生长的影响,利用树木年代学方法研究了不同林分密度调控(间伐)下次生蒙古栎林径向生长变化,并结合气象数据,分析了蒙古栎生长变化的驱动因子。结果表明: 次生蒙古栎林径向生长受林分密度的影响显著。低密度原始林蒙古栎径向年均增长量为3.12 mm,2个中密度次生蒙古栎林分别为1.55和1.42 mm,高密度次生蒙古栎林为0.96 mm。20%的间伐强度对促进高密度(1900 株·hm^-2以上)栎林径向生长恢复作用有限,而对于中等密度(1600 株·hm^-2)栎林效果显著。该地区蒙古栎径向生长主要对当年1月和2月的降水变化敏感。抚育间伐降低了蒙古栎径向生长对气候因子的敏感性。在未来暖干化的气候情境下,密度调控有利于减缓气候变化对蒙古栎生长的不利影响。     

Multi‐scale patterns of forest structure and species composition in relation to climate in northeast China

Though a number of studies have focused on the factors that shape the structure and dynamics of temperate forests, little is known about whether these factors vary with spatial scale. In this study we investigated compositional and structural patterns of forests across three spatial scales (plot, local assemblages and regions) in northeast China and asked whether climatic variables shape these patterns. Using a systematic sampling design, we measured diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of trees, and recorded the abundances, percent of cover and heights of shrubs and herbs in 141 plots from 10 nature reserves. We found that summer temperature accounted for most of the variation in species composition, both within and among forest types. DBH, tree height and total basal area all increased significantly with summer temperature while stem density decreased. The DBH frequency distribution depended strongly on temperature (especially winter temperature) and varied among spatial scales, and it tended to be more left‐skewed as temperature increased. Taking together, our results suggest that a warming climate could lead to an increase in tree growth and the changes in size structure of temperate forests in northeast China. In particular, the proportion of large trees will in all likelihood increase while that of smaller trees will decrease. Shifts in forest structure in a warmed world will undoubtedly influence forest management practices, ecosystem dynamics, and species conservation.     

The structural characteristics and climatic and human impacts of deciduous oak forests in China

中国落叶栎林群落结构特征及气候和人类活动的影响 落叶栎林是中国温带地区和亚热带山地典型的植被类型之一。虽然已有大量关于中国落叶栎林的群落结构特征研究,但以往研究多局限于局域尺度或单个类群,而在国家尺度上的系统性研究较为缺乏。本文采用统一的调查方法获取682个天然落叶栎林样方数据,基于此数据分析了我国落叶栎林的群落结构特征及其空间格局,探究了影响其特征的气候和人为因素。研究结果表明,中国落叶栎林乔木 层的平均胸径、平均树高、平均林分密度和平均总胸高断面积分别为：13.7 cm、10.0 m、1468株/ha 和 24.3 m²/ha。落叶栎林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的平均物种丰富度分别为：6种/600 m²、10种/100 m²和 4种/1 m²。随纬度的升高,落叶栎林平均树高、林分密度、总胸高断面积、乔木层物种丰富度和灌木层物 种丰富度均呈现显著降低趋势,林分平均胸径无显著变化,而草本层物种丰富度呈现显著增加趋势。 进一步分析发现,相比于林分密度和草本层物种丰富度,气候和人类活动可以更多地解释平均胸径、平均树高、总胸高断面积、乔木层物种丰富度和灌木层物种丰富度的空间分异。此外,与降水相关的气候因子在塑造群落结构特征的空间格局方面起着更为重要的作用。总之,本研究为认识中国落叶栎林群落结构特征的生物地理格局及其对全球变化的响应提供了基础。     

Fluctuating ungulate density shapes tree recruitment in natural stands of the Białowieża Primeval Forest,Poland

Question: What are the main driving factors in 70 years of natural dynamics in tree recruitment in the Bia?owie?a National Park? Location: Bia?owie?a National Park, Poland, is one of the least disturbed temperate, lowland forest systems in Europe. Methods: We tested whether fluctuations in large herbivore populations, changes in climate and openness of the forest explained compositional dynamics. Tree recruitment (to size class DBH≥5 cm) was measured on permanent transects (in total, 14.9 ha) six times between 1936‐2002. These data were related to existing data on ungulate density, climatic parameters and estimates of forest openness collected during the same period. Results: Total recruitment of all tree species combined was negatively correlated with total ungulate density and red deer density. The variation in response between species was related to the preferences of herbivores; the more preferred forage species (especially Carpinus betulus) were positively and the less preferred species negatively related to herbivore density. Total tree recruitment rates were not related to climatic parameters and openness of the forest. Only Alnus glutinosa recruitment was significantly related to climatic parameters, and Ulmus glabra related to forest openness, but there were no predictable patterns in recruitment among species in relation to these factors. Conclusion: The present study indicated that changes in large herbivore density have played an important role in driving patterns in tree recruitment and species composition during the last 70 years in Bia?owie?a National Park. In contrast to other studies, increasing herbivore numbers were associated with higher recruitment of preferred and browsing‐tolerant species. Periodical crashes in ungulate numbers, whether human‐induced or caused by natural factors, may offer windows of opportunity for regeneration of a range of tree species and facilitate more diverse and dynamic forest development.     

