核桃低聚肽对db/db小鼠血糖的影响作用研究

目的：研究核桃低聚肽（walnut oligopeptides,WOPs）干预对db/db糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响作用。方法：选择db/db糖尿病小鼠模型,将其随机分为3个核桃低聚肽组（220、440、880mg/kg·BW）、糖尿病模型对照组、二甲双胍对照组、乳清蛋白对照组;并选用db/m小鼠作为非糖尿病小鼠空白对照。经过为期6周的干预,检测小鼠空腹血糖、餐后血糖以及糖耐量实验血糖曲线下面积。结果：核桃低聚肽（880mg/kg·BW）可降低db/db糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖水平和餐后血糖水平,同时能有效改善糖耐量（P＜0.05）。结论：核桃低聚肽干预可有效降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平,改善糖耐量,具有辅助降血糖功能。     

姜黄素对db/db小鼠基因组DNA甲基化的影响

目的:观察姜黄素对2型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠糖尿病症状的改善作用,并从表观遗传角度分析其对小鼠外周血DNA甲基化水平的影响。方法:2型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠随机分为糖尿病组和姜黄素干预组(给予250 mg/kg姜黄素溶液),连续灌胃8周。OGTT检测葡萄糖耐量,ELISA法测定空腹胰岛素并计算HOMA-IR和HOMA-β,RRBS技术检测外周血基因组DNA甲基化水平。结果:与糖尿病组相比,姜黄素干预小鼠的血糖、空腹胰岛素和HOMA-IR显著降低,葡萄糖耐量显著改善(P<0.05);且小鼠外周血基因组启动子区、CGI岸和5’-非编码区CpG甲基化水平显著降低(P<0.05);对两组间差异甲基化基因进行功能富集分析,筛选出前10位显著富集的可能与2型糖尿病相关的差异基因包括Hdac7、Micall1、Vangl2、Dhcr24、Kcnj8、Gnas、Tcf7l2、Dgkh、Dlgap1和Plekhg4。结论:姜黄素能够改善db/db小鼠的葡萄糖耐量及胰岛素抵抗,并且其外周血中存在显著低甲基化改变,提示姜黄素可能是通过抑制糖尿病小鼠中某些基因的异常甲基化修饰而发挥抗糖尿病作用。     

人参低聚肽改善老龄db/db小鼠疾病状态和延长寿命的研究

目的：评价人参低聚肽（GOP）改善老龄db/db小鼠血糖水平和延长寿命的效果。 方法：采用db/db小鼠作为2型糖尿病模型。对老龄db/db（生长至70周龄）小鼠摄食量、体重、饮水量和尿量以及血糖水平进行测定,并且对老龄db/db小鼠存活率进行评价,表征GOP对疾病状态和寿命的改善效果。结果：GOP可以降低小鼠体重、摄食量、饮水量和尿量,改善老龄db/db小鼠的生存状态,同时,相比于模型对照组,GOP可以显著减少老龄db/db小鼠肾周脂肪指数和睾周脂肪指数（P<0.05）。通过GOP干预,可以降低老龄db/db小鼠的血糖水平,GOP干预组AUC为20mmol/（L·h）,显著低于模型对照组小鼠AUC［50 mmol/（L·h）］。当db/db小鼠增长至80周龄时,GOP干预组小鼠存活率为50%,大于模型对照组存活率（20%）。结论：GOP干预小鼠生存质量较高,并且寿命较长,说明GOP可以在一定程度上改善老龄db/db小鼠血糖情况,延长其寿命。本研究为利用GOP开展糖尿病的营养治疗提供了科学依据。     

海参肽对db/db小鼠降糖作用和炎症反应程度的影响

目的：观察海参肽对2型糖尿病模型小鼠的降糖作用和炎症反应程度的影响作用,为海参肽在糖尿病降糖作用以及抗炎作用提供科学依据。方法：本研究拟以海参肽为干预物,以db/db小鼠为模型动物开展研究。选用空腹血糖水平≥11.1mmol/L的db/db小鼠,适应饲养1w后,以不同浓度的海参肽连续灌胃45d,期间观察其毛色、活动情况以及饮水排尿量,并于实验前、中、后期测定空腹血糖,实验前后期进行口服葡萄糖耐量实验,实验后采血测定相关血液生化指标,通过组间比较以判定海参肽的作用。结果：和模型对照组相比,海参肽中、高剂量组均能不同程度地改善2型糖尿病小鼠的体征状况,减轻多饮、多食、多尿的“三多”症状,提高2型糖尿病小鼠的生活质量。干预期间的同组横向对比中,中、高剂量海参肽干预组能够明显地降低db/db小鼠的空腹血糖（P＜0.05）,干预2、4、6w后,血糖值分别由13.62±1.64mmol/L降至11.59±3.26mmol/L,由14.82±3.09mmol/L降至12.36±3.28mmol/L;口服葡萄糖耐量实验中,在干预6w后,中、高剂量海参肽能有效降低db/db小鼠给予葡萄糖前后各时间点的血糖值和血糖—时间曲线下面积（P＜0.05）。在炎症抑制方面,与模型对照组相比,海参肽中、高剂量组能够显著降低IL-6、IL-8在小鼠体内的含量（P＜0.05）,提高IL-10在小鼠体内的表达（P＜0.05）,同时海参肽中、高剂量组能够降低TGF-α、MCP-1在小鼠体内的表达,从而具有一定的抗癌作用。结论：海参肽能够有效改善db/db小鼠的血糖调节能力以及口服糖耐量调节能力,同时发现海参肽可以有效抑制db/db小鼠体内炎症反应水平,一定程度上为海参肽于2型糖尿病防治及2型糖尿病并发炎症领域的应用及合理开发提供了新的思路和理论基础。     

菠萝蜜低聚肽对db/db小鼠炎症反应、血糖及血脂的影响

目的：研究菠萝蜜低聚肽（JOPs）干预对db/db糖尿病模型小鼠炎症反应、血糖及血脂的影响作用。方法：选择db/db糖尿病小鼠模型,将其随机分为3个JOPs组（0.2、0.4、0.8g/kg·BW）以及糖尿病模型对照组、二甲双胍对照组、乳清蛋白对照组,并选用db/m小鼠作为非糖尿病小鼠空白对照。经过为期6个月的干预,检测小鼠空腹血糖（FPG）、血清胰岛素（INS）、白细胞介素6（IL 6）、白细胞介素8（IL 8）、白细胞介素10（IL 10）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）以及脂代谢指标。结果：JOPs可显著降低db/db糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖水平及胰岛素抵抗指数;可使血清IL 6、TNF α、总胆固醇（TC）和甘油三酯（TG）显著降低,并使高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL C）显著升高。结论：JOPs干预可有效降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平,改善胰岛素抵抗,同时有效调节炎症反应及血脂代谢。     

松果菊苷对db/db糖尿病小鼠心肌的保护作用

糖尿病心肌病（diabetic cardiomyopathy, DCM）是指发生于糖尿病患者,不能用冠心病、高血压性心脏病及其他心脏病变来解释的心肌疾病。目前,DCM的病因和发病机制尚未完全阐明,且缺乏特异性治疗手段。中药管花肉苁蓉提取物松果菊苷（echinacoside, ECH）对心肌细胞具有保护作用。以db/m小鼠为正常对照组（db/m组）,db/db小鼠分为模型组（db/db组）和ECH干预组（db/db+ECH组）,探讨了ECH对糖尿病db/db小鼠心肌的影响及机制。db/db+ECH组小鼠给予松果菊苷灌胃,db/m组和db/db组小鼠给予0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃。心脏超声观察心脏功能,Masson染色观察组织胶原纤维含量,逆转录聚合酶链式反应检测Ⅰ型胶原和Ⅲ型胶原mRNA的表达,蛋白质免疫印迹技术检测转化生长因子-β1（transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1）、phospho-Smad2（p-Smad2）和phospho-Smad3（p-Smad3）的表达。结果显示,ECH能够改善db/db小鼠左心室肥大和心脏功能,降低胶原沉积（P<0.05）。ECH能够降低Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原mRNA的表达（P<0.01）,下调TGF-β1、p-Smad2和p-Smad3蛋白的表达（P<0.05）。ECH对糖尿病心肌的保护作用可能与负反馈调节TGF-β1/Smads信号通路相关,研究结果为DCM的早期干预提供了新思路。     