Local-scale drivers of tree survival in a temperate forest

Tree survival plays a central role in forest ecosystems. Although many factors such as tree size, abiotic and biotic neighborhoods have been proposed as being important in explaining patterns of tree survival, their contributions are still subject to debate. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine the relative importance of tree size, local abiotic conditions and the density and identity of neighbors on tree survival in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China at three levels (community, guild and species). Tree size and both abiotic and biotic neighborhood variables influenced tree survival under current forest conditions, but their relative importance varied dramatically within and among the community, guild and species levels. Of the variables tested, tree size was typically the most important predictor of tree survival, followed by biotic and then abiotic variables. The effect of tree size on survival varied from strongly positive for small trees (1-20 cm dbh) and medium trees (20-40 cm dbh), to slightly negative for large trees (>40 cm dbh). Among the biotic factors, we found strong evidence for negative density and frequency dependence in this temperate forest, as indicated by negative effects of both total basal area of neighbors and the frequency of conspecific neighbors. Among the abiotic factors tested, soil nutrients tended to be more important in affecting tree survival than topographic variables. Abiotic factors generally influenced survival for species with relatively high abundance, for individuals in smaller size classes and for shade-tolerant species. Our study demonstrates that the relative importance of variables driving patterns of tree survival differs greatly among size classes, species guilds and abundance classes in temperate forest, which can further understanding of forest dynamics and offer important insights into forest management.     

The role of remnant trees in carbon sequestration,vegetation structure and tree diversity of early succession regrowing fallows in eastern Sierra Leone

Remnant tree presence affects forest recovery after slash‐and‐burn agriculture. However, little is known about its effect on above‐ground carbon stocks, especially in Africa. We focused our study on Sierra Leone, part of the Upper Guinean forests, an important centre of endemism threatened by encroachment and forest degradation. We studied 99 (20‐m‐radius) plots aged 2–10 years with and without remnant trees and compared their above‐ground carbon stocks, vegetation structure (stem density, basal area) and tree diversity. Above‐ground carbon stocks, stem density, basal area, species richness and tree diversity increased significantly with fallow age. Remnant tree presence affected significantly tree diversity, species dominance and above‐ground carbon stocks, but not vegetation structure (stem density, basal area). Number of remnant trees and number of species of remnant trees were also important explanatory variables. Although other factors should be considered in future studies, such as the size and dispersal modes of remnant trees, our results highlight that more strategic inclusion of remnant trees is likely to favour carbon stock and forest recovery in old fallows. To our knowledge, this is the first study on early succession regrowing fallows in West Africa.     

Climate-driven tree growth and mortality in the Black Forest,Germany—Long-term observations

Episodic tree mortality can be caused by various reasons. This study describes climate-driven tree mortality and tree growth in the Black Forest mountain range in Germany. It is based on a 68-year consistent data series describing the annual mortality of all trees growing in a forest area of almost 250 thousand ha. The study excludes mortality caused by storm, snow and ice, and fire. The sequence of the remaining mortality, the so-called “desiccated trees,” is analyzed and compared with the sequence of the climatic water balance during the growing season and the annual radial growth of Norway spruce in the Black Forest. The annual radial growth series covers 121 years and the climatic water balance series 140 years. These unique time series enable a quantitative assessment of multidecadal drought and heat impacts on growth and mortality of forest trees on a regional spatial scale. Data compiled here suggest that the mortality of desiccated trees in the Black Forest during the last 68 years is driven by the climatic water balance. Decreasing climatic water balance coincided with an increase in tree mortality and growth decline. Consecutive hot and dry summers enhance mortality and growth decline as a consequence of drought legacies lasting several years. The sensitivity of tree growth and mortality to changes in the climatic water balance increases with the decreasing trend of the climatic water balance. The findings identify the climatic water balance as the main driver of mortality and growth variation during the 68-year observation period on a landscape-scale including a variety of different sites. They suggest that bark beetle population dynamics modify mortality rates. They as well provide evidence that the mortality during the last 140 years never was as high as in the most recent years.