两种自发性2型糖尿病小鼠生物学特性比较

目的分别以C57BL/6JSlac和C57BL/KsJ-db/＋表型正常小鼠为对照组,比较自发性2型糖尿病KK-Ay/Ta和C57BL/KsJ-db/db小鼠的体生长曲线、糖代谢曲线、血清胰岛素水平、主要脏器重量、脏器系数等生物学特性的差异,并探讨其肾脏、肝脏和胰腺等组织病理学变化。方法在各自实验周期内,每2周测定实验组和对照组小鼠的体重、血糖以及血清胰岛素水平,实验结束后处死,脏器、脂肪称重,部分组织制作病理切片。结果 （1）KK小鼠体重远高于db/db小鼠,且同品系间雄性小鼠重于雌性小鼠（P〈0.05）;（2）同品系间雄性小鼠的血糖值明显大于雌性小鼠（P〈0.05）,db/db小鼠出现血糖异常症状比KK小鼠早,且血糖值大于KK小鼠（P〈0.05）,而KK小鼠血糖异常持续时间则较db/db小鼠长;（3）KK小鼠的血清胰岛素水平明显高于db/db小鼠（P〈0.05）,同品系雌雄小鼠间没有明显差异（P〉0.05）;（4）雄性KK小鼠脂肪系数及部分脏器萎缩程度大于雌性,而db/db小鼠雌雄间则无明显差异（P〉0.05）,同时db/db小鼠脾脏和胰腺的萎缩程度及脂肪系数大于KK小鼠（P〈0.05）,而KK小鼠肝脏的萎缩程度则大于db/db小鼠;（5）糖尿病模型小鼠肾脏、肝脏以及胰腺组织均出现明显病变。结论 KK-Ay/Ta和C57BL/KsJ-db/db小鼠均是肥胖的,伴有高血糖、高度胰岛素抵抗,肝脏、肾脏病变和胰岛功能不足的适用性2型糖尿病动物模型,且db/db小鼠血糖出现异常比KK小鼠早、脂肪系数大,而KK小鼠血糖异常持续时间较db/db小鼠长,同时血清胰岛素水平远大于db/db小鼠。     

马里苷、黄诺玛苷对db/db小鼠肠道菌群的影响及相关性

目的探索两色金鸡菊中黄酮类成分马里苷、黄诺玛苷对db/db小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法将db/m小鼠作为正常对照组,db/db小鼠分为db/db模型组、db/db+恩格列净(db/db+Empagliflozin)组、db/db+马里苷(db/db+Marein)组、db/db+黄诺玛苷(db/db+Flavanomarein)组,每组8只。采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)的方法检测小鼠粪样中Bacteroides ovatus、Ruminococcus gnavus的变化,并运用Pearson检验分析Bacteroides ovatus、Ruminococcus gnavus的变化与2型糖尿病相关表型的相关性。结果 (1)干预12周后与db/m组相比,db/db组小鼠粪样中Bacteroides ovatus水平显著降低(P0.010);恩格列净(P0.001)、马里苷(P0.050)、黄诺玛苷(P0.001)干预后能显著升高其含量,差异具有统计学意义。(2)与db/m组相比,db/db组小鼠粪样中Ruminococcus gnavus水平显著升高(P0.050);恩格列净(P0.050)、马里苷(P0.050)干预后能显著降低其含量,差异具有统计学意义。(3)Bacteroides ovatus水平与空腹血糖(FBG)、三酰甘油(TG)呈负相关(r=-0.420,P=0.021;r=-0.474,P=0.008);Ruminococcus gnavus水平与FBG、TG呈正相关(r=0.397,P=0.030;r=0.404,P=0.027)。结论马里苷、黄诺玛苷可以调节小鼠肠道菌群的变化,这可能是其抗糖尿病的重要机制。     

大黄素降糖及改善脂质代谢的实验研究

目的：探讨大黄素对2型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠血糖及血脂水平的影响。方法：4周龄16只db/db雄性小鼠随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组8只;治疗组经灌胃每天给予100mg/kg大黄素;对照组灌胃给予相仿体积的生理盐水,开始10天每天算进食量,每周测空腹血糖及体重1次,连续干预8周,干预前及实验结束前1周测胰岛素耐量,干预结束后于颈动脉取血测血脂水平（HDL-C、LDL-C、TG、TC）。结果：①大黄素干预不影响db/db小鼠的进食量,与对照组比较,P〉0.05;②大黄素可显著减轻db/db小鼠体重,与对照组比较,P〈0.05;③大黄素可改善db/db小鼠胰岛素敏感性,降低小鼠的空腹血糖水平,与对照组比较,P〈0.05或P〈0.01;④大黄素可降低db/db小鼠血TG、TC、LDL-C水平,P〈0.01。结论：大黄素可有效地改善db/db小鼠的糖脂紊乱状态,其降糖及改善血脂代谢机制值得进一步深入研究。     

db/db小鼠糖尿病肾病相关基因的分析和克隆

用GM-U74A基因芯片分别检测了正常对照组（db/m小鼠）、糖尿病肾病组（db/db小鼠）、大黄酸治疗组（大黄酸150 mg/kg治疗12周）肾脏基因表达谱.发现在12 437个基因（包括表达序列标签）中,与正常对照组相比,糖尿病肾病组有1 085个基因表达下调,37个基因表达上调,其中变化幅度大于2倍,表达下调的有166个和表达上调的有29个.与糖尿病肾病组相比,大黄酸治疗组有384个基因表达下调,155个表达上调,其中变化幅度大于2倍,表达下调的有47个和表达上调的有30个.在此基础上,对其中的一个差异表达的表达序列标签(EST)进行了详细的生物信息学分析,发现它是一个未知功能基因——“REKEN cDNA 0610006H10”基因的一部分.在用RT-PCR进一步验证了其与糖尿病肾病的相关性后,对“REKEN cDNA 0610006H10”基因进行了克隆.     

Hepatic glycogen metabolism in the db/db mouse

Summary Knowledge of the metabolic changes that occur in insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes is relatively lacking compared to insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes. This paper summarizes the importance of the C57BL/KsJ-db/db mouse as a model of type 2 diabetes, and illustrates the effects that insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant states have on hepatic glycogen metabolism. A longitudinal study of db/db mice of ages 2–15 weeks revealed that significant changes in certain parameters of hepatic glycogen metabolism occur during this period. The liver glycogen levels were similar between diabetic and control mice. However, glycogen particles from db/db mice were on average smaller in mass and had shorter exterior and interior chain lengths. Total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a activities were elevated in the genetically diabetic mice. This was primarily due to an increase in the amount of enzymic protein apparently the result of a decreased rate of degradation. It was not possible to find a consistent alteration in glycogen synthase activity in the db/db mice. Glycogen synthase and phosphorylase from diabetic liver revealed some changes in kinetic properties in the form of a decrease in V_max, and altered sensitivity to inhibitors like ATP. The altered glycogen structure in db/db mice may have contributed to changes in the activities and properties of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. The exact role played by hormones (insulin and glucagon) in these changes is not clear but further studies should reveal their contributions. The db/db mouse provides a good model for type 2 diabetes and for fluctuating insulin and glucagon ratios. Its use should clarify the regulation of hepatic glycogen metabolism and other metabolic processes known to be controlled by these hormones. The other animal models of type 2 diabetes, ob/ob mouse and fatty Zucker (fa/fa) rat, show similar impairment of hepatic glycogen metabolism. The concentrations of glycogen metabolizing enzymes are high and in vitro studies indicate enhanced rate of glycogen synthesis and breakdown. However, streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals and BB rats which resemble insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes are characterized by decreased glycogen turnover as a result of reduction in the levels of glycogen metabolizing enzymes.     

Analysis of N-glycan in serum glycoproteins from db/db mice and humans with type 2 diabetes

Glycosylation has an important role in regulating properties of proteins and is associated with many diseases. To examine the alteration of serum N-glycans in type 2 diabetes, we used the db/db mouse model. Serum N-glycans were fluorescence labeled and applied to HPLC. There were reproducible differences in N-glycan profiles between the db/db mouse model and the db/+ control. The structures of the oligosaccharides, which had changed in their amounts, were analyzed by a two-dimensional mapping method, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and exoglycosidase digestion. Those analyses revealed an increase in the N-glycans possessing alpha1,6-fucose in the serum of db/db mice. The level of alpha1,6-fucosyltransferase mRNA was increased in the liver of the db/db mice. The ratio of a biantennary N-glycan with alpha1,6-fucose to that without alpha1,6-fucose in the liver tissue of the db/db mouse was increased relative to the db/+ control. Next, we analyzed the serum N-glycan profile in human subjects with type 2 diabetes and found an increased amount of a biantennary N-glycan that had an alpha1,6-fucose with a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. In conclusion, the increase in alpha1,6-fucosylation is a striking change in the serum N-glycans of the db/db mice, whereas the change in the fucosylation in humans with type 2 diabetes was small, albeit statistically significant. It is likely that the change is caused, at least partially, by the increase in the alpha1,6-fucosyltransferase mRNA level in the liver. The increased alpha1,6-fucosylation may affect protein properties associated with the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.     

Gene Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in Peripheral Leukocytes in db/db Mice Rose with Progression of Diabetes

Fourteen-week-old db/db mice showed significant higher blood glucose levels than 7 week-old mice. The mRNA levels of IL-1β and S100a4/a6/a9 in peripheral leukocytes were higher in 14 week-old mice than in 7 week-old mice. Together, inflammatory cytokine/cytokine-like factor mRNA levels in peripheral leukocytes were associated with progression of diabetes in db/db mice.     

Alterations of the Ca2+ signaling pathway in pancreatic beta-cells isolated from db/db mice

Upon glucose elevation, pancreatic beta-cells secrete insulin in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. In diabetic animal models, different aspects of the calcium signaling pathway in beta-cells are altered, but there is no consensus regarding their relative contributions to the development of beta-cell dysfunction. In this study, we compared the increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) via Ca²⁺ influx, Ca²⁺ mobilization from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores, and the removal of Ca²⁺ via multiple mechanisms in beta-cells from both diabetic db/db mice and nondiabetic C57BL/6J mice. We refined our previous quantitative model to describe the slow [Ca²⁺]_i recovery after depolarization in beta-cells from db/db mice. According to the model, the activity levels of the two subtypes of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA) pump, SERCA2 and SERCA3, were severely down-regulated in diabetic cells to 65% and 0% of the levels in normal cells. This down-regulation may lead to a reduction in the Ca²⁺ concentration in the ER, a compensatory up-regulation of the plasma membrane Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX) and a reduction in depolarizationevoked Ca²⁺ influx. As a result, the patterns of glucosestimulated calcium oscillations were significantly different in db/db diabetic beta-cells compared with normal cells. Overall, quantifying the changes in the calcium signaling pathway in db/db diabetic beta-cells will aid in the development of a disease model that could provide insight into the adaptive transformations of beta-cell function during diabetes development.     

IL-1beta-mediated innate immunity is amplified in the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes

Chronic inflammation appears to play a critical role in type 2 diabetes and its complications. Here we tested the hypothesis that this inflammatory dysregulation affects the IL-1beta system and has functional consequences in the brain. Diabetic, db/db, and nondiabetic, db/+, mice were administered i.p. LPS, a potent cytokine inducer, at a dose of 100 microg/kg/mouse. db/db mouse innate immune-associated sickness behavior was 14.8, 33, 44.7, and 34% greater than that of db/+ mice at 2, 4, 8, and 12 h, respectively. When a fixed dose of LPS was used (5 microg/mouse), db/db mouse sickness was again enhanced 18.4, 22.2, and 14.5% at 4, 8, and 12 h as compared with db/+ mice. In diabetic mice, peritoneal macrophages produced more IL-1beta in response to LPS, and peritoneal levels of IL-1beta induced by LPS were increased. Importantly, IL-1R antagonist and type 2 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R2) failed to up-regulate in response to LPS in db/db mice. Finally, both peripheral and central administration of IL-1beta, itself, induced sickness in db/db mice that mimicked the effects of peripheral LPS and was significantly greater than that seen in db/+ mice. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-1beta-mediated innate immunity is augmented in db/db mice both at the periphery and in the brain, and the mechanism is due to diabetes-associated loss of IL-1beta counterregulation.     

C-Fos在db/db自发性糖尿病小鼠颌下腺的表达

目的观察转基因糖尿病小鼠下颌下腺形态学改变与原癌基因C-fos蛋白表达的关系,为糖尿病的临床及基础研究提供依据。方法引进日本C57BL/ksj-db/ m表型正常隐性基因小鼠,其近亲交配所得纯合子后代,即为db/db(单基因遗传自然发病型)糖尿病小鼠。取3、4、6、8、10月龄db/db糖尿病小鼠及相应月龄的db/ m正常小鼠下颌下腺,行HE染色及SP免疫组化染色后进行图象分析,统计各组下颌下腺C-fos阳性表达的细胞数,观察其形态学改变。结果糖尿病小鼠下颌下腺腺泡萎缩,细胞缩小,形态不规则,排列不整齐。各月龄糖尿病小鼠颌下腺C-Fos阳性细胞明显低于相应对照组(P<0.01),且逐渐减少,呈下降趋势。结论db/db糖尿病状态下颌下腺细胞表达C-Fos蛋白明显降低,c-fos低表达可能与下颌下腺实质细胞的增殖减弱性形态学变化密切相关。     

Astaxanthin protects beta-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice

Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia possibly causes the dysfunction of pancreatic beta-cells and various forms of tissue damage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid of marine microalgae, is reported as a strong anti-oxidant inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging reactive oxygen species. The aim of the present study was to examine whether astaxanthin can elicit beneficial effects on the progressive destruction of pancreatic beta-cells in db/db mice--a well-known obese model of type 2 diabetes. We used diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice and db/m for the control. Astaxanthin treatment was started at 6 weeks of age and its effects were evaluated at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age by non-fasting blood glucose levels, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test including insulin secretion, and beta-cell histology. The non-fasting blood glucose level in db/db mice was significantly higher than that of db/m mice, and the higher level of blood glucose in db/db mice was significantly decreased after treatment with astaxanthin. The ability of islet cells to secrete insulin, as determined by the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, was preserved in the astaxanthin-treated group. Histology of the pancreas revealed no significant differences in the beta-cell mass between astaxanthin-treated and -untreated db/db mice. In conclusion, these results indicate that astaxanthin can exert beneficial effects in diabetes, with preservation of beta-cell function. This finding suggests that anti-oxidants may be potentially useful for reducing glucose toxicity.